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Abounahia N, Shahab AA, Khan MM, Qiblawey H, Zaidi SJ. A Comprehensive Review of Performance of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Membranes for Forward Osmosis Water Separation and Purification Process. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:872. [PMID: 37999358 PMCID: PMC10672921 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), with its unique chemical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties, has become a crucial acrylic polymer for the industry. This polymer has been widely used to fabricate ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis membranes for water treatment applications. However, it recently started to be used to fabricate thin-film composite (TFC) and fiber-based forward osmosis (FO) membranes at a lab scale. Phase inversion and electrospinning methods were the most utilized techniques to fabricate PAN-based FO membranes. The PAN substrate layer could function as a good support layer to create TFC and fiber membranes with excellent performance under FO process conditions by selecting the proper modification techniques. The various modification techniques used to enhance PAN-based FO performance include interfacial polymerization, layer-by-layer assembly, simple coating, and incorporating nanofillers. Thus, the fabrication and modification techniques of PAN-based porous FO membranes have been highlighted in this work. Also, the performance of these FO membranes was investigated. Finally, perspectives and potential directions for further study on PAN-based FO membranes are presented in light of the developments in this area. This review is expected to aid the scientific community in creating novel effective porous FO polymeric membranes based on PAN polymer for various water and wastewater treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Abounahia
- UNESCO Chair in Desalination and Water Treatment, Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Arqam Azad Shahab
- UNESCO Chair in Desalination and Water Treatment, Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Maryam Mohammad Khan
- UNESCO Chair in Desalination and Water Treatment, Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hazim Qiblawey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Syed Javaid Zaidi
- UNESCO Chair in Desalination and Water Treatment, Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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2
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Keren S, Bukowski C, Barzilay M, Kim M, Stolov M, Crosby AJ, Cohen N, Segal-Peretz T. Mechanical Behavior of Hybrid Thin Films Fabricated by Sequential Infiltration Synthesis in Water-Rich Environment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47487-47496. [PMID: 37772864 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) is an emerging technique for fabricating hybrid organic-inorganic materials with nanoscale precision and controlled properties. Central to SIS implementation in applications such as membranes, sensors, and functional coatings is the mechanical properties of hybrid materials in water-rich environments. This work studies the nanocomposite morphology and its effect on the mechanical behavior of SIS-based hybrid thin films of AlOx-PMMA under aqueous environments. Water-supported tensile measurements reveal an unfamiliar behavior dependent on the AlOx content, where the modulus decreases after a single SIS cycle and increases with additional cycles. In contrast, the yield stress constantly decreases as the AlOx content increases. A comparison between water uptake measurements indicates that AlOx induces water uptake from the aqueous environment, implying a "nanoeffect" stemming from AlOx-water interactions. We discuss the two mechanisms that govern the modulus of the hybrid films: softening due to increased water absorption and stiffening as the AlOx volume fraction increases. The decrease in the yield stress with SIS cycles is associated with the limited mobility and extensibility of polymer chains caused by the growth of AlOx clusters. Our study highlights the significance of developing hybrid materials to withstand aqueous or humid conditions which are crucial to their performance and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Keren
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Cynthia Bukowski
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Maya Barzilay
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Myounguk Kim
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mikhail Stolov
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Noy Cohen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Tamar Segal-Peretz
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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3
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Xiao S, Lu X, Liu H, Gu J, Yu S, Tan X. High-flux nanofiltration membrane with modified highly dispersed MOF particles as nano filler. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:2642-2657. [PMID: 36450678 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of optimized thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane with no or few defects is an efficacious method which can improve nanofiltration performance. However, poor dispersion of fillers in the organic phase and wrong compatibility between fillers and polymerizate are still a serious problem. In this study, the particle size of metal organic framework (MOF), aluminum-based metal-organic frameworks (CAU-1) was modulated and for the first time, dodecyl aldehyde was used to modify the surface hydrophobicity of CAU-1, which improved the dispersibility and inhibited the aggregation in the trimesoyl chloride (TMC)/n-hexane solution; later CAU-1 and modified CAU-1 were incorporated into the polyamide (PA) selective layer to synthesize TFN membrane by interfacial polymerization (IP). The particle size modulation and modification of the CAU-1 were demonstrated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization. The characterization showed that PA selective layer was synthesized on the top layer of polysulfone (PSF) substrate. The pure water flux of the TFN membrane was increased to 79.89 ± 1.24 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1 compared to the original thin film composite (TFC) membrane, which was due to the polymerization of 100 nm modified CAU-1 on the PA layer to form a new water molecular channel, thus increasing the water flux by about 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Xiao
- College of Material Science and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China E-mail:
