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Ramli, Aramaki T, Watanabe M, Kondo S. Piezo1 mutant zebrafish as a model of idiopathic scoliosis. Front Genet 2024; 14:1321379. [PMID: 38259612 PMCID: PMC10801085 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1321379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Scoliosis is a condition where the spine curves sideways, unique to humans due to their upright posture. However, the cause of this disease is not well understood because it is challenging to find a model for experimentation. This study aimed to create a model for human idiopathic scoliosis by manipulating the function of mechanosensitive channels called Piezo channels in zebrafish. Zebrafish were chosen because they experience similar biomechanical forces to humans, particularly in relation to the role of mechanical force in scoliosis progression. Here we describe piezo1 and piezo2a are involved in bone formation, with a double knockout resulting in congenital systemic malformations. However, an in-frame mutation of piezo1 led to fully penetrant juvenile-onset scoliosis, bone asymmetry, reduced tissue mineral density, and abnormal intervertebral discs-resembling non-congenital scoliosis symptoms in humans. These findings suggest that functional Piezo channels responding to mechanical forces are crucial for bone formation and maintaining spine integrity, providing insights into skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramli
- Laboratory of Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aramaki
- Laboratory of Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Watanabe
- Laboratory of Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kondo
- Laboratory of Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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2
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Gaillard AL, Mohamad T, Quan FB, de Cian A, Mosimann C, Tostivint H, Pézeron G. Urp1 and Urp2 act redundantly to maintain spine shape in zebrafish larvae. Dev Biol 2023; 496:36-51. [PMID: 36736605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Urp1 and Urp2 are two neuropeptides, members of the Urotensin 2 family, that have been recently involved in the control of body axis morphogenesis in zebrafish. They are produced by a population of sensory spinal neurons, called cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons (CSF-cNs), under the control of signals relying on the Reissner fiber, an extracellular thread bathing in the CSF. Here, we have investigated further the function of Urp1 and Urp2 (Urp1/2) in body axis formation and maintenance. We showed that urp1;urp2 double mutants develop strong body axis defects during larval growth, revealing the redundancy between the two neuropeptides. These defects were similar to those previously reported in uts2r3 mutants. We observed that this phenotype is not associated with congenital defects in vertebrae formation, but by using specific inhibitors, we found that, at least in the embryo, the action of Urp1/2 signaling depends on myosin II contraction. Finally, we provide evidence that while the Urp1/2 signaling is functioning during larval growth, it is dispensable for embryonic development. Taken together, our results show that Urp1/2 signaling is required in larvae to promote correct vertebral body axis, most likely by regulating muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Gaillard
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Teddy Mohamad
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Feng B Quan
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Anne de Cian
- Structure and Instability of Genomes (String - UMR 7196 - U1154), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Christian Mosimann
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hervé Tostivint
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Pézeron
- Molecular Physiology and Adaptation (PhyMA - UMR7221), Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France.
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3
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Bearce EA, Irons ZH, O'Hara-Smith JR, Kuhns CJ, Fisher SI, Crow WE, Grimes DT. Urotensin II-related peptides, Urp1 and Urp2, control zebrafish spine morphology. eLife 2022; 11:e83883. [PMID: 36453722 PMCID: PMC9836392 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The spine provides structure and support to the body, yet how it develops its characteristic morphology as the organism grows is little understood. This is underscored by the commonality of conditions in which the spine curves abnormally such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Understanding the origin of these spinal curves has been challenging in part due to the lack of appropriate animal models. Recently, zebrafish have emerged as promising tools with which to understand the origin of spinal curves. Using zebrafish, we demonstrate that the urotensin II-related peptides (URPs), Urp1 and Urp2, are essential for maintaining spine morphology. Urp1 and Urp2 are 10-amino acid cyclic peptides expressed by neurons lining the central canal of the spinal cord. Upon combined genetic loss of Urp1 and Urp2, adolescent-onset planar curves manifested in the caudal region of the spine. Highly similar curves were caused by mutation of Uts2r3, an URP receptor. Quantitative comparisons revealed that urotensin-associated curves were distinct from other zebrafish spinal curve mutants in curve position and direction. Last, we found that the Reissner fiber, a proteinaceous thread that sits in the central canal and has been implicated in the control of spine morphology, breaks down prior to curve formation in mutants with perturbed cilia motility but was unaffected by loss of Uts2r3. This suggests a Reissner fiber-independent mechanism of curvature in urotensin-deficient mutants. Overall, our results show that Urp1 and Urp2 control zebrafish spine morphology and establish new animal models of spine deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bearce
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Zoe H Irons
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | | | - Colin J Kuhns
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Sophie I Fisher
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - William E Crow
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Daniel T Grimes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
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Xie H, Li M, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhao C. Zebrafish: an important model for understanding scoliosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:506. [PMID: 36059018 PMCID: PMC9441191 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scoliosis is a common spinal deformity that considerably affects the physical and psychological health of patients. Studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in scoliosis. However, its etiopathogenesis remain unclear, partially because of the genetic heterogeneity of scoliosis and the lack of appropriate model systems. Recently, the development of efficient gene editing methods and high-throughput sequencing technology has made it possible to explore the underlying pathological mechanisms of scoliosis. Owing to their susceptibility for developing scoliosis and high genetic homology with human, zebrafish are increasingly being used as a model for scoliosis in developmental biology, genetics, and clinical medicine. Here, we summarize the recent advances in scoliosis research on zebrafish and discuss the prospects of using zebrafish as a scoliosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China.,Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mingzhu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University and Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, China.
