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Wang Y, Zhao X, Ma Y, Yang Y, Ge S. The effects of vitamin B6 on the nutritional support of BCAAs-enriched amino acids formula in rats with partial gastrectomy. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:954-961. [PMID: 37104913 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total parenteral nutrition with the formula of amino acids enriched branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) could promote patients' recovery after gastrointestinal surgery. Previous studies reported that vitamin B6 could promote amino acid metabolism and enhance protein synthesis. The aim of this study was to determine if the addition of vitamin B6 to BCAAs-enriched formula can enhance postoperative nutritional status and intestinal function in rats undergoing partial gastrectomy, and the appropriate compatibility concentration of vitamin B6. METHODS Fifty-six male rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 8 per group): (I) Control, (II) BCAAs-enriched formula group (BCAA), (III) BCAA plus vitamin B6 (50 mg/L), (IV) BCAA plus vitamin B6 (100 mg/L), (V) BCAA plus vitamin B6 (200 mg/L), (VI) BCAA plus vitamin B6 (500 mg/L), and (VII) BCAA plus vitamin B6 (1000 mg/L). All animals were performed partial gastrectomy and placed a jugular vein catheter. During enteral nutrition, blood and urine samples were repeatedly collected. Gastrocnemius muscle and small intestine were also collected at the end of experiment. RESULTS The addition of vitamin B6 to BCAAs-enriched formula improved negative nitrogen balance after gastrectomy compared to the BCAAs-enriched formula group at POD1 (first postoperative day) and POD3 (third postoperative day), and 100 mg/L was an appropriate concentration of vitamin B6 to enhance the effects of BCAAs-enriched formula. The 3-methylhistidine/creatinine in BCAA plus vitamin B6 groups were significantly lower than that in the BCAA group at POD3. Moreover, BCAA plus vitamin B6 group significantly increased the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers compared to the BCAA group. Transcriptome sequencing, GO and KEGG enhancement analysis also showed that BCAA plus vitamin B6 group showed muscle organ development and PI3K/AKT pathway enhancement compared to BCAA group. Moreover, AKT/mTOR/4EBP1 pathway was activated in BCAA plus vitamin B6 group. In addition, the results also showed that BCAA plus vitamin B6 decreased D-lactate, and exerted synergistic effects on intestinal morphology. CONCLUSION The addition of vitamin B6 to BCAAs-enriched formula could improve nitrogen balance, promote muscle protein synthesis through AKT/mTOR/4EBP1 pathway, and alleviate intestinal mucosa damage after partial gastrectomy in rats. Overall, the results from this pre-clinical study support the use of vitamin B6 as an ingredient to BCAAs-enriched formula, and 100 mg/L may be an optimal concentration for rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xining Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yimei Ma
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuying Yang
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengjin Ge
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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D Avila LSP, de Oliveira KA, de Abreu ES, Vasconcelos RP, Nascimento JDF, Bezerra Pontes EO, Rickli S, Coelho de Souza AN, Leal Cardoso JH, Silveira LR, Carneiro EM, de Carvalho DP, Torres Leal FL, de Oliveira AC. Hypoglycaemic effect of resveratrol in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats is impaired when supplemented in association with leucine. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:529-539. [PMID: 31694434 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1687660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown synergistic and independent effects of leucine and resveratrol (RSV) as possible therapeutic agents to ameliorate metabolic disorders. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementation with leucine and RSV, alone and in combination, on metabolic changes in white adipose tissue of neonatally STZ-induced diabetic rats. After weaning, the rats were treated with trans-resveratrol (0.6 mg/kg/dose) and/or leucine (1.35 mg/kg/dose) administered orally. The animals were euthanized at age 16 weeks for blood analyses. Subcutaneous (SC), periepididymal (PE) and retroperitoneal (RP) fat pads were weighed. Adipocytes from PE and RP pads were isolated for morphometric analysis. Long-term supplementation with RSV promoted adiposity recovery, prevented hypoinsulinemia and improved the metabolic profile of the diabetic rats. However, some of these effects were impaired when RSV was associated with leucine. The diabetic rats supplemented with leucine alone showed no significant improvement in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewerton Sousa de Abreu
- Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Rickli
- Research Center on Obesity and Comorbidities, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Jacob KJ, Chevalier S, Lamarche M, Morais JA. Leucine Supplementation Does Not Alter Insulin Sensitivity in Prefrail and Frail Older Women following a Resistance Training Protocol. J Nutr 2019; 149:959-967. [PMID: 31149709 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frailty is a clinical condition associated with loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia). Although sarcopenia has multifactorial causes, it might be partly attributed to a blunted response to anabolic stimuli. Leucine acutely increases muscle protein synthesis, and resistance training (RT) is the strongest stimuli to counteract sarcopenia and was recently shown to improve insulin sensitivity (IS) in frail older women. Discrepancies exist regarding whether chronic supplementation of leucine in conjunction with RT can improve muscle mass and IS. OBJECTIVE The aim of this double-blinded placebo-controlled study was to determine the effects of leucine supplementation and RT on IS in prefrail and frail older women. METHODS Using the Fried criteria, 19 nondiabetic prefrail (1-2 criteria) and frail (≥3 criteria) older women (77.5 ± 1.3 y; body mass index (kg/m2): 25.1 ± 0.9) underwent a 3-mo intervention of RT 3 times/wk with protein-optimized diet of 1.2 g·kg-1·d-1 and 7.5 g·d-1 of l-leucine supplementation compared with placebo l-alanine. Pre-/postintervention primary outcomes were fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, and 4-h responses to a standard meal of complete liquid formula. Secondary outcomes of resting energy expenditure using indirect calorimetry and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were obtained. Paired t tests analyzed pooled data, and 2-factor repeated-measures ANOVA determined supplementation, training, and interaction effects. RESULTS No significant time, group, or interaction effects were observed for postprandial areas under the curve of serum insulin or plasma glucose or for resting energy expenditure in l-leucine compared with l-alanine. Total lean body mass increased and percentage body fat decreased significantly for both groups postintervention (0.76 ± 0.13 and -0.92 ± 0.33 kg, respectively; time effect: P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS IS was not affected by RT and leucine supplementation in nondiabetic prefrail and frail older women. Therefore, leucine supplementation does not appear to influence IS under these conditions. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01922167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Jacob
