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Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Borovskaya TG, Poluektova ME, Vychuzhanina АV, Shchemerovа YА, Kamalova SI, Grgoreva VA, Amoateng P, Kukuia KE, Kwapong AA, Allotey Babington L, Amponsah SK, N'guessan BB. Reproductive Toxicity of Theobroma cacao: Increase in Survival Index, Nongenotoxic, and Proimplantation Potential. J Toxicol 2021; 2021:6114672. [PMID: 33519930 PMCID: PMC7817302 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6114672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsweetened natural cocoa (UNCP) was evaluated for reproductive toxicity in rats. A preliminary genotoxic potential was evaluated by the DNA comet assay test using C57Bl/6 mice. Both therapeutic dose (TD; 900 mg/kg) and high dose (HD; 9000 mg/kg) of UNCP were used. White Wistar rats were used in two experimental groups. The females received UNCP 15 days before crossing with untreated males. The males received UNCP for 48 days before mating with untreated females. Subacute toxicity was observed during a 14-day oral administration of UNCP. Results show that a high tail DNA% was observed with methyl mesylate administration in all tissues analysed. The lowest tail DNA% value was observed in the liver (1.64 ± 0.26) and kidney (1.63 ± 0.30) during UNCP (TD) administration. UNCP did not induce observable physical congenital malformations on the pubs of treated female and male rats, lacks genotoxic potential, and did not adversely affect pregnancy index, pub weights, and survival index, but UNCP exhibited proimplantation potential (p > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- I. J. Asiedu-Gyekye
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - T. G. Borovskaya
- 2Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
- 3National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M. E. Poluektova
- 2Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
- 3National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - А. V. Vychuzhanina
- 2Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
- 3National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Y. А. Shchemerovа
- 2Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
- 3National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - S. I. Kamalova
- 2Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
- 3National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - V. A. Grgoreva
- 2Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk, Russia
- 3National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - P. Amoateng
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - K. E. Kukuia
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - A. A. Kwapong
- 4Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - L. Allotey Babington
- 4Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - S. K. Amponsah
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - B. B. N'guessan
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Zhu Z, Fang R, Yang J, Khan IA, Huang J, Huang M. Air frying combined with grape seed extract inhibits N ε-carboxymethyllysine and N ε-carboxyethyllysine by controlling oxidation and glycosylation. Poult Sci 2020; 100:1308-1318. [PMID: 33518088 PMCID: PMC7858175 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGE), compounds formed in meat at the advanced stage of Maillard reaction, are easily exposed to thermal processing. Improving cooking condition and adding antioxidants are 2 common ways for AGE reduction. The present work compared the inhibition of grape seed extract (GSE) on levels of free and protein-bound Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and Nε-carboxyethyllysine (CEL) in chicken breast under deep-frying and air-frying conditions. Efficiency of 5 concentrations of GSE (0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 g/kg) in retarding oxidation, glyoxal (GO), methylglyoxal (MGO), lysine (Lys), Maillard reaction degree (A294, A420), and Shiff's base were tested. Results showed that 0.5 g/kg GSE before heating significantly (P < 0.05) reduced AGE in fried breast chicken, whereas excessive supplementation of GSE (0.8 and 1 g/kg) was reverse. Air frying was found significantly (P < 0.05) better than deep frying to reduce the precursor substances (GO, MGO, and Lys) of AGE. In conclusion, GSE-derived polyphenols exhibited different inhibitory effects on oxidation and glycosylation at different concentrations. We found that 0.5 g/kg of GSE combined with air frying was the best recommendation for inhibiting CML and CEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshuai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institution of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Iftikhar Ali Khan