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Sars-Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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5
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Terhune EA, Monley AM, Cuevas MT, Wethey CI, Gray RS, Hadley-Miller N. Genetic animal modeling for idiopathic scoliosis research: history and considerations. Spine Deform 2022; 10:1003-1016. [PMID: 35430722 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-022-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is defined as a structural lateral spinal curvature ≥ 10° in otherwise healthy children and is the most common pediatric spinal deformity. IS is known to have a strong genetic component; however, the underlying etiology is still largely unknown. Animal models have been used historically to both understand and develop treatments for human disease, including within the context of IS. This intended audience for this review is clinicians in the fields of musculoskeletal surgery and research. METHODS In this review article, we synthesize current literature of genetic animal models of IS and introduce considerations for researchers. RESULTS Due to complex genetic and unique biomechanical factors (i.e., bipedalism) hypothesized to contribute to IS in humans, scoliosis is a difficult condition to replicate in model organisms. CONCLUSION We advocate careful selection of animal models based on the scientific question and introduce gaps and limitations in the current literature. We advocate future research efforts to include animal models with multiple characterized genetic or environmental perturbations to reflect current understanding of the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Terhune
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna M Monley
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Melissa T Cuevas
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cambria I Wethey
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Ave., P18-3105, MS 8343, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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6
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Blackwell DL, Fraser SD, Caluseriu O, Vivori C, Tyndall AV, Lamont RE, Parboosingh JS, Innes AM, Bernier FP, Childs SJ. Hnrnpul1 controls transcription, splicing, and modulates skeletal and limb development in vivo. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6553027. [PMID: 35325113 PMCID: PMC9073674 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in RNA-binding proteins can lead to pleiotropic phenotypes including craniofacial, skeletal, limb, and neurological symptoms. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) are involved in nucleic acid binding, transcription, and splicing through direct binding to DNA and RNA, or through interaction with other proteins in the spliceosome. We show a developmental role for Hnrnpul1 in zebrafish, resulting in reduced body and fin growth and missing bones. Defects in craniofacial tendon growth and adult-onset caudal scoliosis are also seen. We demonstrate a role for Hnrnpul1 in alternative splicing and transcriptional regulation using RNA-sequencing, particularly of genes involved in translation, ubiquitination, and DNA damage. Given its cross-species conservation and role in splicing, it would not be surprising if it had a role in human development. Whole-exome sequencing detected a homozygous frameshift variant in HNRNPUL1 in 2 siblings with congenital limb malformations, which is a candidate gene for their limb malformations. Zebrafish Hnrnpul1 mutants suggest an important developmental role of hnRNPUL1 and provide motivation for exploring the potential conservation of ancient regulatory circuits involving hnRNPUL1 in human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Blackwell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sherri D Fraser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Claudia Vivori
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08002, Spain
| | - Amanda V Tyndall
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ryan E Lamont
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jillian S Parboosingh
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - François P Bernier
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sarah J Childs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Muñoz-Montecinos C, Romero A, Sepúlveda V, Vira MÁ, Fehrmann-Cartes K, Marcellini S, Aguilera F, Caprile T, Fuentes R. Turning the Curve Into Straight: Phenogenetics of the Spine Morphology and Coordinate Maintenance in the Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:801652. [PMID: 35155449 PMCID: PMC8826430 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.801652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebral column, or spine, provides mechanical support and determines body axis posture and motion. The most common malformation altering spine morphology and function is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a three-dimensional spinal deformity that affects approximately 4% of the population worldwide. Due to AIS genetic heterogenicity and the lack of suitable animal models for its study, the etiology of this condition remains unclear, thus limiting treatment options. We here review current advances in zebrafish phenogenetics concerning AIS-like models and highlight the recently discovered biological processes leading to spine malformations. First, we focus on gene functions and phenotypes controlling critical aspects of postembryonic aspects that prime in spine architecture development and straightening. Second, we summarize how primary cilia assembly and biomechanical stimulus transduction, cerebrospinal fluid components and flow driven by motile cilia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AIS-like phenotypes. Third, we highlight the inflammatory responses associated with scoliosis. We finally discuss recent innovations and methodologies for morphometrically characterize and analyze the zebrafish spine. Ongoing phenotyping projects are expected to identify novel and unprecedented postembryonic gene functions controlling spine morphology and mutant models of AIS. Importantly, imaging and gene editing technologies are allowing deep phenotyping studies in the zebrafish, opening new experimental paradigms in the morphometric and three-dimensional assessment of spinal malformations. In the future, fully elucidating the phenogenetic underpinnings of AIS etiology in zebrafish and humans will undoubtedly lead to innovative pharmacological treatments against spinal deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Muñoz-Montecinos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Adrián Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Ángela Vira
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karen Fehrmann-Cartes