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Chevalier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, MUHC-Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Marie Lamarche
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - José A Morais
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, MUHC-Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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4
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Liang H, Mokrani A, Chisomo-Kasiya H, Ji K, Ge X, Ren M, Liu B, Xi B, Sun A. Dietary leucine affects glucose metabolism and lipogenesis involved in TOR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for juvenile blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:719-732. [PMID: 30632024 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the mechanisms governing insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and lipogenesis in juvenile fish fed with different dietary leucine levels. Fish were fed six practical diets with graded leucine levels ranging from 0.90 to 2.94% of dry basis for 8 weeks. The trial results showed that, compared to the control group (0.90%), optimal dietary leucine level (1.72%) resulted in the up-regulation of mRNA expression related to insulin signaling pathway, including target of rapamycin (TOR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (Akt). However, an excessive leucine level (2.94%) led to protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) overexpression and inhibited TOR, IRS-1, PI3K, and Akt mRNA expressions. The protein level of TOR, S6K1, IRS-1, PI3K, and Akt showed a similar result with mRNA level of these genes. Optimal dietary leucine level (1.72%) significantly improved plasma insulin content, while high level of leucine showed an inhibiting phenomenon. Optimal dietary leucine level (1.72%) could reduce plasma glucose by enhancing the ability of glycometabolism including improving glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), glucokinase (GK) expressions and down-regulating phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) expression. While an excessive leucine level (2.94%) resulted in high plasma glucose by inhibiting the ability of glycometabolism including lowering GLUT2 and GK expressions, and improving glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and PEPCK expressions. The relative expressions of pyruvate kinase (PK) and glycogen synthase (GS) were not significantly affected by dietary leucine levels. Dietary leucine level of 1.33% could improve plasma triglyceride content (TG) by enhancing lipogenesis including improving sterol-response element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) expressions compared to the control group (0.90%). Total cholesterol (TC) was not significantly affected by dietary leucine levels. The present results indicate that optimal leucine level could improve glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis through improving insulin sensitivity in juvenile blunt snout bream. However, excessive dietary leucine level resulted in high plasma glucose, which led to insulin resistance by inhibiting the gene expressions of insulin signaling pathway and activating gluconeogenesis-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Liang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Ahmed Mokrani
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | | | - Ke Ji
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Xianping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Mingchun Ren
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Bingwen Xi
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Ajun Sun
- Key Laboratory for Genetic Breeding of Aquatic Animals and Aquaculture Biology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center (FFRC), Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences (CAFS), Wuxi, 214081, China
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Galvan E, Arentson-Lantz E, Lamon S, Paddon-Jones D. Protecting Skeletal Muscle with Protein and Amino Acid during Periods of Disuse. Nutrients 2016; 8:E404. [PMID: 27376322 PMCID: PMC4963880 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitual sedentary behavior increases risk of chronic disease, hospitalization and poor quality of life. Short-term bed rest or disuse accelerates the loss of muscle mass, function, and glucose tolerance. Optimizing nutritional practices and protein intake may reduce the consequences of disuse by preserving metabolic homeostasis and muscle mass and function. Most modes of physical inactivity have the potential to negatively impact the health of older adults more than their younger counterparts. Mechanistically, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and muscle protein synthesis are negatively affected by disuse. This contributes to reduced muscle quality and is accompanied by impaired glucose regulation. Simply encouraging increased protein and/or energy consumption is a well-intentioned, but often impractical strategy to protect muscle health. Emerging evidence suggests that leucine supplemented meals may partially and temporarily protect skeletal muscle during disuse by preserving anabolism and mitigating reductions in mass, function and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfego Galvan
- Center for Rehabilitation and Physical Activity and Nutrition (CeRPAN), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Emily Arentson-Lantz
- Center for Rehabilitation and Physical Activity and Nutrition (CeRPAN), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Séverine Lamon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3125, Australia.