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China E-mail:
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China E-mail:
| | - Jiantao Gu
- College of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Shouwu Yu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China E-mail:
| | - Xiaoyao Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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4
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Salehi H, Shakeri A, Lammertink RG. Thermo-responsive graft copolymer PSf-g-PNIPM: Reducing the structure parameter via morphology control of forward osmosis membrane substrates. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Soyekwo F, Wen H, Dan L, Liu C. Crumpled Globule-Heterotextured Polyamide Membrane Interlayered with Protein-Polyphenol Nanoaggregates for Enhanced Forward Osmosis Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24806-24819. [PMID: 35594151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface modulation of polyamide structures and the development of nanochanneled membranes with excellent water transport properties are crucial for the separation performance enhancement of thin-film composite membranes. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of a modular nanochannel-integrated polyamide network on a nanoporous interlayer membrane comprising Mxene-reinforced protein-polyphenol nanoaggregates. The research indicates that the confined growth of the polyamide matrix inside this hydrophilic sub-10 nm nanochannel nanoporous intermediate layer stiffened the interfacial channels, leading to the formation of a polyamide layer with a spatial distribution of a network of unique 3D crumpled globule-like nanostructures. The high specific surface area of such a morphology bestowed the membrane with increased filtration area while facilitating the nanofluidic transport of water molecules through the nanochanneled membrane structure, leading to enhanced water flux of up to 26.6 L m-2 h-1 (active layer facing the feed solution) and 41.0 L m-2 h-1 (active layer facing the draw solution) using 1.0 M NaCl as the draw solution. The membrane equally exhibited good treatment for organic solvent forward osmosis filtration and typical seawater desalination. Moreover, the hierarchical nanostructures induced antimicrobial activity by effectively reducing the biofilm formation of Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. This work provides significant insights into the interfacial engineering and compatibility of the nanomaterials and the polymers in interlayer mixed-matrix membranes, which are environmentally sustainable and cost-effective for the fabrication of advanced forward osmosis membranes for water purification and osmotic energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizal Soyekwo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Liao Dan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Changkun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
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Peng LE, Yang Z, Long L, Zhou S, Guo H, Tang CY. A critical review on porous substrates of TFC polyamide membranes: Mechanisms, membrane performances, and future perspectives. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Gul S, Latafat KR, Asma M, Ahmad M, Kilic Z, Zafar M, Ding Y, Malik A. Microscopic techniques for fabrication of polyethersulfone thin-film nanocomposite membranes intercalated with UiO-66-SO 3 H for heavy metal ions removal from water. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1289-1299. [PMID: 34862680 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental remediation of heavy metals from wastewater is becoming popular area in the field of membrane technology. Heavy metals are toxic in nature and have ability to bioaccumulate in water bodies. In current study, zirconium-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs), that is, UiO-66 and UiO-66-SO3 H with a mean diameter of 200 nm were synthesized and intercalated into polyethersulfone (PES) substrate to fabricate thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes via an interfacial polymerization (IP) method. TFN membranes exhibit higher selectivity and permeability as compared to thin-film composite (TFC) membranes for heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg). Zirconium-based MOFs are highly stable in water and due to smaller pore size enhanced hydrophilicity of TFN membranes. In addition, TFN membrane with functionalized MOF (UiO-66-SO3 H) performed best as compared to TFC and TFN with UiO-66 MOF. The effect of loading of different weight percentages (wt%) of both MOFs for TFN membranes was also investigated. The TFN membranes with loading (0.2 wt%) of UiO-66-SO3 H displayed highest permeability of 9.57 LMH/bar and notable rejections of 90% and 87.7% toward Cd and Hg, respectively. To our best understanding, it is the first study of intercalating functionalized UiO-66-SO3 H in TFC membranes by IP and their application on heavy metals especially Cd and Hg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Gul
- Department of Environmental Science (FC), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Maliha Asma
- Department of Environmental Science (FC), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeyneb Kilic
- Istanbul Aydin University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering (Hydraulic), Istanbul-Turkey, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yifu Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Aamir Malik
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Institute of Space Technology (IST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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8
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Xiao S, Huo X, Tong Y, Cheng C, Yu S, Tan X. Improvement of thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane performance by CAU-1 with low charge and small size. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Ndiaye I, Chaoui I, Vaudreuil S, Bounahmidi T. Selection of substrate manufacturing techniques of polyamine‐based
thin‐film
composite membranes for forward osmosis process. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Issa Ndiaye
- Euro‐Med Research Institute, Euro‐Med University of Fes (UEMF) Fes Morocco
| | - Imane Chaoui
- Euro‐Med Research Institute, Euro‐Med University of Fes (UEMF) Fes Morocco
- Laboratoires d'Analyse et Synthèse des Procédés industriels, Ecole Mohammadia d'Ingénieurs, Université Mohammed V de Rabat Rabat‐Agdal Morocco
| | | | - Tijani Bounahmidi
- Euro‐Med Research Institute, Euro‐Med University of Fes (UEMF) Fes Morocco
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10