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de las Américas, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: Teresa Caprile, ; Ricardo Fuentes,
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: Teresa Caprile, ; Ricardo Fuentes,
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8
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Lahmar S, Kessabi K, Messaoudi I. Aphanius fasciatus: a molecular model of scoliosis? Spine Deform 2021; 9:883-892. [PMID: 33512704 DOI: 10.1007/s43390-021-00291-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Observational study of Killifish with spinal deformities OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the morphology and molecular biology of Aphanius fasciatus with severe spine deformities. Idiopathic Scoliosis affects 3% of the population and is an abnormal three-dimensional curvature of the spine with unknown cause. The lack of a model system with naturally occurring spinal curvatures has hindered research on the etiology of IS. METHODS The Mediterranean killifish Aphanius fasciatus, collected from the coast of Sfax (Tunisia), which has an inborn skeletal deformity was chosen. We used morphologic features to evaluate the severity of scoliosis according to the different types and performed a biochemical analysis using factors previously studied in humans (estradiol, melatonin and Insulin Growth Factor 1 "IGF-1"). RESULTS We have detected relevant molecular deviations that occur in Killifish deformities and the fish with severe scoliosis are smaller and less old than the ones with milder scolioses. Furthermore, a significant change in levels of ovarian estradiol, liver IGF-1 and brain melatonin was noted between deformed and normal fish. CONCLUSIONS Aphanius fasciatus could be used as a molecular model system to study the etiology of IS in humans as the characterization of the Aphanius fasciatus scoliosis syndrome has revealed morphological and biochemical parallels to IS. However, it is important to note the limitations of the proposed model, including the short lifespan of the fish. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Lahmar
- Université de Monastir, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, 5000, Monastir, Tunisie.
| | - Kaouthar Kessabi
- Université de Monastir, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, 5000, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Imed Messaoudi
- Université de Monastir, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, 5000, Monastir, Tunisie
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9
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Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Fishy Tales of Crooked Spines. Trends Genet 2021; 37:612-615. [PMID: 33858671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common skeletal disorder, characterized by abnormal spine curvatures. In zebrafish, cilia-driven cerebrospinal fluid flow and urotensin II pathway activity are required for proper spine morphogenesis. Genetic studies with AIS patients now establish a conservation of the zebrafish findings in the etiology of the disease.
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10
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Zaydman AM, Strokova EL, Pahomova NY, Gusev AF, Mikhaylovskiy MV, Shevchenko AI, Zaidman MN, Shilo AR, Subbotin VM. Etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Review of the literature and new epigenetic hypothesis on altered neural crest cells migration in early embryogenesis as the key event. Med Hypotheses 2021; 151:110585. [PMID: 33932710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects 2-3% of children. Numerous hypotheses on etiologic/causal factors of AIS were investigated, but all failed to identify therapeutic targets and hence failed to offer a cure. Therefore, currently there are only two options to minimize morbidity of the patients suffering AIS: bracing and spinal surgery. From the beginning of 1960th, spinal surgery, both fusion and rod placement, became the standard of management for progressive adolescent idiopathic spine deformity. However, spinal surgery is often associated with complications. These circumstances motivate AIS scientific community to continue the search for new etiologic and causal factors of AIS. While the role of the genetic factors in AIS pathogenesis was investigated intensively and universally recognized, these studies failed to nominate mutation of a particular gene or genes combination responsible for AIS development. More recently epigenetic factors were suggested to play causal role in AIS pathogenesis. Sharing this new approach, we investigated scoliotic vertebral growth plates removed during vertebral fusion (anterior surgery) for AIS correction. In recent publications we showed that cells from the convex side of human scoliotic deformities undergo normal chondrogenic/osteogenic differentiation, while cells from the concave side acquire a neuronal phenotype. Based on these facts we hypothesized that altered neural crest cell migration in early embryogenesis can be the etiological factor of AIS. In particular, we suggested that neural crest cells failed to migrate through the anterior half of somites and became deposited in sclerotome, which in turn produced chondrogenic/osteogenic-insufficient vertebral growth plates. To test this hypothesis we conducted experiments on chicken embryos with arrest neural crest cell migration by inhibiting expression of Paired-box 3 (Pax3) gene, a known enhancer and promoter of neural crest cells migration and differentiation. The results showed that chicken embryos treated with Pax3 siRNA (microinjection into the neural tube, 44 h post-fertilization) progressively developed scoliotic deformity during maturation. Therefore, this analysis suggests that although adolescent idiopathic scoliosis manifests in children around puberty, the real onset of the disease is of epigenetic nature and takes place in early embryogenesis and involves altered neural crest cells migration. If these results confirmed and further elaborated, the hypothesis may shed new light on the etiology and pathogenesis of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla M Zaydman
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena L Strokova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya Y Pahomova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Arkady F Gusev
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Mikhaylovskiy
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander I Shevchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Andrey R Shilo
- Novosibirsk Zoo named after R.A. Shilo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Subbotin
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Inc., Madison WI, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA; University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA.
