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Richardson B, Swenson S, Hamilton J, Leonard K, Delis F, Gold M, Blum K, Thanos PK. Chronic neuroleptic treatment combined with a high fat diet elevated [3H] flunitrazepam binding in the cerebellum. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 112:110407. [PMID: 34320402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies have shown dysfunctions in genetic expression and neurotransmission of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), GABAA receptor subunits, and GABA-synthesizing enzymes GAD67 and GAD65 in schizophrenia. It is well documented that there is significant weight gain after chronic neuroleptic treatment in humans. While there are limited studies on the effects of diet on GABA signaling directly, a change in diet has been used clinically as an adjunct to treatment for schizophrenic relief. In this study, rats chronically consumed either a chow diet (CD) or a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) and drank from bottles that contained one of the following solutions: water, haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg), or olanzapine (10 mg/kg) for four weeks. Rats were then euthanized and their brains were processed for GABAA in-vitro receptor autoradiography using [3H] flunitrazepam. A chronic HFD treatment yielded significantly increased [3H] flunitrazepam binding in the rat cerebellum independent of neuroleptic treatment. The desynchronization between the prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum is associated with major cognitive and motor dysfunctions commonly found in schizophrenic symptomatology, such as slowed reaction time, motor dyscoordination, and prefrontal activations related to speech fluency and cognitive alertness. These data support the notion that there is a dietary effect on GABA signaling within the cerebellum, as well as the importance of considering nutritional intervention methods as an adjunct treatment for patients chronically treated with neuroleptics. Finally, we indicate that future studies involving the analysis of individual patient's genetic profiles will further assist towards a precision medicine approach to the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Richardson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Swenson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ken Leonard
- Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Foteini Delis
- Department of Pharmacology, University at Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mark Gold
- Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MS, USA
| | - Ken Blum
- Western University Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Blum K, Steinberg B, Gondre-Lewis MC, Baron D, Modestino EJ, Badgaiyan RD, Downs BW, Bagchi D, Brewer R, McLaughlin T, Bowirrat A, Gold M. A Review of DNA Risk Alleles to Determine Epigenetic Repair of mRNA Expression to Prove Therapeutic Effectiveness in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): Embracing "Precision Behavioral Management". Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:2115-2134. [PMID: 34949945 PMCID: PMC8691196 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s292958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a review of research on "Precision Behavioral Management" of substance use disorder (SUD). America is experiencing a high prevalence of substance use disorder, primarily involving legal and illegal opioid use. A 3000% increase in treatment for substance abuse has occurred between 2000 and 2016. Unfortunately, present day treatment of opioid abuse involves providing replacement therapy with powerful opioids to, at best, induce harm reduction, not prophylaxis. These interventions do not enhance gene expression and restore the balance of the brain reward system's neurotransmitters. We are proposing a generalized approach called "Precision Behavioral Management". This approach includes 1) using the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS, a 10 candidate polymorphic gene panel shown to predict ASI-alcohol and drug severity) to assess early pre-disposition to substance use disorder; 2) using a validated reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) questionnaire; 3) utilization of the Comprehensive Analysis of Reported Drugs (CARD™) to assess treatment compliance and abstinence from illicit drugs during treatment, and, importantly; 4) utilization of a "Pro-dopamine regulator (KB220)" (via IV or oral [KB220Z] delivery systems) to optimize gene expression, restore the balance of the Brain Reward Cascade's neurotransmitter systems and prevent relapse by induction of dopamine homeostasis, and; 5) utilization of targeted DNA polymorphic reward genes to direct mRNA genetic expression profiling during the treatment process. Incorporation of these events can be applied to not only the under-considered African-American RDS community, but all victims of RDS, as a demonstration of a paradigm shift that uniquely provides a novel putative "standard of care" based on DNA guided precision nutrition therapy to induce "dopamine homeostasis" and rebalance neurotransmitters in the Brain Reward Cascade. We are also developing a Reward Deficiency Syndrome Diagnostic Criteria (RDSDC) to assist in potential tertiary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care, Division of Addiction Research & Education, Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH (IE), USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Marjorie C Gondre-Lewis
