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Sangsuriyothai P, Watari I, Serirukchutarungsee S, Satrawaha S, Podyma-Inoue KA, Ono T. Expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in the rat submandibular gland is influenced by pre- and post-natal high-fat diet exposure. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1357730. [PMID: 38595641 PMCID: PMC11002158 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1357730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Incretins, i.e., glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) promote insulin secretion to reduce postprandial blood sugar. Previous studies found incretins in the salivary glands. However, the role of GLP-1 and GIP in the submandibular gland (SMG) is unclear. This study investigates the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the expression of GLP-1 and GIP throughout the development of rat SMG. Methods: Pregnant 11-week-old Wistar rats were divided into two groups: those fed on a standard diet (n = 5) and those fed on a HFD (n = 5). From day 7 of pregnancy and throughout the lactation period, all the rats were fed on either a chow diet or HFD. The newborns were divided into four subgroups (n = 6): standard diet males (SM), HFD males (HM), standard diet females (SF), and HFD females (HF). The SMGs of 3- and 10-week-old rats from each subgroup were collected under general anesthesia. Moreover, body weight, food intake, and fasting blood sugar were measured. The mRNA expression of GLP-1 and GIP was quantified, and the localization was observed using immunohistochemistry (p < 0.05). Results: GLP-1 mRNA expression was statistically significantly more upregulated in HM than in HF at 3 weeks. Moreover, GLP-1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in HM than in both SM and HF at 10 weeks. Although a decreasing trend was observed in GIP mRNA expression in both 3- and 10-week-old rats fed on a HFD, a significant difference between HM and SM only occurred at 3 weeks. Furthermore, the GIP mRNA expression of HM was lower than that of HF at 10 weeks. Immunohistochemical staining revealed GLP-1 and GIP expression mainly in the SMG duct system. Moreover, vacuolated cytoplasm in the duct was observed in rats fed on a HFD. Conclusion: Exposure to HFD during pre- and post-natal periods increased GLP-1 mRNA expression in the SMGs of male rats. However, GIP expression decreased following the HFD in male newborns. Furthermore, a decreasing trend of GIP mRNA expression was observed in male newborns after HFD feeding. Sex influenced incretin hormones secretion and obesity-related conditions. HFD during pre- and post-natal periods reprograms the epigenome, contributing to subsequent disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornchanok Sangsuriyothai
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ippei Watari
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saranya Serirukchutarungsee
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirichom Satrawaha
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Katarzyna Anna Podyma-Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Orthodontic Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Cinquina V, Keimpema E, Pollak DD, Harkany T. Adverse effects of gestational ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid imbalance on the programming of fetal brain development. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13320. [PMID: 37497857 PMCID: PMC10909496 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a key medical challenge of our time. The increasing number of children born to overweight or obese women is alarming. During pregnancy, the circulation of the mother and her fetus interact to maintain the uninterrupted availability of essential nutrients for fetal organ development. In doing so, the mother's dietary preference determines the amount and composition of nutrients reaching the fetus. In particular, the availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), chiefly their ω-3 and ω-6 subclasses, can change when pregnant women choose a specific diet. Here, we provide a succinct overview of PUFA biochemistry, including exchange routes between ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs, the phenotypes, and probable neurodevelopmental disease associations of offspring born to mothers consuming specific PUFAs, and their mechanistic study in experimental models to typify signaling pathways, transcriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms by which PUFAs can imprint long-lasting modifications to brain structure and function. We emphasize that the ratio, rather than the amount of individual ω-3 or ω-6 PUFAs, might underpin physiologically correct cellular differentiation programs, be these for neurons or glia, during pregnancy. Thereupon, the PUFA-driven programming of the brain is contextualized for childhood obesity, metabolic, and endocrine illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cinquina