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11
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Smit TH. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: The mechanobiology of differential growth. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1115. [PMID: 33392452 PMCID: PMC7770204 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has been linked to neurological, genetic, hormonal, microbial, and environmental cues. Physically, however, AIS is a structural deformation, hence an adequate theory of etiology must provide an explanation for the forces involved. Earlier, we proposed differential growth as a possible mechanism for the slow, three-dimensional deformations observed in AIS. In the current perspective paper, the underlying mechanobiology of cells and tissues is explored. The musculoskeletal system is presented as a tensegrity-like structure, in which the skeletal compressive elements are stabilized by tensile muscles, ligaments, and fasciae. The upright posture of the human spine requires minimal muscular energy, resulting in less compression, and stability than in quadrupeds. Following Hueter-Volkmann Law, less compression allows for faster growth of vertebrae and intervertebral discs. The substantially larger intervertebral disc height observed in AIS patients suggests high intradiscal pressure, a condition favorable for notochordal cells; this promotes the production of proteoglycans and thereby osmotic pressure. Intradiscal pressure overstrains annulus fibrosus and longitudinal ligaments, which are then no longer able to remodel and grow, and consequently induce differential growth. Intradiscal pressure thus is proposed as the driver of AIS and may therefore be a promising target for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoor H. Smit
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryAmsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical CentresAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Medical BiologyAmsterdam University Medical CentresAmsterdamNetherlands
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12
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Wise CA, Sepich D, Ushiki A, Khanshour AM, Kidane YH, Makki N, Gurnett CA, Gray RS, Rios JJ, Ahituv N, Solnica-Krezel L. The cartilage matrisome in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Bone Res 2020; 8:13. [PMID: 32195011 PMCID: PMC7062733 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human spinal column is a dynamic, segmented, bony, and cartilaginous structure that protects the neurologic system and simultaneously provides balance and flexibility. Children with developmental disorders that affect the patterning or shape of the spine can be at risk of neurologic and other physiologic dysfunctions. The most common developmental disorder of the spine is scoliosis, a lateral deformity in the shape of the spinal column. Scoliosis may be part of the clinical spectrum that is observed in many developmental disorders, but typically presents as an isolated symptom in otherwise healthy adolescent children. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has defied understanding in part due to its genetic complexity. Breakthroughs have come from recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next generation sequencing (NGS) of human AIS cohorts, as well as investigations of animal models. These studies have identified genetic associations with determinants of cartilage biogenesis and development of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Current evidence suggests that a fraction of AIS cases may arise from variation in factors involved in the structural integrity and homeostasis of the cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we review the development of the spine and spinal cartilages, the composition of the cartilage ECM, the so-called "matrisome" and its functions, and the players involved in the genetic architecture of AIS. We also propose a molecular model by which the cartilage matrisome of the IVD contributes to AIS susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A. Wise
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn St., Dallas, TX 75219 USA
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235 USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235 USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235 USA
| | - Diane Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Aki Ushiki
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Anas M. Khanshour
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn St., Dallas, TX 75219 USA
| | - Yared H. Kidane
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn St., Dallas, TX 75219 USA
| | - Nadja Makki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Christina A. Gurnett
- Departments of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110 USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, TX 78723 USA
| | - Jonathan J. Rios
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, 2222 Welborn St., Dallas, TX 75219 USA
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235 USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235 USA
- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235 USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Lila Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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13
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Skuplik I, Cobb J. Animal Models for Understanding Human Skeletal Defects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:157-188. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Pasha S. 3D Deformation Patterns of S Shaped Elastic Rods as a Pathogenesis Model for Spinal Deformity in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16485. [PMID: 31712762 PMCID: PMC6848095 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional (3D) deformity of the spinal column in pediatric population. The primary cause of scoliosis remains unknown. The lack of such understanding has hampered development of effective preventive methods for management of this disease. A long-held assumption in pathogenesis of AIS is that the upright spine in human plays an important role in induction of scoliosis. Here, the variations in the sagittal curve of the scoliotic and non-scoliotic pediatric spines were used to study whether specific sagittal curves, under physiological loadings, are prone to 3D deformation leading to scoliosis. To this end, finite element models of the S shaped elastic rods, which their curves were derived from the radiographs of 129 sagittal spinal curves of adolescents with and without scoliosis, were generated. Using the mechanics of deformation in elastic rods, this study showed that the 3D deformation patterns of the two-dimensional S shaped slender elastic rods mimics the 3D patterns of the spinal deformity in AIS patients with the same S shaped sagittal spinal curve. On the other hand, the rods representing the non-scoliotic sagittal spinal curves, under the same mechanical loading, did not twist thus did not lead to a 3D deformation. This study provided strong evidence that the shape of the sagittal profile in individuals can be a leading cause of the 3D spinal deformity as is observed in the AIS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Pasha