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Meng B, Liu G, Mao Y, Liang F, Liu G, Jin W. Fabrication of surface-charged MXene membrane and its application for water desalination. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Application of Zwitterions in Forward Osmosis: A Short Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040583. [PMID: 33672026 PMCID: PMC7919480 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is an important desalination method to produce potable water. It was also used to treat different wastewater streams, including industrial as well as municipal wastewater. Though FO is environmentally benign, energy intensive, and highly efficient; it still suffers from four types of fouling namely: organic fouling, inorganic scaling, biofouling and colloidal fouling or a combination of these types of fouling. Membrane fouling may require simple shear force and physical cleaning for sufficient recovery of membrane performance. Severe fouling may need chemical cleaning, especially when a slimy biofilm or severe microbial colony is formed. Modification of FO membrane through introducing zwitterionic moieties on the membrane surface has been proven to enhance antifouling property. In addition, it could also significantly improve the separation efficiency and longevity of the membrane. Zwitterion moieties can also incorporate in draw solution as electrolytes in FO process. It could be in a form of a monomer or a polymer. Hence, this review comprehensively discussed several methods of inclusion of zwitterionic moieties in FO membrane. These methods include atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP); second interfacial polymerization (SIP); coating and in situ formation. Furthermore, an attempt was made to understand the mechanism of improvement in FO performance by zwitterionic moieties. Finally, the future prospective of the application of zwitterions in FO has been discussed.
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12
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13
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Yu F, Shi H, Shi J, Teng K, Xu Z, Qian X. High-performance forward osmosis membrane with ultra-fast water transport channel and ultra-thin polyamide layer. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Anti-biofouling behavior of quorum quenching for removal of pharmaceuticals by forward osmosis membrane based on pseudomonas quinolone signals. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Wang Q, Lu TD, Yan XY, Zhao LL, Yin H, Xiong XX, Zhou R, Sun SP. Designing nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes based on dynamic deposition technology. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences Division, National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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17
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Shah AA, Cho YH, Nam SE, Park A, Park YI, Park H. High performance thin-film nanocomposite forward osmosis membrane based on PVDF/bentonite nanofiber support. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Jian M, Qiu R, Xia Y, Lu J, Chen Y, Gu Q, Liu R, Hu C, Qu J, Wang H, Zhang X. Ultrathin water-stable metal-organic framework membranes for ion separation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay3998. [PMID: 32548253 PMCID: PMC7274808 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay3998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the rich porosity and uniform pore size, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer substantial advantages over other materials for the precise and fast membrane separation. However, achieving ultrathin water-stable MOF membranes remains a great challenge. Here, we first report the successful exfoliation of two-dimensional (2D) monolayer aluminum tetra-(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin framework (termed Al-MOF) nanosheets. Ultrathin water-stable Al-MOF membranes are assembled by using the exfoliated nanosheets as building blocks. While achieving a water flux of up to 2.2 mol m-2 hour-1 bar-1, the obtained 2D Al-MOF laminar membranes exhibit rejection rates of nearly 100% on investigated inorganic ions. The simulation results confirm that intrinsic nanopores of the Al-MOF nanosheets domain the ion/water separation, and the vertically aligned aperture channels are the main transport pathways for water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meipeng Jian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ruosang Qiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yu Chen
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Qinfen Gu
- Australian Synchrotron (ANSTO), Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Ruiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huanting Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Xiwang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Molecularly tunable thin-film nanocomposite membranes with enhanced molecular sieving for organic solvent forward osmosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1198. [PMID: 32139689 PMCID: PMC7057969 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin-film nanocomposites (TFN) functionalized with tunable molecular-sieving nanomaterials have been employed to tailor membranes, with an enhanced permeability and selectivity. Herein, water-soluble hollow cup-like macrocyclic molecules, sulfothiacalix[4]arene (STCAss) and sulfocalix[4]arene (SCA), are ionically bonded into the polyamide network to engineer the molecular-sieving properties of TFN membranes for organic solvent forward osmosis (OSFO). Introducing both STCAss and SCA into the polyamide network not only increases the free volume, but also reduces the thickness of the TFN layers. Combining with their molecularly tunable size of the lower cavities, both STCAss and SCA enable the TFN membranes to size exclusively reject the draw solutes, but only STCAss-functionalized membrane has an ethanol flux doubling the pristine one under the FO and PRO modes in OSFO processes; leading the functionalized polyamide network with remarkable improvements in OSFO performance. This study may provide insights to molecularly functionalize TFN membranes using multifunctional nano-fillers for sustainable separations. Thin-film nanocomposites (TFN) nanomaterials have been employed to tailor permeability and selectivity in membranes, but achieving effective separation at large flux retains challenging. Here, the authors use calix[4]arene derivatives which are ionically bonded to a polyamide network to engineer the molecular-sieving properties of TFN membranes for organic solvent forward osmosis (OSFO).