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniela D. Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyCenter for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain Research, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Deaprtment of NeuroscienceBiomedicum 7D, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Song X, Chen L, Zhang S, Liu Y, Wei J, Sun M, Shu J, Wang T, Qin J. High Maternal Triglyceride Levels Mediate the Association between Pre-Pregnancy Overweight/Obesity and Macrosomia among Singleton Term Non-Diabetic Pregnancies: A Prospective Cohort Study in Central China. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102075. [PMID: 35631216 PMCID: PMC9145691 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at examining the risk of macrosomia, in relation to maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity mediated via high maternal triglyceride (mTG) levels. In this prospective study, 24,730 singleton term non-diabetic pregnancies were finally included. Serum mTG levels were measured using fasting blood samples that were collected after 28 weeks of gestation. High mTG levels were defined as values ≥ the 90th percentile. The outcome of interest was macrosomia (≥4000 g). Log-binomial regression was used to assess the mediation path between overweight/obesity, high mTG levels, and macrosomia. The mediation analysis found a total effect of overweight on macrosomia of 0.006 (95% CI, 0.001–0.010), including a direct effect of 0.005 (95% CI, 0.001, 0.009) and indirect effect of 0.001 (95% CI, 0.000–0.001), with an estimated proportion of 11.1% mediated by high mTG levels. Additionally, we also found a total effect of obesity on macrosomia of 0.026 (95% CI, 0.018–0.036), including a direct effect of 0.025 (95% CI, 0.017–0.036) and indirect effect of 0.001 (95% CI, 0.000–0.001), with an estimated proportion of 3.8% mediated by high mTG levels. In conclusion, non-diabetic women with overweight or obesity had an increased risk of macrosomia, and this positive association was partly mediated by high mTG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Letao Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Senmao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Yiping Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Jianhui Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Mengting Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Jing Shu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (M.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410028, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (J.Q.); Tel.: +86-152-7318-8582 (T.W.); +86-159-7426-9544 (J.Q.)
| | - Jiabi Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (X.S.); (L.C.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.W.); (M.S.); (J.S.)
- National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha 410028, China
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha 410078, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (J.Q.); Tel.: +86-152-7318-8582 (T.W.); +86-159-7426-9544 (J.Q.)
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Zhang L, Tan C, Xin Z, Huang S, Ma J, Zhang M, Shu G, Luo H, Deng B, Jiang Q, Deng J. UPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS Combined With Biochemical Analysis to Determine the Growth and Development of Mothers and Fetuses in Different Gestation Periods on Tibetan Sow Model. Front Nutr 2022; 9:836938. [PMID: 35425793 PMCID: PMC9001880 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.836938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a complex and dynamic process, the physiological and metabolite changes of the mother are affected by different pregnancy stages, but little information is available about their changes and potential mechanisms during pregnancy, especially in blood and amniotic fluid. Here, the maternal metabolism rules at different pregnancy stages were investigated by using a Tibetan sow model to analyze the physiological hormones and nutrient metabolism characteristics of maternal serum and amniotic fluid as well as their correlations with each other. Our results showed that amniotic fluid had a decrease (P < 0.05) in the concentrations of glucose, insulin and hepatocyte growth factor as pregnancy progressed, while maternal serum exhibited the highest concentrations of glucose and insulin at 75 days of gestation (P < 0.05), and a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) between insulin and citric acid. Additionally, T4 and cortisol had the highest levels during late gestation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, metabolomics analysis revealed significant enrichment in the citrate cycle pathway and the phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis pathway (P < 0.05) with the progress of gestation. This study clarified the adaptive changes of glucose, insulin and citric acid in Tibetan sows during pregnancy as well as the influence of aromatic amino acids, hepatocyte growth factor, cortisol and other physiological indicators on fetal growth and development, providing new clues for the normal development of the mother and the fetus, which may become a promising target for improving the well-being of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longmiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengquan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongquan Xin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangbo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hefeng Luo
- Dekon Food and Agriculture Group, Chengdu, China
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Baichuan Deng,
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Qingyan Jiang,
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Jinping Deng,