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Division of Orthopedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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Banala RR, Vemuri SK, Penkulinti M, AV GR, GPV S. Development of Novel Animal Model for Studying Scoliosis Using a Noninvasive Method and Its Validation through Gene-Expression Analysis. Asian Spine J 2019; 13:126-134. [PMID: 30326691 PMCID: PMC6365791 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2018.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN To induce scoliosis in young female Wistar rats using a noninvasive method and to validate this model. PURPOSE To induce scoliosis in a rat model noninvasively by bracing and to study the corresponding gene-expression profile in the spine and different organs. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE Scoliosis involves abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, the causes of which remain unclear. In the literature, it is suggested that scoliosis is genetically heterogeneous, as there are multiple factors involved directly or indirectly in its pathogenesis. Clinical and experimental studies were conducted to understand the etiology of anatomical alterations in the spine and internal organs, as the findings could help clinicians to establish new treatment approaches. METHODS Twelve female Wistar rats aged 21 days were chosen for this study. Customized braces and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) primers for rats were designed using Primer 3 software. Radiological analysis (X-rays), histopathological studies, SYBR green, and RT-PCR analysis were performed. RESULTS The spines of six rats were braced in a deformed position, which resulted in a permanent structural deformity as confirmed by X-ray studies. The remaining rats were used as controls. Quantitative studies of the expression of various genes (osteocalcin, pleiotrophins, matrix metalloproteinase-2 [MMP2] and MMP9, TIMP, interleukins 1 and 6, tumor necrosis factor-α) showed their differential expression and significant upregulation (p<0.05) in different organs of scoliotic rats in comparison to those in control rats. Histopathological findings showed tissue necrosis and fibrosis in the brain, retina, pancreas, kidney, liver, and disc of scoliotic rats. CONCLUSIONS Bracing is a noninvasive method for inducing scoliosis in an animal model with 100% reliability and with corresponding changes in gene expression. Scoliosis does not just involve a spine deformity, but can be referred to as a systemic disease on the basis of the pathological changes observed in various internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkiran Reddy Banala
- Sunshine Medical Academy of Research and Training, Sunshine Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Satish Kumar Vemuri
- Sunshine Medical Academy of Research and Training, Sunshine Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Gurava Reddy AV
- Sunshine Medical Academy of Research and Training, Sunshine Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subbaiah GPV
- Sunshine Medical Academy of Research and Training, Sunshine Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Spine, Star Hospitals, Hyderabad, India
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16
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Fadzan M, Bettany-Saltikov J. Etiological Theories of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Past and Present. Open Orthop J 2017; 11:1466-1489. [PMID: 29399224 PMCID: PMC5759107 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001711011466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is one of the most common spinal deformities, yet its cause is unknown. Various theories look to biomechanical, neuromuscular, genetic, and environmental origins, yet our understanding of scoliosis etiology is still limited. Determining the cause of a disease is crucial to developing the most effective treatment. Associations made with scoliosis do not necessarily point to causality, and it is difficult to determine whether said associations are primary (playing a role in development) or secondary (develop as a result of scoliosis). Scoliosis is a complex condition with highly variable expression, even among family members, and likely has many causes. These causes could be similar among homogenous groups of AIS patients, or they could be individual. Here, we review the most prevalent theories of scoliosis etiology and recent trends in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Fadzan
- Scoliosis 3DC, 3 Baldwin Green Common, Suite 204, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
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17
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Case study: Scoliosis in a Bonobo (Pan paniscus
). J Med Primatol 2017; 47:114-116. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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18
