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Feng H, Hu J, Wang G, Su J, Wang L. Fatigue strength and life prediction of lower limb venous stents under three-stage loading conditions. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:1264-1277. [PMID: 37599621 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2238100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
After the implantation of lower limb artery stents, the complex loading conditions imposed on the limb can lead to fatigue failure, which may induce inflammation and restenosis. To investigate the effect of multi-axial loading conditions on the fatigue performance of stents, five stents, namely APsolute Pro (APbott Vascular, USA), Complete SE (Medtronic, USA), Protégé EverFlex (PE3, USA), Pulsar-35 (Biotronik, Germany), and E-luminexx-B (Bard, USA), were analyzed based on the finite element method (FEM). Besides, their fatigue strength was determined under three levels of loading conditions, including tension-bending-torsion and compression-bending-torsion. Based on that, the fatigue life of these stents was predicted. The results showed that based on the nominal stress method, tension-bending-torsion loading had a more significant impact on the fatigue life of stents than compression-bending-torsion loading. Besides, two different types of initial cracks were analyzed by the fracture mechanics method. The results suggested that both the initial crack and the external load were the main causes of stent fatigue fractures. Compared with the loading nature, the influence of the initial crack on stent fatigue life was more significant. Under the same loading condition, the APsolute Pro stent had the longest fatigue life, while the E-luminexx-B stent had the shortest. Moreover, the mechanism of stent fatigue failure was revealed by exploring the fatigue performance and life prediction of stents under complex loading conditions. These findings have important implications for improving the structural design of stents and their clinical selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Feng
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Hu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Shenzhen Yolanda Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Juan Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, P. R. China
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Schmidt W, Brandt-Wunderlich C, Behrens P, Kopetsch C, Schmitz KP, Andresen JR, Grabow N. Revisiting SFA stent technology: an updated overview on mechanical stent performance. BIOMED ENG-BIOMED TE 2023; 68:523-535. [PMID: 37183602 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2022-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study investigated mechanical parameters of stent systems indicated for treatment of femoropopliteal (FP) arterial disease to support interpretation of clinical results and the related causalities. METHODS Eight stent system types of same dimensions were investigated (n=2). Parameters were the profile of stent delivery system (SDS), radiopacity, trackability and pushability, bending stiffness (flexibility) and axial stiffness of expanded stents, length change during expansion, radial force, crush resistance, strut thickness and general surface condition. RESULTS The trackability ranged from 0.237 to 0.920 N and the pushability was 47.9-67.6 %. The bending stiffness of SDS was between 108.42 and 412.68 N mm2. The length change during stent release to 5 mm was low, with one exception. The bending stiffness of the expanded stents was 2.73-41.67 N mm2. The normalized radial forces at 5 mm diameter ranged from 0.133 N/mm to 0.503 N/mm. During non-radial compression by 50 %, the forces were 3.07-8.42 N, with one exception (58.7 N). The strut thickness was 153-231 µm. CONCLUSIONS Large differences occurred for flexibility, radial force and length change during expansion. The data should be used when choosing the proper device for restoring vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Schmidt
- University Medical Center Rostock, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Str. 4, Rostock, 18119, Germany
| | | | - Peter Behrens
- Institute for ImplantTechnology and Biomaterials - IIB e.V., Rostock-Warnemuende, Germany
| | - Christoph Kopetsch
- Westkustenklinikum Heide, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology/Neuroradiology, Heide, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Schmitz
- Institute for ImplantTechnology and Biomaterials - IIB e.V., Rostock-Warnemuende, Germany
| | | | - Niels Grabow
- University Medical Center Rostock, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Rostock, Germany
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Cheban AV, Osipova OS, Ignatenko PV, Bugurov SV, Gostev AA, Saaya SB, Rabtsun AA, Karpenko AA. One-year results of long femoropopliteal lesions stenting with fasciotomy lamina vastoadductoria. Ann Vasc Surg 2022; 88:100-107. [PMID: 36058457 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2022.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fasciotomy can increase the mobility of the superficial femoral artery and decrease the incidence of stent fractures. This study aimed to compare the long-term patency of drug-eluting nitinol stents with and without fasciotomy in patients with prolonged SFA occlusions. METHODS A randomized clinical trial was conducted in 60 (1:1) patients with long femoropopliteal steno-occlusive lesions more than 200 mm. Patients in group 1 (Zilver) underwent recanalization of femoropopliteal artery occlusion with stenting. In group 2 (ZilverFas), the femoropopliteal occlusion was recanalized with stenting and fasciotomy of Gunter's canal. The follow-up assessment of the patency took place after 6, 12 months. RESULTS 12-month primary patency in Zilver and ZilverFas groups was 51% and 80%, respectively (p = 0.02). The freedom from target revascularization (TLR) in Zilver and ZilverFas groups was 50% and 76%, respectively (p = 0.04). At one-year, primary-assisted and secondary patency for the ZilverFas and Zilver groups were 83% versus 62% (p = 0.07), 86% versus 65% (p = 0.05), respectively. In Zilver and ZilverFas groups, the number of stents fractures was 14 and 7, respectively (p = 0.05). The multivariables Cox regression indicated that the stent fracture and diabetes mellitus were the independent predictors of restenosis and reocclusion. Fasciotomy reduced the risk of reocclusion and restenosis by 2.94 times. CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown that a decompressing the stented segment with fasciotomy significantly improves the patency of the femoropopliteal segment and significantly reduces the number and severity of stent fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Cheban
- Center for Vascular and Hybrid Surgery, Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Olesya S Osipova
- Center for Vascular and Hybrid Surgery, Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V Ignatenko
- Center for Vascular and Hybrid Surgery, Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Savr V Bugurov
- Center for Vascular and Hybrid Surgery, Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandr A Gostev