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- Center for Rehabilitation and Physical Activity and Nutrition (CeRPAN), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Liu KA, Lashinger LM, Rasmussen AJ, Hursting SD. Leucine supplementation differentially enhances pancreatic cancer growth in lean and overweight mice. Cancer Metab 2014; 2:6. [PMID: 24685128 PMCID: PMC4392529 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3002-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The risk of pancreatic cancer, the 4th deadliest cancer for both men and women in the United States, is increased by obesity. Calorie restriction (CR) is a well-known dietary regimen that prevents or reverses obesity and suppresses tumorigenesis in a variety of animal models, at least in part via inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), especially leucine, activate mTOR and enhance growth and proliferation of myocytes and epithelial cells, which is why leucine is a popular supplement among athletes. Leucine is also increasingly being used as a treatment for pancreatic cancer cachexia, but the effects of leucine supplementation on pancreatic tumor growth have not been elucidated. Results Supplementation with leucine increased pancreatic tumor growth in both lean (104 ± 17 mm3 versus 46 ± 13 mm3; P <0.05) and overweight (367 ± 45 mm3 versus 230 ± 39 mm3; P <0.01) mice, but tumor enhancement was associated with different biological outcomes depending on the diet. In the lean mice, leucine increased phosphorylation of mTOR and downstream effector S6 ribosomal protein, but in the overweight mice, leucine reduced glucose clearance and thus increased the amount of circulating glucose available to the tumor. Conclusions These findings show that leucine supplementation enhances tumor growth in both lean and overweight mice through diet-dependent effects in a murine model of pancreatic cancer, suggesting caution against the clinical use of leucine supplementation for the purposes of skeletal muscle enhancement in cachectic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn A Liu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Laura M Lashinger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Audrey J Rasmussen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA.,Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1808 Park Road 1c, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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7
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Russell WR, Baka A, Björck I, Delzenne N, Gao D, Griffiths HR, Hadjilucas E, Juvonen K, Lahtinen S, Lansink M, Loon LV, Mykkänen H, östman E, Riccardi G, Vinoy S, Weickert MO. Impact of Diet Composition on Blood Glucose Regulation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 56:541-90. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.792772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy R. Russell
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Inger Björck
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Delzenne
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | - Ellie Hadjilucas
- Coca-Cola Europe, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs Department, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristiina Juvonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mirian Lansink
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Van Loon
- Department of Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hannu Mykkänen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elin östman
- Centre for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sophie Vinoy
- Kraft Foods, R&D Centre, Nutrition Department, Saclay, France
| | - Martin O. Weickert
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire and Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Nunes EA, Gonçalves-Neto LM, Ferreira FB, dos Santos C, Fernandes LC, Boschero AC, Calder PC, Rafacho A. Glucose intolerance induced by glucocorticoid excess is further impaired by co-administration with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:1137-46. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) excess alters glucose homeostasis and promotes modifications in murinometric and anthropometric parameters in rodents and humans, respectively. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, has been proposed as a nutritional strategy for preventing muscle wasting, but few data regarding its effects on glucose homeostasis are available. Here, we analyzed whether the effects of GC excess on glucose homeostasis may be attenuated or exacerbated by the concomitant ingestion of HMB. Adult Wistar rats (90-days-old) were assigned to four groups: (1) vehicle treated (Ctl), (2) dexamethasone (DEX) treated (Dex), (3) HMB treated (Hmb), and (4) DEX plus HMB treated (DexHmb). Dex groups received DEX (1 mg·kg body weight (BW)−1, intraperitoneal) for 5 consecutive days. HMB groups ingested HMB (320 mg·kg BW−1, oral gavage) for the same 5 days. HMB ingestion did not attenuate the effects of DEX on food intake and body weight loss, changes in masses of several organs, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance (p > 0.05). In fact, in DexHmb rats, there was increased fasting glycemia and exacerbated glucose intolerance with the main effect attributed to DEX treatment (p < 0.05). HMB exerted no attenuating effect on plasma triacylglycerol levels from DexHmb rats, but it seems to attenuate the lipolysis induced by β-adrenergic stimulation (20 μmol·L−1isoproterenol) in fragments of retroperitoneal adipose tissue from DexHmb rats. Therefore, HMB does not attenuate the diabetogenic characteristics of GC excess. In fact, the data suggest that HMB may exacerbate GC-induced glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everson A. Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luiz M. Gonçalves-Neto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Francielle B.D. Ferreira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cristiane dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luiz C. Fernandes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Boschero
- Department of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Centre of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
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Protein and amino acid supplementation in older humans. Amino Acids 2013; 44:1493-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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