- Developmental Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - David Baron
- Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care, Division of Addiction Research & Education, Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - B William Downs
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Harleysville, PA, USA
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Division of Nutrigenomics, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Harleysville, PA, USA
| | - Raymond Brewer
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Center for Psychiatric Medicine, Lawrence, MA, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Adelson School of Medicine & Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Fernández-Miranda JJ, Díaz-Fernández S, De Berardis D, López-Muñoz F. Paliperidone Palmitate Every Three Months (PP3M) 2-Year Treatment Compliance, Effectiveness and Satisfaction Compared with Paliperidone Palmitate-Monthly (PP1M) in People with Severe Schizophrenia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1408. [PMID: 33915786 PMCID: PMC8036785 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paliperidone palmitate every three months (PP3M) is expected to facilitate patient's treatment compliance and satisfaction. The objective here was to compare PP3M treatment compliance and satisfaction, effectiveness and tolerability, with paliperidone palmitate-monthly (PP1M) in patients with severe schizophrenia. A 24-month prospective, open-label study of patients with severe schizophrenia treated with PP3M after at least 2 years of stabilization with PP1M (n = 84) was carried out. Treatment satisfaction was assessed with the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM) and with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Effectiveness was measured with psychiatric hospital admissions and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) scale. Tolerability assessments included laboratory tests, weight and adverse effects. Reasons for treatment discontinuation were recorded. CGI-S significantly improved after 24 months. Three patients changed back to PP1M due to adverse effects, and four were hospitalized. There were neither abandoning nor significant changes in weight or biological parameters, and lower incidence of side effects, with PP3M treatment. TSQM and VAS scales increased. No differences were found related to doses. Apart from somewhat improvement in treatment adherence, effectiveness, and tolerability, patients with severe schizophrenia lengthy treated with PP1M showed more satisfaction with PP3M, even those who needed high doses to get clinical stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Fernández-Miranda
- Asturian Mental Health Service Área V-Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), 33211 Gijón, Spain; (J.J.F.-M.); (S.D.-F.)
- Asturian Institute on Health Research (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Silvia Díaz-Fernández
- Asturian Mental Health Service Área V-Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), 33211 Gijón, Spain; (J.J.F.-M.); (S.D.-F.)
- Asturian Institute on Health Research (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Camilo José Cela, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, “G. Mazzini” Hospital, ASL 4, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francisco López-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Camilo José Cela, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Portucalense Institute of Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Neurosciences (INPP), Portucalense University, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Thematic Network for Cooperative Health Research (RETICS), Addictive Disorders Network, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Ye J, Ji F, Jiang D, Lin X, Chen G, Zhang W, Shan P, Zhang L, Zhuo C. Polymorphisms in Dopaminergic Genes in Schizophrenia and Their Implications in Motor Deficits and Antipsychotic Treatment. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:355. [PMID: 31057354 PMCID: PMC6479209 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic system dysfunction is involved in schizophrenia (SCZ) pathogenesis and can mediate SCZ-related motor disorders. Recent studies have gradually revealed that SCZ susceptibility and the associated motor symptoms can be mediated by genetic factors, including dopaminergic genes. More importantly, polymorphisms in these genes are associated with both antipsychotic drug sensitivity and adverse effects. The study of genetic polymorphisms in the dopaminergic system may help to optimize individualized drug strategies for SCZ patients. This review summarizes the current progress about the involvement of the dopamine system in SCZ-associated motor disorders and the motor-related adverse effects after antipsychotic treatment, with a special focus on polymorphisms in dopaminergic genes. We hypothesize that the genetic profile of the dopaminergic system mediates both SCZ-associated motor deficits associated and antipsychotic drug-related adverse effects. The study of dopaminergic gene polymorphisms may help to predict drug efficacy and decrease adverse effects, thereby optimizing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaen Ye