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Chen Q, Chen H, Wang M, Qiu L, Xi F, Jiang Y, Lv M, Huang HF, Luo Q. The association between alteration of maternal lipid levels and birthweight at term: A within-family comparison. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:989663. [PMID: 36246889 PMCID: PMC9562839 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.989663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Maternal lipid levels affect birthweight and the long-term health of the offsprings. However, this association could be influenced by genetic and other common factors. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to explore the relationship between maternal lipid levels and birthweight of two pregnancies in the same mother. METHODS In this population-based cohort study, 705 women and their 1 410 offsprings were included. From an initial sample of women with more than one singleton birth in the database, we made the following exclusions: missing data for pre-pregnancy BMI, pregnancy weight gain, birthweight and lipid values; maternal age less than 19 or older than 44 years old; gestational age < 37 weeks or > 41weeks, gestational diabetes mellitus/diabetic. In the second and third trimesters, serum samples were collected for the determination of fasting total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Then we assessed the association between maternal lipids and birthweight. RESULTS Infants of women whose 2nd-trimester TC increased by 10th-20th percentile (-0.92~-0.56 mmol/L) from 1st to 2nd pregnancy were 239.69 (62.32~417.06) g lighter at birth than were infants of women those of 40th-50th percentile (-0.20~-0.03 mmol/L). Parity, gestational age, neonatal gender, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal weight gain, and 3rd-trimester TC and HDL-C were all associated with higher birth weight. Every unit increase in TC in the third trimester increases birthweight by 53.13 (14.32 ~91.94) g. CONCLUSION Maternal TC level is associated with birthweight independent of shared genes. TC may be used to guide diet and predict birthweight combined with ultrasound and other indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiqi Chen
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minmin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Xi
- Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Lv
- Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiong Luo, ; He-Feng Huang,
| | - Qiong Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiong Luo, ; He-Feng Huang,
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Mauro AK, Rengarajan A, Albright C, Boeldt DS. Fatty acids in normal and pathological pregnancies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 539:111466. [PMID: 34610360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Long chain fatty acids, namely omega-3 and omega-6, are essential fatty acids and are necessary for proper pregnancy progression and fetal growth and development. Maternal fatty acid consumption and release of fatty acids from lipid stores provide increased availability of fatty acids for the placenta to transport to the growing fetus. Both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are then utilized for generation of signaling molecules, such as eicosanoids, and for promoting of growth and developmental, most notably in the nervous system. Perturbations in fatty acid concentration and fatty acid signaling have been implicated in three major pregnancy complications - gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. In this review we discuss the growing literature surrounding the role of fatty acids in normal and pathological pregnancies. Differences in maternal, placental, and fetal fatty acids and molecular regulation of fatty acid signaling and transport are presented. A look into novel fatty acid-based therapies for each of the highlighted disorders are discussed, and may present exciting bench to bedside alternatives to traditional pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Mauro
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Aishwarya Rengarajan
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Carly Albright
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Derek S Boeldt
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
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Chen KY, Lin SY, Lee CN, Wu HT, Kuo CH, Kuo HC, Chuang CC, Kuo CH, Chen SC, Fan KC, Lin MW, Fang CT, Li HY. Maternal Plasma Lipids During Pregnancy, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, and Excess Fetal Growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3461-e3472. [PMID: 34021357 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Maternal lipids during pregnancy and placental growth factors are associated with excess fetal growth. However, how these factors interact to increase the risk of delivering large-for-gestational-age (LGA) neonates remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between maternal plasma triglycerides (TGs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) during pregnancy, cord blood insulin-like growth factors (IGF), and LGA. OBJECTIVE In a cell model, we studied the effect of different FAs on placental IGF-1 secretion. METHODS This cohort study included pregnant women with term pregnancy and without diabetes or hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Maternal fasting plasma TGs and FFAs were measured in the second trimester. Cord blood IGF-1, IGF-2, and IGF binding protein-1 and protein-3 were measured at the time of delivery. A human trophoblast cell line, 3A-sub-E, was used to evaluate the effect of different FFAs on placental IGF-1 secretion. RESULTS We recruited 598 pregnant women-neonate pairs. Maternal plasma TG (180 mg/dL [152.5-185.5 mg/dL] vs 166 mg/dL [133-206 mg/dL], P = .04) and cord blood IGF-1 concentrations (72.7 ± 23.0 vs 54.1 ± 22.8 ng/mL, P < .001) were higher in the LGA group and were significantly associated with birth weight z score. Maternal plasma free palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA), but not oleic acid (OA) or linoleic acid (LA), were significantly associated with cord blood IGF-1 concentrations. In 3A-sub-E cells, treatment with PA, SA, and LA, but not OA, induced IGF-1 expression and secretion. CONCLUSION Certain FFAs can induce placental IGF-1 secretion, which suggests a potential pathophysiology linking maternal plasma lipids and LGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, ANSN Clinic, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yu Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Nan Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Tsung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chun Kuo