- Center for Vascular and Hybrid Surgery, Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Shoraan B Saaya
- Center for Vascular and Hybrid Surgery, Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Artem A Rabtsun
- Center for Vascular and Hybrid Surgery, Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Karpenko
- Center for Vascular and Hybrid Surgery, Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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Chekotu JC, Kinahan D, Goodall R, Brabazon D. Influence of Structural Porosity and Martensite Evolution on Mechanical Characteristics of Nitinol via In-Silico Finite Element Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5365. [PMID: 35955298 PMCID: PMC9369952 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitinol (NiTi) alloys are gaining extensive attention due to their excellent mechanical, superelasticity, and biocompatibility properties. It is difficult to model the complex mechanical behavior of NiTi alloys due to the solid-state diffusionless phase transformations, and the differing elasticity and plasticity presenting from these two phases. In this work, an Auricchio finite element (FE) model was used to model the mechanical behavior of superelastic NiTi and was validated with experimental data from literature. A Representative Volume Element (RVE) was used to simulate the NiTi microstructure, and a microscale study was performed to understand how the evolution of martensite phase from austenite affects the response of the material upon loading. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) is an effective way to build complex NiTi components. Porosity being one of the major defects in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) processes, the model was used to correlate the macroscale effect of porosity (1.4-83.4%) with structural stiffness, dissipated energy during phase transformations, and damping properties. The results collectively summarize the effectiveness of the Auricchio model and show that this model can aid engineers to plan NiTi processing and operational parameters, for example for heat pump, medical implant, actuator, and shock absorption applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Cherian Chekotu
- Advanced Metallic Systems Centre for Doctoral Training, I-Form Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Kinahan
- Advanced Metallic Systems Centre for Doctoral Training, I-Form Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Russell Goodall
- Advanced Metallic Systems Centre for Doctoral Training, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Advanced Metallic Systems Centre for Doctoral Training, I-Form Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
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Luraghi G, Bridio S, Migliavacca F, Rodriguez Matas JF. Self-expandable stent for thrombus removal modeling: Solid or beam finite elements? Med Eng Phys 2022; 106:103836. [PMID: 35926960 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The performance of self-expandable stents is being increasingly studied by means of finite-element analysis. As for peripheral stents, transcatheter valves and stent-grafts, there are numerous computational studies for setting up a proper model, this information is missing for stent-retrievers used in the procedure of thrombus removal in cerebral arteries. It is well known that the selection of the appropriate finite-element dimensions (topology) and formulations (typology) is a fundamental step to set up accurate and reliable computational simulations. In this context, a thorough verification analysis is here proposed, aimed at investigating how the different element typologies and topologies - available to model a stent-retriever - affect simulation results. METHOD Hexahedral and beam element formulations were analyzed first individually by virtually replicating a crimping test on the device, and then by replicating the thrombectomy procedure aiming at removing a thrombus from a cerebral vessel. In particular, three discretization refinements for each element type and different element formulations including both full and reduced integration were investigated and compared in terms of the resultant radial force of the stent and the stress field generated in the thrombus. RESULTS The sensitivity analysis on the element formulation performed with the crimping simulations allowed the identification of the optimal setting for each element family. Both setting lead to similar results in terms of stent performance in the virtual thrombectomy and should be used in future studies simulating the mechanical thrombectomy with stent-retrievers. CONCLUSIONS The carried out virtual thrombectomy procedures confirmed that the beam element formulation results were sufficiently accurate to model the radial force and the performance of the stent-retriever during the procedure. For different self-expandable stents, hexahedral formulation could be essential in stress analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Luraghi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Bridio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Migliavacca
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Jose Felix Rodriguez Matas
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Mazzaccaro D, Giannetta M, Righini P, Modafferi A, Malacrida G, Nano G. Endovascular Materials and Their Behavior in Peripheral Vascular Surgery. Front Surg 2022; 9:900364. [PMID: 35599784 PMCID: PMC9115547 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.900364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endovascular techniques have progressively become the first option for the treatment of stenosis and occlusions of both aorto-iliac and femoro-popliteal district. The development of new technologies and new materials has broadened the applicability of the endovascular techniques, allowing the treatment of each lesion with the most suitable material. A knowledge of the behavior of endovascular materials when treating peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is, therefore, crucial for optimization of the results. Here, we aim to review the most important technical features of the actually available endovascular materials for treating PAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mazzaccaro
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Giannetta
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Righini
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Modafferi
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Malacrida
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nano
- Operative Unit of Vascular Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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7