- Institution of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jichao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA, Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Nanjing Huang Jiaoshou Food Science and Technology Co., Ltd., National R & D Center For Poultry Processing Technology, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Jayeola OC, Oyagbemi AA, Okunlola OI, Olubamiwa O, Omobowale TO, Ajibade TO, Bolaji-Alabi FB, Ogunpolu BS, Falayi OO, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Yakubu MA, Oluwadun A, Oguntibeju OO. Effect of cocoa powder on hypertension and antioxidant status in uninephrectomized hypertensive rats. Vet World 2019; 13:695-705. [PMID: 32546914 PMCID: PMC7245715 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.695-705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM High salt diet and uninephrectomy are associated with high blood pressure with attendant cardiovascular disease conditions such as hypertension, renal damage, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of consumption of cocoa and cocoa-containing products in the management of high blood pressure in uninephrectomized hypertensive rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of cocoa powder on blood pressure, markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathology were investigated in uninephrectomized animals fed with cocoa feed alone or in combination with a high salt diet. Male rats were randomly divided into five groups: Group A was the control group and fed with normal feed alone, Group B was fed with cocoa feed alone, Group C was fed with high salt diet (8% salt), GroupD was fed with cocoa-feed compounded with 8% salt for 4weeks after uninephrectomy, and GroupE was uninephrectomized rats on a normal diet. The left kidneys of animals in GroupsC, D, and E were removed by surgery. After 4weeks of treatment, the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure was measured. The serum markers of renal damage and oxidative stress were determined. Histological examination was also performed on renal and cardiac tissues. RESULTS Results showed significant increases in biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal damage with a concomitant decrease in antioxidant status in hypertensive uninephrectomized rats. Cocoa feed, however, significantly improved blood pressure and nitric oxide bioavailability, antioxidant status and reduced markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION These findings show that cocoa powder could be used to maintain blood pressure levels in hypertensive rats through its antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Blessing Seun Ogunpolu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale Benard Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vascular Biology Unit, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (COPHS), Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Afolabi Oluwadun
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu Campus, Sagamu, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Preparation and characterization of inclusion complex of (+)-catechin with β-cyclodextrin. Food Res Int 2018; 113:263-268. [PMID: 30195520 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Seidu MA, N'guessan BB, Frimpong-Manso S, Sarkodie JE, Adjei S, Kutu S, Osei-Little J, Nyarko AK, Debrah P. A dietary strategy for the management of artemether-lumefantrine-induced cardiovascular and renal toxicity. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:348. [PMID: 27599802 PMCID: PMC5012013 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unsweetened natural cocoa has antimalarial properties. Unsweetened natural cocoa powder (UNCP), obtained as a result of the removal of cocoa butter from a cocoa bean protects against malaria episodes. Cocoa powder, which is prepared after removal of the cocoa butter, contains about 1.9 % theobromine and 0.21 % caffeine. Concomitant consumption of cocoa and artemether/lumefantrine (A/L) is a common practice in Ghana, West Africa. This study seeks to determine the elemental composition of UNCP and its protective effect on the heart and kidney against (A/L) administration. METHODS Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to detect the quality and quantity of the elemental composition in UNCP. Thereafter, 30 nonmalarious male guinea pigs were divided into five groups of six animals each. One group was administered with 75 mg/kg body weight A/L only and another group distilled water (control group). The rest received 300 mg/kg, 900 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg body weight UNCP for 14 days orally and A/L for the last 3 days (ie day 11 to day 14). Biochemical and histopathological examinations were carried out after euthanisation of the animals. RESULTS A total of thirty-eight (38) micro and macro elements were detected with the ED-XRF. Macro elements like sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) and micro elements like chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) were identified and evaluated. Biochemical analysis revealed increases in HDL levels (p>0.05) while there were decreases in LDL levels (p>0.05), creatine kinase and AST levels (P<0.05) in animals that received UNCP compared to A/L only administered group. Urea levels reduced significantly by 53 % (p<0.05) in group that received 1500 mg/kg UNCP. Histopathological examinations of the heart and kidney buttressed the protective effects of cocoa administration. CONCLUSION The percentage of recommended daily allowance of UNCP for chromium is 3750 % for men and 5250 % for women while % RDA for copper corresponds to 103.6 % in both sexes. UNCP proved to possess cardioprotective and renoprotective potential during artemether-lumefantrine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Julius Asiedu-Gyekye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, P. O. Box LG 43, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Mahmood Abdulai Seidu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Banga Benoit N'guessan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, P. O. Box LG 43, Legon, Ghana
