1
|
Vázquez PG, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Bauer CCC, Barrios FA. Brain functional connectivity of hypnosis without target suggestion. An intrinsic hypnosis rs-fMRI study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2024; 25:95-105. [PMID: 37786280 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2023.2265997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During hypnosis, significant changes in the BOLD signal associated with the anterior default mode network (DMN) and prefrontal attentional systems have been reported as evidence of dissociation defined since Charcot. However, it remains uncertain whether these changes are mainly attributable to the hypnotic state per se or to the target suggestions used to verify subject's state during neuroimaging studies. The aim of the present study is to evidence the brain in hypnosis, contrasting the common resting state versus neutral hypnosis (hypnosis in the absence of target suggestions). METHODS Twenty-four healthy right-handed volunteers (age 28.3 y.o., 12 females) rated moderate hypnotic responsiveness underwent resting state fMRI at 3.0 T in two sessions, once in neutral hypnosis and the other in the common resting state. Each subject's functional data were analyzed for low-frequency BOLD signal correlations seed-to-voxel for the whole brain in the first-level analysis, and seed-to-voxel in a second-level analysis to estimate group results using seeds for five resting state networks: the default mode (DMN), the central executive (CEN), the salience (SaN), the dorso-lateral attention (DAN), and the sensorimotor (SMN) networks. RESULTS In general, all network maps of the hypnotic condition presented higher connectivity than those of the resting condition. However, only contrasts for the DAN, SaN, and SMN were statistically significant, including correlated out-of-the-network regions. CONCLUSION Parietal and occipital regions displayed increased connectivity across networks, implying dissociation from the frontal cortices. This is the first fMRI intrinsic study of hypnosis without target suggestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo G Vázquez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Clemens C C Bauer
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Fernando A Barrios
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saleem S, Anwar F, Khan A, Saleem U, Akhtar MF, Shahzadi I, Ismail T. Toxicity profiling of Burgmansia aurea Lagerh. Leaves using acute and sub-acute toxicity studies in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116447. [PMID: 37015278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Toxicity studies in appropriate animal models are an integral and very important component of pre-clinical studies in drug development. Brugmansia aurea lagerh. is used for both medicinal and non-medical purposes, including treating skin infections, different types of physical discomfort, inflammation, cough, hallucinations, and evil protection. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was designed to detect any hazardous effects of B. aurea on animals and find out its LD50. MATERIALS & METHODS An acute toxicity study was performed to find out the LD50 value and sub-acute toxicity study was performed to find out the toxicity on repeated dose administration till 28 days. Both studies were performed according to the organization of economic cooperation and development (OECD) 425 and 407 respectively. For the acute oral toxicity study, animals were divided into two groups, group I normal control (NC) and group II received a 2000mg/kg dose of B.aurea leaves extract. In the sub-acute toxicity study, male and female animals were divided into eight groups, I-IV for males and V-VIII for females received control, 100, 200 & 400mg/kg B. aurea leaves extract respectively. Hematological and biochemical markers were estimated at the end of each study. RESULTS Results revealed that no mortality and morbidity were observed in acute oral as well as sub-acute toxicity studies. Oxidative stress markers were increased significantly in all organs of the treatment groups in both studies. Animals significantly decreased their food and water intake in an acute oral toxicity study. A slight difference in renal function tests was observed in the acute oral toxicity study when compared with the normal control group. No significant change in histopathology was observed in both studies on selected organs. CONCLUSION This study concluded that B. aurea can be safely used for pharmacological purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Saleem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Fareeha Anwar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Aslam Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Irum Shahzadi
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
| | - Tariq Ismail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Facco E. Hypnosis and Hypnotic ability between old beliefs and new evidences: An epistemological reflection. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2022; 64:20-35. [PMID: 34748464 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1863181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The history of hypnosis has been marked by its effectiveness paralleled by prejudicial refusal, due to its ostensible incompatibility with the ruling Weltbild (picture of the world). Its interpretation has been mainly based on concepts like suggestibility, dissociation, hallucination, impairment of sense of agency, and free will. Nevertheless, little evidence and agreement has been reached so far on the nature of hypnosis and hypnotic ability, an uncertainty enhanced by the wide range of meanings and ambiguities of the used terms. This article analyzes the main epistemological implications involved in the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Facco
