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Tu J, Lin Z, Sun E, Yu T, Zhang W, Sun Y, Zhu H, Qian P, Cheng G. Establishment and Application of a Triplex Real-Time Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Differentiation of PEDV, TGEV and PKV. Vet Sci 2024; 11:413. [PMID: 39330793 PMCID: PMC11435592 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11090413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogens responsible for porcine viral diarrhea are diverse, causing significant economic losses to the pig industry. PEDV and TGEV are well-known pathogens causing diarrheal diseases in pigs, leading to significant economic losses in the breeding industry. In contrast, the newly identified diarrhea virus, PKV, has not garnered as much attention. However, co-infection of PKV with PEDV results in more severe symptoms in piglets, such as acute gastroenteritis, and promotes increased replication of PEDV. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of viral diarrhea is essential for farms to identify pathogens early and mitigate economic losses. This study describes the development of a triplex real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-qPCR technique that can simultaneously detect three RNA viruses associated with porcine viral diarrhea: PEDV, TGEV, and PKV. To establish the triplex RT-qPCR method for the simultaneous detection and identification of the above three diarrhea viruses, conserved regions of the M gene of TGEV, the N gene of PEDV, and the 3D gene of PKV were selected to design specific primers and probes. After optimizing the reaction conditions, the method's specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility were evaluated. The triplex RT-qPCR method did not show a significant difference in PCR efficiency compared to the single RT-qPCR method. The method is specific to TGEV, PKV, and PEDV, exhibits no cross-reactivity with other pathogens, and demonstrates satisfactory sensitivity and reproducibility; the limit of detection (LOD) of PEDV, TGEV, and PKV is 11.42 copies/μL. Furthermore, the performance of the triplex RT-qPCR assay was compared with the Chinese standard single-assay method for detecting TGEV, PKV, and PEDV, showing complete consistency between the two methods (100% compliant). Subsequently, 1502 clinical diarrhea samples were collected from the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to investigate the local prevalence of TGEV, PKV, and PEDV and the positive rates were 16.38% (246/1502), 1.46% (22/1502), and 45.14% (678/1502), respectively. Co-infection of PEDV and PKV were most common, with a rate of 12.12% (182/1502). This study presents a valuable method for the rapid and simultaneous identification of PEDV, TGEV, and PKV in clinical animal farming practices, and provides a reassessment of the epidemiology of these diarrhea-causing viral pathogens in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.)
- Guangxi Yangxiang Co., Ltd., Guigang 537100, China
| | - Zhengdan Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.)
| | - Erchao Sun
- Guangxi Yangxiang Co., Ltd., Guigang 537100, China
| | - Teng Yu
- Guangxi Yangxiang Co., Ltd., Guigang 537100, China
| | | | - Yumei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.)
| | - Hechao Zhu
- Guangxi Yangxiang Co., Ltd., Guigang 537100, China
| | - Pin Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.)
| | - Guofu Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.)
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Wu S, Gou F, Meng J, Jin X, Liu W, Ding W, Xu W, Gu C, Hu X, Cheng G, Tao P, Zhang W. Porcine kobuvirus enhances porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pathogenicity and alters the number of intestinal lymphocytes in piglets. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110100. [PMID: 38718527 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have discovered that a lot of cases of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection are frequently accompanied by porcine kobuvirus (PKV) infection, suggesting a potential relationship between the two viruses in the development of diarrhea. To investigate the impact of PKV on PEDV pathogenicity and the number of intestinal lymphocytes, piglets were infected with PKV or PEDV or co-infected with both viruses. Our findings demonstrate that co-infected piglets exhibit more severe symptoms, acute gastroenteritis, and higher PEDV replication compared to those infected with PEDV alone. Notably, PKV alone does not cause significant intestinal damage but enhances PEDV's pathogenicity and alters the number of intestinal lymphocytes. These results underscore the complexity of viral interactions in swine diseases and highlight the need for comprehensive diagnostic and treatment strategies addressing co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Fang Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Jie Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Hubei Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Wanchen Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Weishuai Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Weihang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Changqin Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Xueying Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Guofu Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Pan Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Zang Y, Feng B, Huang Z, Zhao D, Qi W, Qiu Y, Qiu M, Li C, Lin H, Zheng W, Zhu J, Chen N. Epidemiologic and Genomic Characterizations of Porcine Kobuviruses in Diarrheic and Healthy Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3129. [PMID: 37835735 PMCID: PMC10571770 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine kobuvirus (PKV) is an enteric virus commonly detected in both diarrheic and healthy pigs. Little is known about the role of PKV in enteric diseases. In this study, an epidemiological investigation based on 324 intestinal samples collected from six provinces of China during the period of 2018 to 2022 was performed, and showed that PKV has an overall 65.43% (212/324) positive rate. Noticeably, 89.47% (17/19) of PKV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) double-positive pigs were clinically diseased, while 91.71% (177/193) of PKV-positive but PEDV-negative pigs were clinically healthy, suggesting that PKV infection in itself is unlikely to cause enteric diseases. In addition, three PKV genomes were obtained from both diseased and healthy pigs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Chinese PKV strains could be divided into three groups (SH-W-CHN-like, S-1-HUN-like and JXAT2015-like strains). All three obtained PKV genomes belong to SH-W-CHN-like strains and JSYZ1806-158 was detected as a recombinant virus. Furthermore, multiple comparisons showed that nucleotide similarities are clearly lower than amino acid similarities for PKV polyproteins. Selective pressure analysis indicated that Chinese PKV polyproteins are predominantly under negative selection. Overall, this study provided new insights into the prevalence and evolution of PKV in both diarrheic and healthy pigs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Binghui Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zitao Huang