| | - Samuel Frimpong-Manso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Legon, Ghana
| | - Joseph Edusei Sarkodie
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Adjei
- Department of animal experimentation unit, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Schevadnazy Kutu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, P. O. Box LG 43, Legon, Ghana
| | - Joseph Osei-Little
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, P. O. Box LG 43, Legon, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwadwo Nyarko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, P. O. Box LG 43, Legon, Ghana
| | - Philip Debrah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Legon, Ghana
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Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Antwi-Boasiako C, Oppong S, Arthur S, Sarkodie JE. Hematological changes and nitric oxide levels accompanying high-dose artemether-lumefantrine administration in male guinea pigs: Effect of unsweetened natural cocoa powder. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 5:350-357. [PMID: 27757264 PMCID: PMC5061477 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160721104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unsweetened natural cocoa powder (UNCP), prepared after removal of the cocoa butter, is a common beverage in Ghana. It possesses antimalarial prophylactic property and has a beneficial effect on blood components. AIM The aim of this study was to determine whether regular dietary supplement of UNCP mitigates high-dose (HD) artemether-lumefantrine (A-L)-induced hematological disorders and to determine the effect on nitric oxide (NO) levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male guinea pigs (300 g - 350 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups of 6 guinea pigs each. Among the 5 groups, 3 groups were treated with UNCP (300, 900, and 1500 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days. A-L (75 mg/kg) was administered from the 12th to 14th day. One of the remaining 2 groups received distilled water only, i.e., vehicle control group (VCG) while the other received 75 mg/kg A-L only, i.e., negative control group (NCG). Blood samples from all groups were obtained by cardiac puncture (day 15) followed by hematological and NO analysis. RESULTS A-L reduced white blood cells (WBC) by 31.87%, lymphocyte count by 45.99%, hemoglobin by 11.72%, hematocrit by 18.56%, and platelet count by 33.08% in the NCG. Administration of various doses of UNCP increased WBC and lymphocyte count (P > 0.05) compared to the NCG. UNCP and A-L combination caused an increase in NO levels when compared to the VCG. CONCLUSION Regular consumption of UNCP by guinea pigs increases plasma NO and restores some hematological disorders induced by a 3-day HD A-L administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Julius Asiedu-Gyekye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Address for Correspondence: Isaac Julius Asiedu-Gyekye, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana. E-mail:
| | - Charles Antwi-Boasiako
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Seth Oppong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Stella Arthur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph Edusei Sarkodie
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Edem Kukuia KK, Seidu AM, Antwi-Boasiako C, N'guessan BB, Frimpong-Manso S, Adjei S, Zobi J, Tettey AT, Nyarko AK. Unsweetened Natural Cocoa Powder Has the Potential to Attenuate High Dose Artemether-Lumefantrine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Non-Malarious Guinea Pigs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:7387286. [PMID: 27493672 PMCID: PMC4963575 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7387286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective. This study investigated the elemental composition of unsweetened natural cocoa powder (UNCP), its effect on nitric oxide, and its hepatoprotective potential during simultaneous administration with high-dose artemether/lumefantrine (A/L). Method. Macro- and microelements in UNCP were analyzed with EDXRF spectroscopy. Thirty (30) male guinea-pigs were then divided into five groups. For groups 3 (low-dose), 4 (medium-dose), and 5 (high-dose), the animals received oral UNCP prophylactically for 14 days. Group 1 received distilled water (14 days) and group 2 A/L for the last 3 days (days 12 to 14). After euthanisation, biochemical and histopathological examinations were carried out in all groups. Results. Phytochemical analysis of UNCP showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. Thirty-eight (38) macro- and microelements were found. UNCP produced significant decreases in ALT, ALP, GGT, and AST levels. A significant increase in total protein levels was observed during A/L+UNCP administration in comparison to 75 mg/kg A/L group. Histopathological examinations buttressed the protective effects of cocoa administration. UNCP administration increased nitric oxide levels 149.71% (P < 0.05) compared to controls. Conclusion. UNCP increases nitric oxide levels and has hepatoprotective potential during A/L administration. A high level of copper was observed which may be detrimental during high daily consumptions of UNCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Julius Asiedu-Gyekye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Kwami Edem Kukuia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Abdulai Mahmood Seidu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Ghana