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Understanding Idiopathic Scoliosis: A New Zebrafish School of Thought. Trends Genet 2017; 33:183-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Grimes DT, Boswell CW, Morante NFC, Henkelman RM, Burdine RD, Ciruna B. Zebrafish models of idiopathic scoliosis link cerebrospinal fluid flow defects to spine curvature. Science 2016; 352:1341-4. [PMID: 27284198 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf6419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) affects 3% of children worldwide, yet the mechanisms underlying this spinal deformity remain unknown. Here we show that ptk7 mutant zebrafish, a faithful developmental model of IS, exhibit defects in ependymal cell cilia development and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Transgenic reintroduction of Ptk7 in motile ciliated lineages prevents scoliosis in ptk7 mutants, and mutation of multiple independent cilia motility genes yields IS phenotypes. We define a finite developmental window for motile cilia in zebrafish spine morphogenesis. Notably, restoration of cilia motility after the onset of scoliosis blocks spinal curve progression. Together, our results indicate a critical role for cilia-driven CSF flow in spine development, implicate irregularities in CSF flow as an underlying biological cause of IS, and suggest that noninvasive therapeutic intervention may prevent severe scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Grimes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - C W Boswell
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - N F C Morante
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - R M Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - R D Burdine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - B Ciruna
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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20
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Bobyn JD, Little DG, Gray R, Schindeler A. Animal models of scoliosis. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:458-67. [PMID: 25492698 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple techniques designed to induce scoliotic deformity have been applied across many animal species. We have undertaken a review of the literature regarding experimental models of scoliosis in animals to discuss their utility in comprehending disease aetiology and treatment. Models of scoliosis in animals can be broadly divided into quadrupedal and bipedal experiments. Quadrupedal models, in the absence of axial gravitation force, depend upon development of a mechanical asymmetry along the spine to initiate a scoliotic deformity. Bipedal models more accurately mimic human posture and consequently are subject to similar forces due to gravity, which have been long appreciated to be a contributing factor to the development of scoliosis. Many effective models of scoliosis in smaller animals have not been successfully translated to primates and humans. Though these models may not clarify the aetiology of human scoliosis, by providing a reliable and reproducible deformity in the spine they are a useful means with which to test interventions designed to correct and prevent deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Bobyn
- Orthopaedic Research & Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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21
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ptk7 mutant zebrafish models of congenital and idiopathic scoliosis implicate dysregulated Wnt signalling in disease. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4777. [PMID: 25182715 PMCID: PMC4155517 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Scoliosis is a complex genetic disorder of the musculoskeletal system, characterized by three-dimensional rotation of the spine. Curvatures caused by malformed vertebrae (congenital scoliosis (CS)) are apparent at birth. Spinal curvatures with no underlying vertebral abnormality (idiopathic scoliosis (IS)) most commonly manifest during adolescence. The genetic and biological mechanisms responsible for IS remain poorly understood due largely to limited experimental models. Here we describe zygotic ptk7 (Zptk7) mutant zebrafish, deficient in a critical regulator of Wnt signalling, as the first genetically defined developmental model of IS. We identify a novel sequence variant within a single IS patient that disrupts PTK7 function, consistent with a role for dysregulated Wnt activity in disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that embryonic loss-of-gene function in maternal-zygotic ptk7 mutants (MZptk7) leads to vertebral anomalies associated with CS. Our data suggest novel molecular origins of, and genetic links between, congenital and idiopathic forms of disease. Scoliosis is a complex genetic disorder characterized by spinal curvature. Here, the authors present experimental zebrafish models of idiopathic and congenital scoliosis and suggest a role for dysregulated Wnt activity in scoliosis aetiology.
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22
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Guirro RRDJ, Arruda EJ, Silva CAD. Disuse induced by the spine rectification vest: experimental study. FISIOTERAPIA E PESQUISA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-2950/323210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The spine is the main support and movement axis of the locomotor system, and numberless clinical conditions may require that this structure be submitted to functional restriction. Among the non-invasive treatments used in spinal or appendicular skeleton injuries, the immobilization of the spine is used as a rehabilitation strategy. Because of the functional restrictions generated by restraining devices used on the spine, the proposal of this study was to adapt a spinal orthosis on rats, thus mimicking the immobilization of corrective vests and assessing the energetic conditions of thoracic muscles after 12 weeks of application. Wistar rats that were 42 days old were used in this study (post-weaning period), followed-up for 12 weeks in 2 groups called control (C) and rectification vests (R), which were made of PVC to immobilize the spine. The following concentrations were evaluated: glycogen (GLY) of the paravertebral muscle and the thorax; total proteins and DNA (TP/DNA) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for statistical analysis, followed by the Tukey test. A 5% level was established for all of the calculations. It was observed that group R presented 12% less body mass and GLY stores 21% lower; the ratio between TP/DNA was in average 6.6% lower; IL-6 concentrations were in average 25% higher. The study shows that the movement restriction in the spine leads to energetic crisis and compromised muscular development. More studies should be conducted with this model to generate physical therapy strategies that could reduce muscle compromise after spine immobilization.