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Monsef K, Homayoonfal M, Davar F. Engineering arrangement of nanoparticles within nanocomposite membranes matrix: a suggested way to enhance water flux. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1695264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamalodin Monsef
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Homayoonfal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Davar
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Yang Z, Guo H, Tang CY. The upper bound of thin-film composite (TFC) polyamide membranes for desalination. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Lau WJ, Lai GS, Li J, Gray S, Hu Y, Misdan N, Goh PS, Matsuura T, Azelee IW, Ismail AF. Development of microporous substrates of polyamide thin film composite membranes for pressure-driven and osmotically-driven membrane processes: A review. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Recent advances in nanomaterial-modified polyamide thin-film composite membranes for forward osmosis processes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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Zou S, Qin M, He Z. Tackle reverse solute flux in forward osmosis towards sustainable water recovery: reduction and perspectives. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 149:362-374. [PMID: 30471532 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) has emerged as a potentially energy-efficient membrane treatment technology to yield high-quality reusable water from various wastewater/saline water sources. A key challenge remained to be solved for FO is reverse solute flux (RSF), which can cause issues like reduced concentration gradient and loss of draw solutes. Yet no universal parameters have been developed to compare RSF control performance among various studies, making it difficult to position us in this "battle" against RSF. In this paper, we have conducted a concise review of existing RSF reduction approaches, including operational strategies (e.g., pressure-, electrolysis-, and ultrasound-assisted osmosis) and advanced membrane development (e.g., new membrane fabrication and existing membrane modification). We have also analyzed the literature data to reveal the current status of RSF reduction. A new parameter, mitigation ratio (MR), was proposed and used together with specific RSF (SRSF) to evaluate RSF reduction performance. Potential research directions have been discussed to help with future RSF control. This review intends to shed more light on how to effectively tackle solute leakage towards a more cost-effective and environmental-friendly FO treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Mohan Qin
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale Univeristy, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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25
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Seyed Shahabadi SM, Brant JA. Bio-inspired superhydrophobic and superoleophilic nanofibrous membranes for non-aqueous solvent and oil separation from water. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Chi XY, Xia BG, Xu ZL, Zhang MX. Impact of Cross-Linked Chitosan Sublayer Structure on the Performance of TFC FO PAN Nanofiber Membranes. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13009-13019. [PMID: 31458022 PMCID: PMC6645102 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is a popular material in membrane field because of its excellent mechanical property, thermal stability, and chemical resistance. Unfortunately, PAN nanofibers produced by electrospinning are not suitable for interfacial polymerization process directly due to its hydrophobicity and large average pore size. In this work, the cross-linked chitosan (CS) solution was coated on the nanofiber surface to fabricate a sublayer, based on which thin-film composite (TFC) membranes were prepared using m-phenylenediamine and 1,3,5-trimesoyl chloride as the monomers. The impact of the different sublayers on the performances of TFC PAN nanofiber membranes for forward osmosis (FO) was studied by varying cross-linked CS concentrations. The results indicated that the increased CS concentration not only led to the relatively denser polyamide layer, but also changed its morphology. In the reverse osmosis process, NaCl rejection increased from 46.5 to 83.5%. Salt flux from feed solution to draw solution decreased from 25.8 to 8.9 g·m-2·h-1 (0.1 M NaCl solution as feed, 2 M glucose solution as draw solution, FO mode). This study found that the sublayer had noteworthy impact on the separation layer and helped us to pave the way to design high-performance FO membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yu Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Membrane Science and Engineering R&D Lab, Chemical
Engineering Research Center, East China
University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Bao-Gen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Membrane Science and Engineering R&D Lab, Chemical
Engineering Research Center, East China
University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Membrane Science and Engineering R&D Lab, Chemical
Engineering Research Center, East China
University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Membrane Science and Engineering R&D Lab, Chemical
Engineering Research Center, East China
University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237 Shanghai, China
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27