| | - Charles Antwi-Boasiako
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Ghana
| | - Benoit Banga N'guessan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Samuel Frimpong-Manso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Samuel Adjei
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Zobi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Abraham Terkpertey Tettey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwadwo Nyarko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
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Oracz J, Zyzelewicz D, Nebesny E. The content of polyphenolic compounds in cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.), depending on variety, growing region, and processing operations: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1176-92. [PMID: 24915346 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.686934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols form the largest group of compounds among natural antioxidants, which largely affect the overall antioxidant and anti-free radical activity of cocoa beans. The qualitative and quantitative composition of individual fractions of polyphenolic compounds, even within one species, is very diverse and depends on many factors, mainly on the area of cocoa trees cultivation, bean maturity, climatic conditions during growth, and the harvest season and storage time after harvest. Thermal processing of cocoa beans and cocoa derivative products at relatively high temperatures may in addition to favorable physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic changes result in a decrease of polyphenols concentration. Technological processing of cocoa beans negatively affects the content of polyphenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Oracz
- a Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
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Badrie N, Bekele F, Sikora E, Sikora M. Cocoa agronomy, quality, nutritional, and health aspects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:620-59. [PMID: 24915358 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.669428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The history of cocoa and chocolate including the birth and the expansion of the chocolate industry was described. Recent developments in the industry and cocoa economy were briefly depicted. An overview of the classification of cacao as well as studies on phenotypic and genetic diversity was presented. Cocoa agronomic practices including traditional and modern propagation techniques were reviewed. Nutrition-related health benefits derived from cocoa consumption were listed and widely reviewed. The specific action of cocoa antioxidants was compared to those of teas and wines. Effects of adding milk to chocolate and chocolate drinks versus bioavailability of cocoa polyphenols were discussed. Finally, flavor, sensory, microbiological, and toxicological aspects of cocoa consumption were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neela Badrie
- a Faculty of Food and Agriculture, Department of Food Production , The University of the West Indies , St. Augustine , Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
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Marcinek P, Geithe C, Krautwurst D. Chemosensory G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR) in Blood Leukocytes. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Frimpong-Manso S, N'guessan BB, Abdulai Seidu M, Osei-Prempeh P, Kwaku Boamah D. Macro- and Microelemental Composition and Toxicity of Unsweetened Natural Cocoa Powder in Sprague-Dawley Rats. J Toxicol 2016; 2016:4783829. [PMID: 27610134 PMCID: PMC5005771 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4783829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsweetened natural cocoa powder (UNCP) is a pulverized high-grade powder of compressed solid blocks which remains after extraction. Little scientific data is available concerning its safety despite the presence of potential toxic elements. Elemental composition in UNCP was analyzed with ED-XRF spectroscopy. Single oral high dose toxicity study was conducted on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (150 g) by the limit test method. One group received water and the test group 2000 mg/kg UNCP. All animals were observed for 14 days and then euthanized for haematological, biochemical, and histopathological examinations. Thirty-eight (38) elements were found in UNCP. There was an increase in HDL cholesterol (p < 0.05), reduction in LDL cholesterol (p > 0.05), alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05), and creatinine levels, and slight increase in urea levels (p > 0.05). Haematological changes were not significant. Histopathological analysis showed no toxic effect on the heart, liver, kidney, lungs, testis, and spleen. Intestinal erosion was observed in the test group. UNCP appears to be relatively safe when taken as a single oral high dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w.t. in rats. Caution should however be exercised at high doses due to the high elemental content of copper and high possibility of intestinal lining erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Julius Asiedu-Gyekye