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Chuang
- The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Heng Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chi Chen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Ren-Ai branch, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Chih Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Fang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Lund A, Ebbing C, Rasmussen S, Qvigstad E, Kiserud T, Kessler J. Pre-gestational diabetes: Maternal body mass index and gestational weight gain are associated with augmented umbilical venous flow, fetal liver perfusion, and thus birthweight. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256171. [PMID: 34398922 PMCID: PMC8367003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess how maternal body mass index and gestational weight gain are related to on fetal venous liver flow and birthweight in pregnancies with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus. METHODS In a longitudinal observational study, 49 women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus were included for monthly assessments (gestational weeks 24-36). According to the Institute Of Medicine criteria, body mass index was categorized to underweight, normal, overweight, and obese, while gestational weight gain was classified as insufficient, appropriate or excessive. Fetal size, portal flow, umbilical venous flow and distribution to the fetal liver or ductus venosus were determined using ultrasound techniques. The impact of fetal venous liver perfusion on birthweight and how body mass index and gestational weight gain modified this effect, was compared with a reference population (n = 160). RESULTS The positive association between umbilical flow to liver and birthweight was more pronounced in pregnancies with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus than in the reference population. Overweight and excessive gestational weight gain were associated with higher birthweights in women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus, but not in the reference population. Fetuses of overweight women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus had higher umbilical (p = 0.02) and total venous liver flows (p = 0.02), and a lower portal flow fraction (p = 0.04) than in the reference population. In pre-gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies with excessive gestational weight gain, the umbilical flow to liver was higher than in those with appropriate weight gain (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that umbilical flow to the fetal liver is a key determinant for fetal growth and birthweight modifiable by maternal factors. Maternal pre-gestational diabetes mellitus seems to augment this influence as shown with body mass index and gestational weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnethe Lund
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Research Group for Pregnancy, Fetal Development and Birth, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cathrine Ebbing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Research Group for Pregnancy, Fetal Development and Birth, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Svein Rasmussen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Research Group for Pregnancy, Fetal Development and Birth, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Qvigstad
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torvid Kiserud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Research Group for Pregnancy, Fetal Development and Birth, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jörg Kessler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, Research Group for Pregnancy, Fetal Development and Birth, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Maternal dietary fat intake during pregnancy and newborn body composition. J Perinatol 2021; 41:1007-1013. [PMID: 33510420 PMCID: PMC8119319 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-00922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased infant birth weight and adiposity are associated with an altered risk of adult chronic diseases. The objective was to investigate the association between maternal dietary fat intake during pregnancy and newborn adiposity. STUDY DESIGN The study included 79 singleton pregnancies. Associations between maternal dietary fat intake during each trimester and infant adiposity at birth were assessed. RESULT Average total grams of maternal total dietary fat and unsaturated fat intake during pregnancy correlated with infant percent body fat after adjusting for potential confounding variables (r = 0.23, p = 0.045; r = 0.24, p = 0.037). Maternal average daily intake of total fat, saturated fat, and unsaturated fat during the second trimester of pregnancy were each associated with infant percent body fat (r = 0.25, p = 0.029; r = 0.23, p = 0.046; r = 0.25, p = 0.031; respectively). CONCLUSIONS The second trimester of pregnancy is a key time period for fetal adipose tissue metabolic programming and therefore a target for nutritional intervention.