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Liu TY, Yuan HG, Liu YY, Ren D, Su YC, Wang X. Metal-Organic Framework Nanocomposite Thin Films with Interfacial Bindings and Self-Standing Robustness for High Water Flux and Enhanced Ion Selectivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9253-9265. [PMID: 30153418 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based materials are promising candidates for a range of separation applications. However, the fabrication of self-standing MOF-based thin films remains challenging. Herein, a facile solution casting strategy is developed for fabricating UiO-66 nanocomposite thin films (UiO66TFs) with thicknesses down to ∼400 nm. Nanosizing UiO-66 and incorporating sulfonated polysulfone additives render high dispersity and interfacial bindings between MOFs and polymer matrices, so UiO66TFs are more mechanically robust and thermally stable than their pure-polymer counterparts. Enhanced microporosity with sub-nanometer pore sizes of the self-standing membranes enables the direct translation of UiO-66-based sorption and ion-sieving properties, thus increasing water flux and separation performance (Na2SO4 rejection of 94-96%) under hydraulic pressure-driven processes and eliminating internal concentration polarization in osmotic pressure-driven processes. Enhanced separation performances are achieved with water/Na2SO4 permselectivity of 13.5 L g-1 and high osmotic water permeability up to 1.41 L m-2 h-1 bar-1, providing 3-fold higher water/Na2SO4 permselectivity and 56-fold-higher water flux than polymer membranes for forward osmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus , London SW7 2AZ , U.K
| | - Hao-Ge Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Aerospace Research Institute of Special Material and Processing Technology , Aerospace Science and Industry Corp , Beijing 100074 , P. R. China
| | - Dan Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Yi-Cheng Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Materials and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
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28
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Wan CF, Yang T, Gai W, Lee YD, Chung TS. Thin-film composite hollow fiber membrane with inorganic salt additives for high mechanical strength and high power density for pressure-retarded osmosis. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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29
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Ozcan S, Kaner P, Thomas D, Cebe P, Asatekin A. Hydrophobic Antifouling Electrospun Mats from Zwitterionic Amphiphilic Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:18300-18309. [PMID: 29658698 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A porous material that is both hydrophobic and fouling-resistant is needed in many applications, such as water purification by membrane distillation. In this work, we take a novel approach to fabricating such membranes. Using the zwitterionic amphiphilic copolymer poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate- random-sulfobetaine methacrylate), we electrospin nonwoven, porous membranes that combine high hydrophobicity with resistance to protein adsorption. By changing the electrospinning parameters and the solution composition, membranes can be prepared with a wide range of fiber morphologies including beaded, bead-free, wrinkly, and ribbonlike fibers, with diameters ranging between ∼150 nm and 1.5 μm. The addition of LiCl to the spinning solution not only helps control the fiber morphology but also increases the segregation of zwitterionic groups on the membrane surface. The resultant electrospun membranes are highly porous and very hydrophobic, yet resist the adsorption of proteins and retain a high contact angle (∼140°) even after exposure to a protein solution. This makes these materials promising candidates for the membrane distillation of contaminated wastewater streams and as self-cleaning materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefika Ozcan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Tufts University , 4 Colby Street , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology , Middle East Technical University , 06800 Ankara , Turkey
| | - Papatya Kaner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Tufts University , 4 Colby Street , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - David Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Tufts University , 574 Boston Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Tufts University , 574 Boston Avenue , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
| | - Ayse Asatekin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Tufts University , 4 Colby Street , Medford , Massachusetts 02155 , United States
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30
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Sun W, Shi J, Chen C, Li N, Xu Z, Li J, Lv H, Qian X, Zhao L. A review on organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposite membranes: a versatile tool to overcome the barriers of forward osmosis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:10040-10056. [PMID: 35540855 PMCID: PMC9078724 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12835e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) processes have recently attracted increasing attention and show great potential as a low-energy separation technology for water regeneration and seawater desalination. However, a number of challenges, such as internal concentration polarization, membrane fouling, and the trade-off effect, limit the scaleup and industrial practicality of FO. Hence, a versatile method is needed to address these problems and fabricate ideal FO membranes. Among the many methods, incorporating polymeric FO membranes with inorganic nanomaterials is widely used and effective and is reviewed in this paper. The properties of FO membranes can be improved and meet the demands of various applications with the incorporation of nanomaterials. This review presents the actualities and advantages of organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposite FO membranes. Nanomaterials applied in the FO field, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, halloysite nanotubes, silica and Ag nanoparticles, are classified and compared in this review. The effects of modification methods on the performance of nanocomposite FO membranes, including blending, in situ interfacial polymerization, surface grafting and layer-by-layer assembly, are also reviewed. The outlook section discusses the prospects of organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposite FO membranes and advanced nanotechnologies available for FO processes. This discussion may provide new opportunities for developing novel FO membranes with high performance. Nanocomposite forward osmosis (FO) membranes have attracted increasing attentions recently and showed great comprehensive performance. Various modification methods have been employed to incorporate inorganic nanomaterials to FO membranes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes