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Acaroglu E, Bobe R, Enouf J, Marcucio R, Moldovan F, Moreau A. The metabolic basis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: 2011 report of the "metabolic" workgroup of the Fondation Yves Cotrel. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2012; 21:1033-42. [PMID: 22402844 PMCID: PMC3366135 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-012-2245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to elucidate the metabolic processes involved in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in light of research by the present authors as well as current literature. METHODS Pathogenetic mechanisms involved in AIS were modeled as (a) a form of neuromuscular scoliosis (in conjunction with an adverse mechanical environment such as bipedality), in which hormonal and other chemical factors act as regulators of skeletal muscle tone and function; (b) as a consequence of an abnormality in growth of the spinal column (in conjunction with an adverse mechanical environment such as bipedality), in which hormones and other chemical factors act as regulators of growth; and (c) as a mechanical failure of one side of the vertebral column due to a defect in trabecular formation or mineralization (in conjunction with an adverse mechanical environment such as bipedality); in which hormonal and other chemical factors act as regulators of bone formation, mineralization and/or resorption. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Current evidence supporting these models individually or in combination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Acaroglu
- Ankara Spine Center, Iran caddesi 45/2, Kavaklidere, Ankara, Turkey.
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24
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Hernández-Godínez B, Ibáñez-Contreras A, Reyes-Pantoja S, Durand-Rivera A, Galvan-Montaño A, Perdigón-Castañeda G, Carmen Climent-Palmer M, Tena-Betancourt E. Preliminary studies of neurosensory and cardiopulmonary health compromise in captive- bred Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) suffering scoliosis. J Med Primatol 2012; 41:163-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2012.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Girardo M, Bettini N, Dema E, Cervellati S. The role of melatonin in the pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2011; 20 Suppl 1:S68-74. [PMID: 21416282 PMCID: PMC3087042 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-011-1750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cause of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in humans remains obscure and probably multifactorial. At present, there is no proven method or test available to identify children or adolescent at risk of developing AIS or identify which of the affected individuals are at risk of progression. Reported associations are linked in pathogenesis rather than etiologic factors. Melatonin may play a role in the pathogenesis of scoliosis (neuroendocrine hypothesis), but at present, the data available cannot clearly show the role of melatonin in producing scoliosis in humans. The data regarding human melatonin levels are mixed at best, and the melatonin deficiency as a causative factor in the etiology of scoliosis cannot be supported. It will be an important issue of future research to investigate the role of melatonin in human biology, the clinical efficacy, and safety of melatonin under different pathological situations. Research is needed to better define the role of all factors in AIS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Girardo
- Department of Spine Surgery, CTO/CRF/Maria Adelaide, Turin, Italy.
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26
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Liu L, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Reiter RJ. Melatonin delays cell proliferation by inducing G1 and G2 /M phase arrest in a human osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:222-31. [PMID: 21108658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A recent prospective study indicated that melatonin supplements may reduce the progression of idiopathic scoliosis, the most common deformity of the spine. This form of scoliosis occurs during rapid skeletal growth. To date, however, there is no direct evidence regarding an antiproliferative effect of melatonin at the level of osteoblasts. Herein, we investigated whether melatonin inhibits cell proliferation in a normal human fetal osteoblastic cell line hFOB 1.19. MTT staining showed that at 1 mm concentrations, melatonin significantly inhibited osteoblast proliferation in time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry demonstrated that melatonin significantly increased the fraction of cells in G(0) /G(1) phase of the cell cycle, while simultaneously reducing the proportion in the G(2) /M phase rather than the S phase. Western blot and real-time PCR analyses further confirmed that melatonin's inhibitory effect was possibly because of downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, related to the G(1) phase, and of cyclin B1 and CDK1, related to the G(2) /M phase. There was no downregulation of cyclin E, CDK2, and cyclin A, which are related to G(1) /S transition and S phase. In addition, the trypan blue dye exclusion assay showed that cell viability was not changed by melatonin relative to control cells. These findings provide evidence that melatonin may significantly delay osteoblast proliferation in a time-dependent manner and this inhibition involves the downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4, related to the G(1) phase, and of cyclin B1 and CDK1, related to the G(2) /M phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital, China
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27