- Animal Health Supervision Institute of Fengxi District, Chaozhou 521031, China;
| | - Dashi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wenhao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yuejia Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ming Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (B.F.); (D.Z.); (W.Q.); (Y.Q.); (M.Q.); (C.L.); (H.L.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
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Wei R, Shang R, Cheng K, Wang S, Yuan X, Wu J, Yu Z. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization of the co-infection of the new variant of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and the novel porcine kobuvirus isolated from piglets with diarrhea. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2527-2534. [PMID: 37344656 PMCID: PMC10484880 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a virus that can cause diarrhea in pigs, resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. The mutation of the virus and its co-infection with other enteroviruses leads to poor control of PEDV infection. In this study, we found that the diarrhea outbreak in a pig farm in Shandong Province was mainly caused by PEDV infection. Through high-throughput sequencing, we also detected one other diarrhea-related virus (porcine kobuvirus). In the phylogenetic analysis and molecular characterization of the detected PEDV S gene and PKV, it was found that the S gene of the PEDV strain detected in this study (named SD22-2) had more mutations than the CV777 strain. The highest homology between PKV (named SD/2022/China) detected in this study and other strains was only 89.66%. Based on polyprotein, we divided SD/2022/China strains into a new grouping (designated group 4) and detected recombination signals. In summary, SD22-2 detected in this study is a new PEDV variant strain, and SD/2022/China strain might be a novel PKV strain. We also found the co-infection of the new PEDV variant and the novel PKV isolated from piglets with diarrhea. Our data suggested the importance of continuous surveillance of PEDV and PKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Rui Shang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Kaihui Cheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Song Wang
- Medical Integration and Practice Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yuan
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Feng B, Li C, Qiu Y, Qi W, Qiu M, Li J, Lin H, Zheng W, Zhu J, Chen N. Genomic Characterizations of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses (PEDV) in Diarrheic Piglets and Clinically Healthy Adult Pigs from 2019 to 2022 in China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091562. [PMID: 37174599 PMCID: PMC10177568 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a major causative pathogen of diarrheic disease. In this study, the prevalence and evolution of PEDV was evaluated using intestinal samples collected from six provinces of China in 2019-2022. PEDV could not only be detected in diarrheic piglets but also in adult pigs without enteric diseases. The complete genomes of five temporal and geographical representative PEDV strains were determined. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that XJ1904-700 belongs to the G2-a subgroup, while the other strains are clustered within the S-INDEL subgroup. Recombination analyses supported that JSNJ2004-919 is an inter-subgroup recombinant from SD2014-like (G2-b), CHZ-2013-like (G2-b) and CV777-like (G1-b) isolates, while FJFZ2004-1017 is an intra-subgroup recombinant from XM1-2-like (S-INDEL) and LYG-2014-like (S-INDEL) isolates. Both JSNJ2004-919 and FJFZ2004-1017 were from adult pigs, providing evidence that adult pigs may also serve as the host of PEDV reservoirs for virus evolution. Overall, this study provides new insights into PEDV's prevalence and evolution in both diseased piglets and clinically healthy adult pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghui Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuejia Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenhao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jixiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Eriksen EØ. A Systematic Review: Is Porcine Kobuvirus Causing Gastrointestinal Disease in Young Pigs? Vet Sci 2023; 10:286. [PMID: 37104441 PMCID: PMC10144032 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since porcine kobuvirus (PKV) was first described in 2008, researchers have speculated whether the virus is of clinical importance. This systematic literature review answers the question: Is porcine kobuvirus a cause of gastrointestinal disease in young pigs? A case-control study showed that PKV was not associated with neonatal diarrhea. A cohort study suffered from a very small sample size (n = 5), and in an experimental trial, the effect of PKV inoculation could not be separated from the effect of being inoculated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. In 13 poorly defined observational studies, more than 4000 young pigs had been assigned a diarrhea status and their feces analyzed for PKV. Unfortunately, the studies lacked well-characterized unbiased samples, and thus the strongest possible inference from these studies was that a very strong association between PKV and diarrhea is unlikely. PKV was commonly detected in non-diarrheic pigs, and this could indicate that PKV is not a sufficient cause in itself or that reinfection of individuals with some immunological protection due to previous infections is common. Conclusively, there is a lack of good evidence of PKV being a cause of gastrointestinal disease, but the sparse available evidence suggests that PKV is of limited clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Østergaard Eriksen
- Section for Production, Nutrition and Health, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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