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Morbidity Laboratory (PNGC-Lab), Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Mental Health Teaching Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guangdong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peiwei Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Psychiatry, College of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Morbidity Laboratory (PNGC-Lab), Nankai University Affiliated Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Mental Health Teaching Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Pro-Dopamine Regulator - (KB220) to Balance Brain Reward Circuitry in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). JOURNAL OF REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME AND ADDICTION SCIENCE 2017; 3:3-13. [PMID: 28804788 PMCID: PMC5551501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We are faced with a worldwide opiate/opioid epidemic that is devastating. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at least 127 people, young and old, are dying every day in America due to narcotic overdose. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Medication-Assisted Treatments (MATs) for opiate/opioids as well as alcohol and nicotine. The mechanism of action of most MATS favors either blocking of dopaminergic function or a form of Opiate Substitution Therapy (OST). These treatment options are adequate for short-term treatment of the symptoms of addiction and harm reduction but fail long-term to deal with the cause or lead to recovery. There is a need to continue to seek better treatment options. This mini-review is the history of the development of one such treatment; a glutaminergic-dopaminergic optimization complex called KB220. Growing evidence indicates that brain reward circuitry controls drug addiction, in conjunction with "anti-reward systems" as the "anti-reward systems" can be affected by both glutaminergic and dopaminergic transmission. KB220 may likely alter the function of these regions and provide for the possible eventual balancing the brain reward system and the induction of "dopamine homeostasis." Many of these concepts have been reported elsewhere and have become an integral part of the addiction science literature. However, the concise review may encourage readership to reconsider these facts and stimulate further research focused on the impact that the induction of "dopamine homeostasis" may have on recovery and relapse prevention.
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Blum K, Febo M, Badgaiyan RD. Fifty Years in the Development of a Glutaminergic-Dopaminergic Optimization Complex (KB220) to Balance Brain Reward Circuitry in Reward Deficiency Syndrome: A Pictorial. AUSTIN ADDICTION SCIENCES 2016; 1:1006. [PMID: 27840857 PMCID: PMC5103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine along with other chemical messengers like serotonin, cannabinoids, endorphins and glutamine, play significant roles in brain reward processing. There is a devastating opiate/opioid epidemicin the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at least 127 people, young and old, are dying every day due to narcotic overdose and alarmingly heroin overdose is on the rise. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved some Medication-Assisted Treatments (MATs) for alcoholism, opiate and nicotine dependence, but nothing for psychostimulant and cannabis abuse. While these pharmaceuticals are essential for the short-term induction of "psychological extinction," in the long-term caution is necessary because their use favors blocking dopaminergic function indispensable for achieving normal satisfaction in life. The two institutions devoted to alcoholism and drug dependence (NIAAA & NIDA) realize that MATs are not optimal and continue to seek better treatment options. We review, herein, the history of the development of a glutaminergic-dopaminergic optimization complex called KB220 to provide for the possible eventual balancing of the brain reward system and the induction of "dopamine homeostasis." This complex may provide substantial clinical benefit to the victims of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) and assist in recovery from iatrogenically induced addiction to unwanted opiates/opioids and other addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Blum
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, USA; Division of Addiction Services, Dominion Diagnostics, USA; Igene, LLC, Austin, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, USA; Division of Neuroscience Research and Addiction Therapy, Shores Treatment and Recovery Center, USA; Human Integrated Services Unit, University of Vermont Centre for Clinical and Translational Science, USA; Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Hungary; Division of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, USA; Division of Nutrigenomics, LaVita RDS, USA
| | - M Febo
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - R D Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University BoonShoft School of Medicine, USA