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10
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Szilagyi JT, Avula V, Fry RC. Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Their Effects on the Placenta, Pregnancy, and Child Development: a Potential Mechanistic Role for Placental Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs). Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 7:222-230. [PMID: 32812200 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes studies highlighting perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and their effects on the placenta, pregnancy outcomes, and child health. It highlights human population-based associations as well as in vitro-based experimental data to inform an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these health effects. Among the mechanisms by which PFAS may induce toxicity is via their interaction with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), nuclear receptors that regulate lipid metabolism and placental functions important to healthy pregnancies, as well as fetal and child development. RECENT FINDINGS In utero exposure to prevalent environmental contaminants such as PFAS is associated with negative health outcomes during pregnancy, birth outcomes, and later in life. Specifically, PFAS have been associated with increased incidence of gestational diabetes, childhood obesity, preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction. In terms of placental molecular mechanisms underlying these associations, studies demonstrate that PFAS interfere with trophoblast lipid homeostasis, inflammation, and invasion. Moreover these effects could be mediated in part by the interaction between PFAS and PPARs, as well as other biological mechanisms. This review summarizes how PFAS, critical environmental contaminants, may contribute to diseases of pregnancy as well as early and later child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Szilagyi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vennela Avula
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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11
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Hernandez-Trejo M, Sámano R, Chico-Barba G, Pizano-Zarate ML, Herrera-González NE. Neonatal adiposity may increase plasmatic cytokines. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238370. [PMID: 32886687 PMCID: PMC7473588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal health and nutritional status before and during gestation may affect neonates' immune system and energy balance as they develop. The objective of this study was to associate certain clinical markers of maternal adiposity (body mass index and gestational weight gain) and neonatal adiposity (birth weight, abdominal circumference, and waist/height index) with the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in umbilical cord blood at birth: IL-1β, IL-1Rα, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of women from one hospital recruited shortly before giving birth through scheduled cesarean section. Of 31 the pregnant women who agreed to participate and met the inclusion criteria, twenty-nine newborns from these women were analyzed. Three cases of tobacco smoking during pregnancy were identified as an unexpected maternal risk factor and were included in the analysis. Typical of the population treated at this hospital, ten of our participants had diabetes during pregnancy, and nine of them had a pre-pregnancy BMI> 25. Non-parametric statistical analyses and a generalized linear model with gamma scale response with a log link were performed. Results: Correlation analyses, differences in medians, and a prediction model all showed positive and significant results between cytokine levels in cord blood and neonatal abdominal circumference, birth weight, and waist-height index. For maternal variables, smoking during pregnancy showed significant associations with cytokine levels in cord blood. Conclusion: This study found a variety of associations suggesting that increased neonatal adiposity increases pro-inflammatory cytokine levels at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hernandez-Trejo
- Neurobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
| | - Reyna Sámano
- Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gabriela Chico-Barba
- Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maria Luisa Pizano-Zarate
- Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma Estela Herrera-González
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
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12
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Placental function in maternal obesity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:961-984. [PMID: 32313958 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with pregnancy complications and increases the risk for the infant to develop obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. However, the mechanisms linking the maternal obesogenic environment to adverse short- and long-term outcomes remain poorly understood. As compared with pregnant women with normal BMI, women entering pregnancy obese have more pronounced insulin resistance, higher circulating plasma insulin, leptin, IGF-1, lipids and possibly proinflammatory cytokines and lower plasma adiponectin. Importantly, the changes in maternal levels of nutrients, growth factors and hormones in maternal obesity modulate placental function. For example, high insulin, leptin, IGF-1 and low adiponectin in obese pregnant women activate mTOR signaling in the placenta, promoting protein synthesis, mitochondrial function and nutrient transport. These changes are believed to increase fetal nutrient supply and contribute to fetal overgrowth and/or adiposity in offspring, which increases the risk to develop disease later in life. However, the majority of obese women give birth to normal weight infants and these pregnancies are also associated with activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, oxidative stress, decreased oxidative phosphorylation and lipid accumulation in the placenta. Recent bioinformatics approaches have expanded our understanding of how maternal obesity affects the placenta; however, the link between changes in placental function and adverse outcomes in obese women giving birth to normal sized infants is unclear. Interventions that specifically target placental function, such as activation of placental adiponectin receptors, may prevent the transmission of metabolic disease from obese women to the next generation.