- School of Textiles
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Jie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes
- School of Textiles
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Cheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes
- School of Textiles
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes
- School of Textiles
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes
- School of Textiles
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes
- School of Textiles
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Hanming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes
- School of Textiles
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Xiaoming Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes
- School of Textiles
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
| | - Lihuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes
- School of Textiles
- Tianjin Polytechnic University
- Tianjin 300387
- China
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31
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32
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Xia L, Andersen MF, Hélix-Nielsen C, McCutcheon JR. Novel Commercial Aquaporin Flat-Sheet Membrane for Forward Osmosis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xia
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, United States
| | | | - Claus Hélix-Nielsen
- Aquaporin A/S Nymøllevej 78, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department
of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova
ulica 17, SLO-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jeffrey R. McCutcheon
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Environmental
Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, United States
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33
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Zhao J, Lu Z, He X, Zhang X, Li Q, Xia T, Zhang W, Lu C, Deng Y. One-Step Fabrication of Fe(OH) 3@Cellulose Hollow Nanofibers with Superior Capability for Water Purification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25339-25349. [PMID: 28692248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The conventional strategies employed for the synthesis of hollow nanofibers (HNFs) require either multistep treatments or special design of the equipment. An additional annealing process is always required, which inevitably consumes more energy and raises the manufacturing cost. In addition, the annealing process may also cause a waste of the matrix materials and the release of toxic gases. Herein, we report for the first time a novel one-step synthesis of hollow hybrid nanofibers via electrospinning. Cellulose was chosen as the polymer matrix, and Fe(OH)3 nanoparticles were grown in situ on the nanofibers during electrospinning. There was no need to remove cellulose to create the hollow nanofiber structure. This can significantly simplify the fabrication process without any negative influence to the air. The obtained Fe(OH)3@cellulose HNF membranes exhibited great mechanical properties and an extremely high water flux of 11 200 L m-2 h-1 bar-1. They could effectively remove various pollutants in water, including phosphate, heavy metal ions, and organic dyes, with excellent reusability. Importantly, this approach could also be applied for the fabrication of other hybrid HNFs, which may serve in a broad range of scientific and engineering applications, including water purification, energy conversion and storage, catalysts, sensors, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhixing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu He
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qingye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Canhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and IPST, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0620, United States
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34
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Goh PS, Ismail AF, Matsuura T. Perspective and Roadmap of Energy-Efficient Desalination Integrated with Nanomaterials. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2017.1335214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. S. Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A. F. Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - T. Matsuura
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Yuan HG, Liu YY, Liu TY, Wang XL. Self-standing nanofilms of polysulfone doped with sulfonated polysulfone via solvent evaporation for forward osmosis. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Chowdhury MR, Huang L, McCutcheon JR. Thin Film Composite Membranes for Forward Osmosis Supported by Commercial Nanofiber Nonwovens. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maqsud R. Chowdhury
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, United States
| | - Liwei Huang
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. McCutcheon
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering and Center for Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Unit 3222, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3222, United States
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