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
- *Isaac Julius Asiedu-Gyekye:
| | - Samuel Frimpong-Manso
- 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Benoit Banga N'guessan
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
| | - Mahmood Abdulai Seidu
- 3Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences (Pathology), School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Paul Osei-Prempeh
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Ghana
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Malki A, Fiedler J, Fricke K, Ballweg I, Pfaffl MW, Krautwurst D. Class I odorant receptors, TAS1R and TAS2R taste receptors, are markers for subpopulations of circulating leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:533-45. [PMID: 25624459 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0714-331rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our cellular immune system has to cope constantly with foodborne substances that enter the bloodstream postprandially. Here, they may activate leukocytes via specific but yet mostly unknown receptors. Ectopic RNA expression out of gene families of chemosensory receptors, i.e., the ∼400 ORs, ∼25 TAS2R bitter-taste receptors, and the TAS1R umami- and sweet-taste receptor dimers by which we typically detect foodborne substances, has been reported in a variety of peripheral tissues unrelated to olfaction or taste. In the present study, we have now discovered, by gene-specific RT-PCR experiments, the mRNA expression of most of the Class I ORs (TAS1R) and TAS2R in 5 different types of blood leukocytes. Surprisingly, we did not detect Class II OR mRNA. By RT-qPCR, we show the mRNA expression of human chemosensory receptors and their cow orthologs in PMN, thus suggesting an evolutionary concept. By immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate that some olfactory and taste receptors are expressed, on average, in 40-60% of PMN and T or B cells and largely coexpress in the same subpopulation of PMN. The mRNA expression and the size of subpopulations expressing certain chemosensory receptors varied largely among individual blood samples, suggesting a regulated expression of olfactory and taste receptors in these cells. Moreover, we show mRNA expression of their downstream signaling molecules and demonstrate that PTX abolishes saccharin- or 2-PEA-induced PMN chemotactic migration, indicating a role for Gi-type proteins. In summary, our data suggest "chemosensory"-type subpopulations of circulating leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Malki
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Julia Fiedler
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Kristina Fricke
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Ines Ballweg
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krautwurst
- *Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie Leibniz Institute, Freising, Germany; and Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Physiologie-Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany
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Lawal TO, Olorunnipa TA, Adeniyi BA. Susceptibility testing and bactericidal activities of Theobroma cacao Linn. (cocoa) on Helicobacter pylori in an in vitro study. J Herb Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Baharum Z, Akim AM, Taufiq-Yap YH, Hamid RA, Kasran R. In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of methanolic plant part extracts of Theobroma cacao. Molecules 2014; 19:18317-31. [PMID: 25389662 PMCID: PMC6271502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of the following Theobroma cacao plant part methanolic extracts: leaf, bark, husk, fermented and unfermented shell, pith, root, and cherelle. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and Folin-Ciocalteu assays; the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to determine antiproliferative activity. The root extract had the highest antioxidant activity; its median effective dose (EC50) was 358.3±7.0 µg/mL and total phenolic content was 22.0±1.1 g GAE/100 g extract as compared to the other methanolic plant part extracts. Only the cherelle extract demonstrated 10.4%±1.1% inhibition activity in the lipid peroxidation assay. The MTT assay revealed that the leaf extract had the highest antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cells [median inhibitory concentration (IC50)=41.4±3.3 µg/mL]. Given the overall high IC50 for the normal liver cell line WRL-68, this study indicates that T. cacao methanolic extracts have a cytotoxic effect in cancer cells, but not in normal cells. Planned future investigations will involve the purification, identification, determination of the mechanisms of action, and molecular assay of T. cacao plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainal Baharum
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Abdah Md Akim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Roslida Abdul Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Rosmin Kasran
