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Daniel EA, Esakialraj L BH, S A, Muthuramalingam K, Karunaianantham R, Karunakaran LP, Nesakumar M, Selvachithiram M, Pattabiraman S, Natarajan S, Tripathy SP, Hanna LE. Pooled Testing Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis: A comprehensive review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 101:115432. [PMID: 34175613 PMCID: PMC8127528 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has surged across the globe causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Systematic testing to facilitate index case isolation and contact tracing is needed for efficient containment of viral spread. The major bottleneck in leveraging testing capacity has been the lack of diagnostic resources. Pooled testing is a potential approach that could reduce cost and usage of test kits. This method involves pooling individual samples and testing them 'en bloc'. Only if the pool tests positive, retesting of individual samples is performed. Upon reviewing recent articles on this strategy employed in various SARS-CoV-2 testing scenarios, we found substantial diversity emphasizing the requirement of a common protocol. In this article, we review various theoretically simulated and clinically validated pooled testing models and propose practical guidelines on applying this strategy for large scale screening. If implemented properly, the proposed approach could contribute to proper utilization of testing resources and flattening of infection curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline Ann Daniel
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.
| | | | - Anbalagan S
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Manohar Nesakumar
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Sudhakar Natarajan
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Department of HIV/AIDS, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India.
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Calderon-Tellez JA, Herrera MM. Appraising the impact of air transport on the environment: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2021; 10:100351. [PMID: 33754140 PMCID: PMC7969840 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2021.100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The spread of the COVID-19 disease caused by the respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in unpredicted measures restricting daily flights. Although passenger demand for travel has considerably reduced, the pre-existing impacts of gases generated by aeroplane engines on the environment are still substantial. This paper uses a modelling-based scenario analysis to assess the restriction policies relating to air transport in Argentina, Brazil and Colombia during and after the pandemic and their effects on the environment. The simulation results highlight the need to reduce the negative environmental impact produced by the aviation sector and suggest that policymakers should try to focus on creating ways to reduce the impact made by the aviation industry on the environment, through a coordinated environmental policy between countries, including the three that are the subject of the present case study in order to highlight these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Andres Calderon-Tellez
- Science Policy Research Unit - SPRU, University of Sussex Business School, University of Sussex, United Kingdom
- Ejército Nacional, Colombia
| | - Milton M Herrera
- Economic Sciences Research Centre, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia
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Fraticelli L, Freyssenge J, Claustre C, Martinez M, Redjaline A, Serre P, Bochaton T, El Khoury C. Estimating the Proportion of COVID-19 Contacts Among Households Based on Individuals With Myocardial Infarction History: Cross-sectional Telephone Survey. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e26955. [PMID: 33855968 PMCID: PMC8083951 DOI: 10.2196/26955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with cardiovascular diseases were disproportionately associated with an increased risk of a severe form of COVID-19 and all-cause mortality. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study are to report the associated symptoms for COVID-19 cases, to estimate the proportion of contacts, and to describe the clinical signs and behaviors among individuals with and without myocardial infarction history among cases and contacts. METHODS A 2-week cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted during the first lockdown period in France, from May 4 to 15, 2020. A total of 668 households participated, representing 703 individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular disease in the past 2 years and 849 individuals without myocardial infarction history. RESULTS High rates of compliance with health measures were self-reported, regardless of age or risk factors. There were 4 confirmed COVID-19 cases that were registered from 4 different households. Based on deductive assumptions of the 1552 individuals, 9.73% (n=151) were identified as contacts, of whom 71.52% (108/151) were asymptomatic. Among individuals with a myocardial infarction history, 2 were COVID-19 cases, and the estimated proportion of contacts was 8.68% (61/703), of whom 68.85% (42/61) were asymptomatic. The cases and contacts presented different symptoms, with more respiratory signs in those with a myocardial infarction history. CONCLUSIONS The telephone survey could be a relevant tool for reporting the number of contacts during a limited period and in a limited territory based on the presence of associated symptoms and COVID-19 cases in the households. This study advanced our knowledge to better prepare for future crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Fraticelli
- RESCUe-RESUVal, Lucien Hussel Hospital, Vienne, France.,Laboratory Systemic Health Care P2S EA 4129, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Freyssenge
- RESCUe-RESUVal, Lucien Hussel Hospital, Vienne, France.,RESHAPE Research on Healthcare Performance, INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Mikaël Martinez
- Emergency Department, Hospital Center du Forez, Montbrison, France.,REULIAN Emergency network Loire Ardèche Nord, Firminy, France
| | - Abdesslam Redjaline
- REULIAN Emergency network Loire Ardèche Nord, Firminy, France.,Emergency Department, Hospital Center Le Corbusier, Firminy, France
| | - Patrice Serre
- RESCUe-RESUVal, Lucien Hussel Hospital, Vienne, France.,Emergency Department, Hospital Center Fleyriat, Bourg-en-Bresse, France
| | - Thomas Bochaton
- Emergency and Critical Cardiac Care, Cardiologic Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Carlos El Khoury
- RESCUe-RESUVal, Lucien Hussel Hospital, Vienne, France.,RESHAPE Research on Healthcare Performance, INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Emergency Department and Clinical Research Unit, Medipole Hopital Mutualiste, Villeurbanne, France
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