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13
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Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken BW, Aitken RP, Adam CL. Ovine prenatal growth-restriction and sex influence fetal adipose tissue phenotype and impact postnatal lipid metabolism and adiposity in vivo from birth until adulthood. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228732. [PMID: 32059008 PMCID: PMC7021317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue development begins in utero and is a key target of developmental programming. Here the influence of nutritionally-mediated prenatal growth-restriction on perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) gene expression and adipocyte phenotype in late fetal life was investigated in both sexes in an ovine model. Likewise circulating leptin concentrations and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol responses to glucose challenge were determined in relation to offspring adiposity at key stages from birth to mid-adult life. In both studies' singleton-bearing adolescent sheep were fed control or high nutrient intakes to induce normal or growth-restricted pregnancies, respectively. Fetal growth-restriction at day 130 of gestation (32% lighter) was characterised by greater body-weight-specific PAT mass and higher PAT expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARɤ), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, and uncoupling protein 1. Independent of prenatal growth, females had a greater body-weight-specific PAT mass, more multilocular adipocytes, higher leptin and lower insulin-like growth factor 1 mRNA than males. Growth-restricted offspring of both sexes (42% lighter at birth) were characterised by higher plasma NEFA concentrations across the life-course (post-fasting and after glucose challenge at 7, 32, 60, 85 and 106 weeks of age) consistent with reduced adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. Circulating plasma leptin correlated with body fat percentage (females>males) and restricted compared with normal females had more body fat and increased abundance of PPARɤ, HSL, leptin and adiponectin mRNA in PAT at necropsy (109 weeks). Therefore, prenatal nutrient supply and sex both influence adipose tissue development with consequences for lipid metabolism and body composition persisting throughout the life-course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John S Milne
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Beth W Aitken
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond P Aitken
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L Adam
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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14
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Kincaid HJ, Nagpal R, Yadav H. Microbiome-immune-metabolic axis in the epidemic of childhood obesity: Evidence and opportunities. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12963. [PMID: 31663251 PMCID: PMC7771488 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity epidemic responsible for increase in diabetes, heart diseases, infections and cancer shows no signs of abating. Obesity in children is also on rise, indicating the urgent need of strategies for prevention and intervention that must begin in early life. While originally posited that obesity results from the simple concept of consuming more calories, or genetics, emerging research suggests that the bacteria living in our gut (gut microbiome) and its interactions with immune cells and metabolic organs including adipose tissues (microbiome-immune-metabolic axis) play significant role in obesity development in childhood. Specifically, abnormal changes (dysbiosis) in the gut microbiome, stimulation of inflammatory cytokines, and shifts in the metabolic functions of brown adipose tissue and the browning of white adipose tissue are associated with increased obesity. Many factors from as early as gestation appear to contribute in obesity, such as maternal health, diet, antibiotic use by mother and/or child, and birth and feeding methods. Herein, using evidence from animal and human studies, we discuss how these factors impact microbiome-immune-metabolic axis and cause obesity epidemic in children, and describe the gaps in knowledge that are warranted for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halle J Kincaid
- Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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15
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Mabasa L, Samodien E, Sangweni NF, Pheiffer C, Louw J, Johnson R. In Utero One-Carbon Metabolism Interplay and Metabolic Syndrome in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 64:e1900377. [PMID: 31408914 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The maternal obesogenic environment plays a role in programing the susceptibility of the fetus to postnatal non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). NAFLD is a multisystem disease that is characterized by hepatic fat accumulation due in part to dysregulated energy metabolism network through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation. DNA methylation affects fetal programing and disease risk via regulation of gene transcription; it is affected by methyl donor nutrients such as vitamin B12 , methionine, folic acid, vitamin B6 , and choline. Although several studies have documented the role of several maternal methyl donor nutrients on obesity-induced NAFLD in offspring, currently, data are lacking on its impact on CVD risk as an endpoint. The aim of this paper is to use current knowledge to construct a postulation for the potential role of a comprehensive gestational methyl donor nutrients supplementary approach on the susceptibility of offspring to developing metabolic-syndrome-related cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mabasa
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Samodien
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlakanipho F Sangweni
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Carmen Pheiffer
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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