- Division of Biotechnology, Centre for Cocoa Biotechnology Research, Malaysian Cocoa Board, Commercial Zone 1, North KKIP, Norowot Road, 88460 Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Awortwe C, Asiedu-Gyekye IJ, Nkansah E, Adjei S. Unsweetened natural cocoa has anti-asthmatic potential. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014; 27:203-12. [PMID: 25004832 DOI: 10.1177/039463201402700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unsweetened natural cocoa powder is enriched with nutraceutical abundance of anti-asthmatic compounds theobromine and theophylline. Cocoa powder, which is prepared after removal of the cocoa butter, contains about 1.9% theobromine and 0.21% caffeine. Anecdotal reports indicate that regular consumption of unsweetened natural cocoa powder (UNCP), a common practice in Ghana, West Africa, has the potential to reduce the tendency of asthmatic episodes. In the present paper we studied the effect of regular ingestion of aqueous extract of UNCP on hematological and histopathological changes that occur in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized guinea pigs. OVA-sensitized guinea pigs were challenged with aerosolized OVA 1 hour after ingestion of 300 mg/kg (low dose) or 600 mg/kg (high dose) of UNCP for 35 consecutive days. Histopathological and haematological changes in the OVA-sensitized guinea pigs were evaluated. Both negative and positive controls with distilled water and prednisolone, respectively, were used. OVA-sensitized guinea pigs demonstrated concentration-independent reduction in immune response to aerosolized OVA. There were no histo-architectural changes in the bronchiolar smooth muscles of the treated groups. Unsweetened natural cocoa powder has potential anti-asthmatic properties when administered orally at the doses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Awortwe
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - I J Asiedu-Gyekye
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Accra, Ghana
| | - E Nkansah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ghana School of Pharmacy, Accra, Ghana
| | - S Adjei
- Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (NMIMR), Accra, Ghana
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Araujo QRD, Gattward JN, Almoosawi S, Parada Costa Silva MDGC, Dantas PADS, Araujo Júnior QRD. Cocoa and Human Health: From Head to Foot—A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 56:1-12. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.657921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Percário S, Moreira DR, Gomes BAQ, Ferreira MES, Gonçalves ACM, Laurindo PSOC, Vilhena TC, Dolabela MF, Green MD. Oxidative stress in malaria. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16346-72. [PMID: 23208374 PMCID: PMC3546694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a significant public health problem in more than 100 countries and causes an estimated 200 million new infections every year. Despite the significant effort to eradicate this dangerous disease, lack of complete knowledge of its physiopathology compromises the success in this enterprise. In this paper we review oxidative stress mechanisms involved in the disease and discuss the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation as an adjuvant antimalarial strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Percário
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Danilo R. Moreira
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Bruno A. Q. Gomes
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Michelli E. S. Ferreira
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Ana Carolina M. Gonçalves
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Paula S. O. C. Laurindo
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Thyago C. Vilhena
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para (LAPEO/ICB/UFPA) Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.R.M.); (B.A.Q.G.); (M.E.S.F.); (A.C.M.G.); (P.S.O.C.L.); (T.C.V.)
| | - Maria F. Dolabela
- Pharmacy Faculty, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Para. Av. Augusto Correa, 1, Guama, Belem, Para 66075-110, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Michael D. Green
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, mailstop G49, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; E-Mail:
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Cocoa polyphenols and their potential benefits for human health. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:906252. [PMID: 23150750 PMCID: PMC3488419 DOI: 10.1155/2012/906252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper compiles the beneficial effects of cocoa polyphenols on human health, especially with regard to cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer prevention. Their antioxidant properties may be responsible for many of their pharmacological effects, including the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the protection of LDL-cholesterol against oxidation, and increase resistance to oxidative stress. The phenolics from cocoa also modify the glycemic response and the lipid profile, decreasing platelet function and inflammation along with diastolic and systolic arterial pressures, which, taken together, may reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Cocoa polyphenols can also modulate intestinal inflammation through the reduction of neutrophil infiltration and expression of different transcription factors, which leads to decreases in the production of proinflammatory enzymes and cytokines. The phenolics from cocoa may thus protect against diseases in which oxidative stress is implicated as a causal or contributing factor, such as cancer. They also have antiproliferative, antimutagenic, and chemoprotective effects, in addition to their anticariogenic effects.