- University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Inst. Franco Granone – Italian Center of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis (CIIICS), Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Spindola-Rodrigues KC, Reis RDC, de Carvalho CM, de Siqueira SDNLL, da Rocha Neto AV, Almeida KJ. Cognitive Health and Differential Cortical Functioning in Dissociative Trance: An Explorative Study About Mediumship. Front Psychol 2022; 13:874720. [PMID: 35478758 PMCID: PMC9035590 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.874720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the cognitive functioning of subjects practicing trance mediumship in Brazil. Method The study was based on the measurement of cognitive functions of 19 spirits mediums through neuropsychological tests such as the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), the Verbal Fluency Test (FAS), the digit span test, the cube test, the five digit test (FDT) and an evaluation of mental health through scales such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ), and the Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ). The sample included the participation of spirit mediums divided into two groups. The more experienced group (MEG) with 11 subjects had more than 10 years of mediumistic practice, while the other less experienced group (LEG) with 8 subjects had 1–5 years of experience. The inclusion criteria were psychophonic mediums (who have the ability to communication when deceased beings communicate directly via speaking) with regular trance practices for at least one year. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. Results Regarding performance on the BCSB and digit span test, all subjects reached scores at the median or higher in comparison to standardized scores of Brazilians. Scores of 90% on the cube test and 42% on the FAS were reached in comparison to median or higher values, versus the median of standardized scores among Brazilians. On the FDT, we found statistical significance (p = 0.038) in the choice stage, with higher performance of subjects whose initial age of trance recognition occurred before 21 years old. On the BDI scale, no participant met the criteria for major depression. The SRQ showed an incidence of common mental disorders in 21% of the sample, which was more prevalent in the LEG (p = 0.008). Conclusion The cognitive functioning of subjects who practice trance mediumship in Brazil is associated with cognitive health. Executive dysfunction may be a tendency in LEG. However, an incidence of common mental disorders in the LEG was observed. Executive processing was higher in the subgroup with early practices of recognizing the phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelson James Almeida
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Post-graduation Program, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- Department of Neurology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Kelson james Almeida,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
HUANG C, CHENG H, ZHANG J, ZHANG D. DHA-promoted repair of human corneal epithelial cells in high-glucose environment. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.77221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong CHENG
- The Third People’s Hospital of Hefei, China
| | - Jing ZHANG
- The Third People’s Hospital of Hefei, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brugnatelli V, Facco E, Zanette G. Lifestyle Interventions Improving Cannabinoid Tone During COVID-19 Lockdowns May Enhance Compliance With Preventive Regulations and Decrease Psychophysical Health Complications. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:565633. [PMID: 34335317 PMCID: PMC8322115 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.565633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies investigating the psychosomatic effects of social isolation in animals have shown that one of the physiologic system that gets disrupted by this environment-affective change is the Endocannabinoid System. As the levels of endocannabinoids change in limbic areas and prefrontal cortex during stressful times, so is the subject more prone to fearful and negative thoughts and aggressive behavior. The interplay of social isolation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cannabinoid tone triggers a vicious cycle which further impairs the natural body's homeostatic neuroendocrine levels and provokes a series of risk factors for developing health complications. In this paper, we explore the psychosomatic impact of prolonged quarantine in healthy individuals, and propose management and coping strategies that may improve endocannabinoid tone, such as integration of probiotics, cannabidiol, meditation, and physical exercise interventions with the aim of supporting interpersonal, individual, and professional adherence with COVID-19 emergency public measures whilst minimizing their psycho-physical impact.
Collapse
|
7
|
Facco E, Bacci C, Casiglia E, Zanette G. Preserved critical ability and free will in deep hypnosis during oral surgery. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2021; 63:229-241. [PMID: 33617428 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1797625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Free will is a complex construct that includes critical reasoning, sense of ownership, and agency. The whole history of hypnosis has been linked to suggestibility. Little agreement has been reached, however, on exactly what we mean by suggestibility, and its role in hypnosis, despite the abundance of studies, hypotheses, and theories published to date. We report on a highly hypnotizable patient with a previous allergy to lidocaine and paradoxical reactions to pharmacological sedation, who underwent oral surgery with mepivacaine for local anesthesia, and hypnosis for sedation. During the procedure, she felt some pain and the hypnotist recommended bupivacaine to ensure lasting anesthesia. While remaining under deep hypnosis, the patient refused to change anesthetic and decided autonomously to continue with mepivacaine (for which she had previously been tested for allergy). Our case clearly shows a preserved, exemplary reasoning and ability to make autonomous decisions diverging from the hypnotist's advice while under deep hypnosis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Perri RL, Facco E, Quinzi F, Bianco V, Berchicci M, Rossani F, Di Russo F. Cerebral mechanisms of hypnotic hypoesthesia. An ERP investigation on the expectancy stage of perception. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13657. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Livio Perri
- Department Unicusano University “Niccolò Cusano” Rome Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Rome Italy
| | - Enrico Facco
- Studium Patavinum Department of Neurosciences University of Padova Padova Italy
- Institution F. GranoneItalian Center of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis Turin Italy
| | - Federico Quinzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Rome Italy
| | | | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Rome Italy
| | | | - Francesco Di Russo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences University of Rome “Foro Italico” Rome Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|