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Gorman KF, Christians JK, Parent J, Ahmadi R, Weigel D, Dreyer C, Breden F. A major QTL controls susceptibility to spinal curvature in the curveback guppy. BMC Genet 2011; 12:16. [PMID: 21269476 PMCID: PMC3039624 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-12-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the genetic basis of heritable spinal curvature would benefit medicine and aquaculture. Heritable spinal curvature among otherwise healthy children (i.e. Idiopathic Scoliosis and Scheuermann kyphosis) accounts for more than 80% of all spinal curvatures and imposes a substantial healthcare cost through bracing, hospitalizations, surgery, and chronic back pain. In aquaculture, the prevalence of heritable spinal curvature can reach as high as 80% of a stock, and thus imposes a substantial cost through production losses. The genetic basis of heritable spinal curvature is unknown and so the objective of this work is to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting heritable spinal curvature in the curveback guppy. Prior work with curveback has demonstrated phenotypic parallels to human idiopathic-type scoliosis, suggesting shared biological pathways for the deformity. Results A major effect QTL that acts in a recessive manner and accounts for curve susceptibility was detected in an initial mapping cross on LG 14. In a second cross, we confirmed this susceptibility locus and fine mapped it to a 5 cM region that explains 82.6% of the total phenotypic variance. Conclusions We identify a major QTL that controls susceptibility to curvature. This locus contains over 100 genes, including MTNR1B, a candidate gene for human idiopathic scoliosis. The identification of genes associated with heritable spinal curvature in the curveback guppy has the potential to elucidate the biological basis of spinal curvature among humans and economically important teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen F Gorman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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Gorman KF, Handrigan GR, Jin G, Wallis R, Breden F. Structural and micro-anatomical changes in vertebrae associated with idiopathic-type spinal curvature in the curveback guppy model. SCOLIOSIS 2010; 5:10. [PMID: 20529276 PMCID: PMC2890417 DOI: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The curveback lineage of guppy is characterized by heritable idiopathic-type spinal curvature that develops during growth. Prior work has revealed several important developmental similarities to the human idiopathic scoliosis (IS) syndrome. In this study we investigate structural and histological aspects of the vertebrae that are associated with spinal curvature in the curveback guppy and test for sexual dimorphism that might explain a female bias for severe curve magnitudes in the population. METHODS Vertebrae were studied from whole-mount skeletal specimens of curved and non-curved adult males and females. A series of ratios were used to characterize structural aspects of each vertebra. A three-way analysis of variance tested for effects of sex, curvature, vertebral position along the spine, and all 2-way interactions (i.e., sex and curvature, sex and vertebra position, and vertebra position and curvature). Histological analyses were used to characterize micro-architectural changes in affected vertebrae and the intervertebral region. RESULTS In curveback, vertebrae that are associated with curvature demonstrate asymmetric shape distortion, migration of the intervertebral ligament, and vertebral thickening on the concave side of curvature. There is sexual dimorphism among curved individuals such that for several vertebrae, females have more slender vertebrae than do males. Also, in the region of the spine where lordosis typically occurs, curved and non-curved females have a reduced width at the middle of their vertebrae, relative to males. CONCLUSIONS Based on similarities to human spinal curvatures and to animals with induced curves, the concave-convex biases described in the guppy suggest that there is a mechanical component to curve pathogenesis in curveback. Because idiopathic-type curvature in curveback is primarily a sagittal deformity, it is structurally more similar to Scheuermann kyphosis than IS. Anatomical differences between teleosts and humans make direct biomechanical comparisons difficult. However, study of basic biological systems involved in idiopathic-type spinal curvature in curveback may provide insight into the relationship between a predisposing aetiology, growth, and biomechanics. Further work is needed to clarify whether observed sex differences in vertebral characteristics are related to the female bias for severe curves that is observed in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen F Gorman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregory R Handrigan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rob Wallis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Felix Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Yang Z, Xie Y, Chen J, Zhang D, Yang C, Li M. High selenium may be a risk factor of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:126-7. [PMID: 20189316 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains little understood. Previous work has shown that guppy fish is an ideal animal model of idiopathic scoliosis which has similar epidemiological and morphological characteristic with AIS. However, some research speculated that the high-selenium environment could also induce idiopathic-type scoliosis of fish. We believe that the high-selenium related deformity of spine and guppy curveback syndrome may have the same pathogenesis. And high selenium may be a risk factor of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongde Yang
- Scoliosis Research Center, Orthopedic Department, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Critical early roles for col27a1a and col27a1b in zebrafish notochord morphogenesis, vertebral mineralization and post-embryonic axial growth. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8481. [PMID: 20041163 PMCID: PMC2794549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrillar collagens are well known for their links to human diseases, with which all have been associated except for the two most recently identified fibrillar collagens, type XXIV collagen and type XXVII collagen. To assess functions and potential disease phenotypes of type XXVII collagen, we examined its roles in zebrafish embryonic and post-embryonic development. Methodology/Principal Findings We identified two type XXVII collagen genes in zebrafish, col27a1a and col27a1b. Both col27a1a and col27a1b were expressed in notochord and cartilage in the embryo and early larva. To determine sites of type XXVII collagen function, col27a1a and col27a1b were knocked down using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides. Knockdown of col27a1a singly or in conjunction with col27a1b resulted in curvature of the notochord at early stages and formation of scoliotic curves as well as dysmorphic vertebrae at later stages. These defects were accompanied by abnormal distributions of cells and protein localization in the notochord, as visualized by transmission electron microscopy, as well as delayed vertebral mineralization as detected histologically. Conclusions/Significance Together, our findings indicate a key role for type XXVII collagen in notochord morphogenesis and axial skeletogenesis and suggest a possible human disease phenotype.
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