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Aidoo E, Addai FK, Ahenkorah J, Hottor B, Bugyei KA, Gyan BA. Natural cocoa ingestion reduced liver damage in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (NK65). Res Rep Trop Med 2012; 3:107-116. [PMID: 30890870 PMCID: PMC6065559 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s33149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested whether natural cocoa powder ingestion could mitigate hepatic injury coincident with murine malaria. Plasmodium berghei infection causes liver damage including hepatic sinusoidal distension, and elevated serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels. According to literature, these pathologies largely result from activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and may be extenuated by antioxidants. ANIMALS AND METHODS Thirty Balb/c mice were randomly assigned to three equal groups. One of two groups of mice inoculated with 0.2 mL of P. berghei-parasitized red blood cells (RBCs) was given unrestricted 24-hour access to a natural cocoa powder beverage (2% by weight) in place of water. The third group of mice were neither infected nor given cocoa. All mice were fed the same standard chow. After 6 days, mice were sacrificed and their livers processed for histomorphometric assessment of mean hepatic sinusoidal diameter as a quantitative measure of altered morphology. Serum ALT and AST were measured as a gauge of functional impairment. RESULTS Compared with uninfected mice, hepatic sinusoidal diameter in P. berghei-infected mice not given cocoa increased by 150%, whereas a smaller increase of 83% occurred in infected mice that ingested cocoa. Mean serum ALT increased by 127% in infected mice not given cocoa and 80% in infected mice that consumed cocoa, compared with the value for uninfected mice. Similarly, mean serum AST was raised by 141% in infected mice not given cocoa and 93% in infected mice that drank cocoa. CONCLUSION Distension of hepatic sinusoidal diameter in P. berghei-infected mice was reduced by 67%, whereas respective elevations of serum ALT and AST concentrations were reduced by 47% and 48% via ingestion of cocoa. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant components of cocoa probably mediated the demonstrated hepatoprotective benefit by blunting pernicious ROS activity in P. berghei-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kwasi A Bugyei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ben A Gyan
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Amponsah SK, Bugyei KA, Osei-Safo D, Addai FK, Asare G, Tsegah EA, Baah J, Ofori M, Gyan BA. In vitro activity of extract and fractions of natural cocoa powder on Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Food 2012; 15:476-82. [PMID: 22248179 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several flavonoids isolated from certain plants have demonstrated antiplasmodial activity, after their initial indigenous use in malaria treatment. Cocoa has been found to be a rich food source of flavonoids in comparison with many common foods and beverages. The aim of this work was to investigate the in vitro activity of natural cocoa powder on the growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Prepared crude methanol extract was partitioned successively with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and butanol. Total flavonoid concentration in the crude methanol extract and fractions was measured by the AlCl(3) colorimetric assay. Direct inhibitory activity of the natural cocoa powder was assessed by culturing extract and fractions with P. falciparum in vitro. Greater antiplasmodial activity was observed in nonpolar solvent fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether) compared with polar solvents. The chloroform fraction was most active, with mean±SEM 50% and 90% inhibition concentrations of 48.3±0.9 and 417±7.8 μg/mL, respectively. The study showed a weak association between total flavonoid concentration and antiplasmodial activity. Early trophozoite (ring-stage) synchronized cultures treated with the chloroform fraction of natural cocoa powder showed a decline in growth. Further reduction in parasitemia was also observed for other erythrocytic stages. These results suggest that natural cocoa powder has measurable direct in vitro inhibitory effect on P. falciparum and support the anecdotal reports of its ability to prevent malaria as a result of regular intake as a beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth K Amponsah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Ghana
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