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Wang Y, Liu L, Xin L, Fan D, Ding N, Hu Y, Cai G, Wang L, Xia Q, Li X, Yang X, Zou Y, Pan F. The -141C Ins/Del and Taq1A polymorphism in the dopamine D2 receptor gene may confer susceptibility to schizophrenia in Asian populations. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 30:1-7. [PMID: 27283386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) Taq1A and -141C Ins/Del in the DRD2 gene may be associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia. Due to inconclusive and mixed results, a meta-analysis was conducted to further clarify the relationship between the two SNP and schizophrenia susceptibility. A systematic literature search for the association of these two SNP with schizophrenia susceptibility was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the strength of the associations reported. A total of 5558 schizophrenic patients and 6792 healthy controls from 31 articles were included in this study. Evidence regarding the association between -141C Ins/Del polymorphism and schizophrenia was found in the allele frequency comparison (Ins versus Del: OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.06-1.57; p=0.01, Praw=0.1, PFalse Discovery Rate=0.023). In ethnic subgroup analysis, the result revealed that the 141C Ins/Del polymorphism was associated with schizophrenia in all genetic models in Asians, but not in Caucasians. For Taq1A polymorphism, a significant association was found in the allele frequency (A1 versus A2: OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.98, p=0.03). Stratification by ethnicity indicated an association between the Taq1A polymorphism and schizophrenia in Asians, but not Caucasians. The present study suggests that the -141C Ins/Del polymorphism carries a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia, while the Taq1A polymorphism carries a significantly decreased risk of schizophrenia susceptibility in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Wang
- Medical Department of Hefei Vocational and Technical College, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lihong Xin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Dazhi Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yanting Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Guoqi Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yanfeng Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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Lasebikan V, Aremu OO. Cannabis Use and Associated Harms among Schizophrenia Patients in a Nigerian Clinical Setting: A Case-Control Study. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:136. [PMID: 27536254 PMCID: PMC4971430 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The overall aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cannabis use among patients with schizophrenia with associated levels of harm in a Nigerian clinical setting. METHOD In this case-control study, consecutive 150 patients with schizophrenia were matched by age and gender with an equal number of patients that utilized the general outpatient department of the State Hospital, Ring Road Ibadan. The alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST) was used to obtain prevalence of cannabis use and level of health risk as determined by the ASSIST score. The positive and negative syndrome scale was used to determine the severity of psychosis. RESULTS Prevalence of cannabis use among the cases and control group was 10.0 and 2.7%, respectively, p = 0.03. Mean ASSIST score was significantly higher among the cases compared with the control, p < 0.001. Respondents of male gender and those who were not married were significantly more likely to be cannabis users among patients with schizophrenia (p < 0.001 and p < 0.02), respectively. CONCLUSION Cannabis use was prevalent among patients with schizophrenia and was associated with health risks. Thus, routine screening for cannabis use and brief intervention is suggested to be integrated into care for adolescents and adults with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lasebikan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - Olaolu O Aremu
- Psychiatric Unit, Ring Road State Hospital , Ibadan , Nigeria
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Gold MS, Badgaiyan RD, Blum K. A Shared Molecular and Genetic Basis for Food and Drug Addiction: Overcoming Hypodopaminergic Trait/State by Incorporating Dopamine Agonistic Therapy in Psychiatry. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2015; 38:419-62. [PMID: 26300032 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on the shared molecular and neurogenetics of food and drug addiction tied to the understanding of reward deficiency syndrome. Reward deficiency syndrome describes a hypodopaminergic trait/state that provides a rationale for commonality in approaches for treating long-term reduced dopamine function across the reward brain regions. The identification of the role of DNA polymorphic associations with reward circuitry has resulted in new understanding of all addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gold