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Kareem AK, Gabir MM, Ali IR, Ismail AE, Taib I, Darlis N, Almoayed OM. A review on femoropopliteal arterial deformation during daily lives and nickel-titanium stent properties. J Med Eng Technol 2022; 46:300-317. [PMID: 35234558 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2022.2041749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of studies on the behaviour of stent placement in recent decades provides a clear understanding of peripheral artery disease (PAD). The severe mechanical loads (axial tension and compression, bending, radial compression and torsion) deformation of the femoropopliteal artery (FPA) is responsible for the highest failure rate of permanent nickel-titanium (Nitinol) stents. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review research papers that examined the deformation of the natural load environment of FPA, the properties of Nitinol and mechanical considerations. In conclusion, a better understanding of mechanical behaviour for FPA Nitinol stents contributes to increased mechanical performance and fatigue-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K Kareem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq.,Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia
| | - Mustafa M Gabir
- Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq
| | - Inas R Ali
- Business Administration Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq.,Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Muar, Malaysia
| | - Al E Ismail
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia
| | - Ishkrizat Taib
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia
| | - Nofrizalidris Darlis
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia
| | - Omar M Almoayed
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Malaysia
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Jakubiak GK, Pawlas N, Cieślar G, Stanek A. Pathogenesis and Clinical Significance of In-Stent Restenosis in Patients with Diabetes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211970. [PMID: 34831726 PMCID: PMC8617716 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a strong risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). In the population of people living with DM, PAD is characterised by multi-level atherosclerotic lesions as well as greater involvement of the arteries below the knee. DM is also a factor that significantly increases the risk of lower limb amputation. Percutaneous balloon angioplasty with or without stent implantation is an important method of the treatment for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, but restenosis is a factor limiting its long-term effectiveness. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in the course of DM differs slightly from that in the general population. In the population of people living with DM, more attention is drawn to such factors as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet dysfunction, blood rheological properties, hypercoagulability, and additional factors stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. DM is a risk factor for restenosis. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature and to present the most important information on the current state of knowledge on mechanisms and the clinical significance of restenosis and in-stent restenosis in patients with DM, especially in association with the endovascular treatment of PAD. The role of such processes as inflammation, neointimal hyperplasia and neoatherosclerosis, allergy, resistance to antimitotic drugs used for coating stents and balloons, genetic factors, and technical and mechanical factors are discussed. The information on restenosis collected in this publication may be helpful in planning further research in this field, which may contribute to the formulation of more and more precise recommendations for the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz K. Jakubiak
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology, and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St., 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (G.K.J.); (G.C.)
| | - Natalia Pawlas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38 St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology, and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St., 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (G.K.J.); (G.C.)
| | - Agata Stanek
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology, and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St., 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (G.K.J.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Antonini L, Berti F, Isella B, Hossain D, Mandelli L, Pennati G, Petrini L. From the real device to the digital twin: A coupled experimental-numerical strategy to investigate a novel bioresorbable vascular scaffold. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252788. [PMID: 34086820 PMCID: PMC8177663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to propose a workflow that couples experimental and computational activities aimed at developing a credible digital twin of a commercial coronary bioresorbable vascular scaffold when direct access to data about material mechanical properties is not possible. Such a situation is be faced when the manufacturer is not involved in the study, thus directly investigating the actual device is the only source of information available. The object of the work is the Fantom® Encore polymeric stent (REVA Medical) made of Tyrocore™. Four devices were purchased and used in mechanical tests that are easily reproducible in any mechanical laboratory, i.e. free expansion and uniaxial tension testing, the latter performed with protocols that emphasized the rate-dependent properties of the polymer. Given the complexity of the mechanical behaviour observed experimentally, it was chosen to use the Parallel Rehological Framework material model, already used in the literature to describe the behaviour of other polymers, such as PLLA. Calibration of the material model was based on simulations that replicate the tensile test performed on the device. Given the high number of material parameters, a plan of simulations was done to find the most suitable set, varying each parameter value in a feasible range and considering a single repetitive unit of the stent, neglecting residual stresses generated by crimping and expansion. This strategy resulted in a significant reduction of computational cost. The performance of the set of parameters thus identified was finally evaluated considering the whole delivery system, by comparing the experimental results with the data collected simulating free expansion and uniaxial tension testing. Moreover, radial force testing was numerically performed and compared with literature data. The obtained results demonstrated the effectiveness of the digital twin development pipeline, a path applicable to any commercial device whose geometric structure is based on repetitive units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonini
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Berti
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Isella
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Dipok Hossain
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mandelli
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pennati
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenza Petrini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
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