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Rivermend Health Scientific Advisory Board, 2300 Windy Ridge Parkway South East, Suite 210S, Atlanta, GA 30339, USA; Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Educational Foundation, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Laboratory of Advanced Radiochemistry and Molecular and Functioning Imaging, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Clinical & Translational Science, Community Mental Health Institute, University of Vermont College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA; Division of Applied Clinical Research, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, 211 Circuit Drive, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA; Rivermend Health Scientific Advisory Board, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Blum K, Thanos PK, Badgaiyan RD, Febo M, Oscar-Berman M, Fratantonio J, Demotrovics Z, Gold MS. Neurogenetics and gene therapy for reward deficiency syndrome: are we going to the Promised Land? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:973-85. [PMID: 25974314 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1045871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Addiction is a substantial health issue with limited treatment options approved by the FDA and as such currently available. The advent of neuroimaging techniques that link neurochemical and neurogenetic mechanisms to the reward circuitry brain function provides a framework for potential genomic-based therapies. AREAS COVERED Through candidate and genome-wide association studies approaches, many gene polymorphisms and clusters have been implicated in drug, food and behavioral dependence linked by the common rubric reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). The results of selective studies that include the role of epigenetics, noncoding micro RNAs in RDS behaviors especially drug abuse involving alcohol, opioids, cocaine, nicotine, pain and feeding are reviewed in this article. New targets for addiction treatment and relapse prevention, treatment alternatives such as gene therapy in animal models, and pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics methods to manipulate transcription and gene expression are explored. EXPERT OPINION The recognition of the clinical benefit of early genetic testing to determine addiction risk stratification and dopaminergic agonistic, rather than antagonistic therapies are potentially the genomic-based wave of the future. In addition, further development, especially in gene transfer work and viral vector identification, could make gene therapy for RDS a possibility in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville, FL , USA
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BLUM KENNETH, FEBO MARCELO, MCLAUGHLIN THOMAS, CRONJÉ FRANSJ, HAN DAVID, GOLD SMARK. Hatching the behavioral addiction egg: Reward Deficiency Solution System (RDSS)™ as a function of dopaminergic neurogenetics and brain functional connectivity linking all addictions under a common rubric. J Behav Addict 2014; 3:149-56. [PMID: 25317338 PMCID: PMC4189308 DOI: 10.1556/jba.3.2014.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the first association between the dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphism and severe alcoholism, there has been an explosion of research reports in the psychiatric and behavioral addiction literature and neurogenetics. With this increased knowledge, the field has been rife with controversy. Moreover, with the advent of Whole Genome-Wide Studies (GWAS) and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES), along with Functional Genome Convergence, the multiple-candidate gene approach still has merit and is considered by many as the most prudent approach. However, it is the combination of these two approaches that will ultimately define real, genetic allelic relationships, in terms of both risk and etiology. Since 1996, our laboratory has coined the umbrella term Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) to explain the common neurochemical and genetic mechanisms involved with both substance and non-substance, addictive behaviors. METHODS This is a selective review of peer-reviewed papers primary listed in Pubmed and Medline. RESULTS A review of the available evidence indicates the importance of dopaminergic pathways and resting-state, functional connectivity of brain reward circuits. DISCUSSION Importantly, the proposal is that the real phenotype is RDS and impairments in the brain's reward cascade, either genetically or environmentally (epigenetically) induced, influence both substance and non-substance, addictive behaviors. Understanding shared common mechanisms will ultimately lead to better diagnosis, treatment and prevention of relapse. While, at this juncture, we cannot as yet state that we have "hatched the behavioral addiction egg", we are beginning to ask the correct questions and through an intense global effort will hopefully find a way of "redeeming joy" and permitting homo sapiens live a life, free of addiction and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- KENNETH BLUM
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA,Department of Clinical Medicine, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA,Department of Personalized Medicine, IGENE, LLC, Austin, TX, USA,Corresponding author: Kenneth Blum, PhD; Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, PO Box 103424 Gainesville, Florida, USA, 32610-3424; Phone: +-619-890-2167; Fax: +-352-392-9887; E-mail:
| | - MARCELO FEBO
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - DAVID HAN
- Department of Management Science and Statistics, University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - S. MARK GOLD
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA,Department of Clinical Medicine, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA
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