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Gupta D, Burstein AW, Shankar K, Varshney S, Singh O, Osborne-Lawrence S, Richard CP, Zigman JM. Impact of Ghrelin on Islet Size in Nonpregnant and Pregnant Female Mice. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae048. [PMID: 38626085 PMCID: PMC11075791 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Reducing ghrelin by ghrelin gene knockout (GKO), ghrelin-cell ablation, or high-fat diet feeding increases islet size and β-cell mass in male mice. Here we determined if reducing ghrelin also enlarges islets in females and if pregnancy-associated changes in islet size are related to reduced ghrelin. Islet size and β-cell mass were larger (P = .057 for β-cell mass) in female GKO mice. Pregnancy was associated with reduced ghrelin and increased liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2; a ghrelin receptor antagonist) in wild-type mice. Ghrelin deletion and pregnancy each increased islet size (by ∼19.9-30.2% and ∼34.9-46.4%, respectively), percentage of large islets (>25 µm2×103, by ∼21.8-42% and ∼21.2-41.2%, respectively), and β-cell mass (by ∼15.7-23.8% and ∼65.2-76.8%, respectively). Neither islet cross-sectional area, β-cell cross-sectional area, nor β-cell mass correlated with plasma ghrelin, although all positively correlated with LEAP2 (P = .081 for islet cross-sectional area). In ad lib-fed mice, there was an effect of pregnancy, but not ghrelin deletion, to change (raise) plasma insulin without impacting blood glucose. Similarly, there was an effect of pregnancy, but not ghrelin deletion, to change (lower) blood glucose area under the curve during a glucose tolerance test. Thus, genetic deletion of ghrelin increases islet size and β-cell cross-sectional area in female mice, similar to males. Yet, despite pregnancy-associated reductions in ghrelin, other factors appear to govern islet enlargement and changes to insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in the setting of pregnancy. In the case of islet size and β-cell mass, one of those factors may be the pregnancy-associated increase in LEAP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Avi W Burstein
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Omprakash Singh
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Corine P Richard
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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The Role of the Gastric Hormones Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 in Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011059
expr 982648605 + 846360072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and nesfatin-1 are enteroendocrine peptide hormones expressed in rat X/A-like and human P/D1cells of the gastric mucosa. Besides their effect on food intake, both peptides are also implicated in various other physiological systems. One of these is the reproductive system. This present review illustrates the distribution of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 along the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, their modulation by reproductive hormones, and effects on reproductive functions as well as highlighting gaps in current knowledge to foster further research.
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The Role of the Gastric Hormones Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 in Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11059. [PMID: 34681721 PMCID: PMC8539660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011059&set/a 934136356+984013925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and nesfatin-1 are enteroendocrine peptide hormones expressed in rat X/A-like and human P/D1cells of the gastric mucosa. Besides their effect on food intake, both peptides are also implicated in various other physiological systems. One of these is the reproductive system. This present review illustrates the distribution of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, their modulation by reproductive hormones, and effects on reproductive functions as well as highlighting gaps in current knowledge to foster further research.
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Schalla MA, Stengel A. The Role of the Gastric Hormones Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 in Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011059. [PMID: 34681721 PMCID: PMC8539660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and nesfatin-1 are enteroendocrine peptide hormones expressed in rat X/A-like and human P/D1cells of the gastric mucosa. Besides their effect on food intake, both peptides are also implicated in various other physiological systems. One of these is the reproductive system. This present review illustrates the distribution of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 along the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, their modulation by reproductive hormones, and effects on reproductive functions as well as highlighting gaps in current knowledge to foster further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha A. Schalla
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany;
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Perry RJ, Shulman GI. The Role of Leptin in Maintaining Plasma Glucose During Starvation. POSTDOC JOURNAL : A JOURNAL OF POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH AND POSTDOCTORAL AFFAIRS 2018; 6:3-19. [PMID: 29682594 PMCID: PMC5909716 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v6n3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For 20 years it has been known that concentrations of leptin, a hormone produced by the white adipose tissue (WAT) largely in proportion to body fat, drops precipitously with starvation, particularly in lean humans and animals. The role of leptin to suppress the thyroid and reproductive axes during a prolonged fast has been well defined; however, the impact of leptin on metabolic regulation has been incompletely understood. However emerging evidence suggests that, in starvation, hypoleptinemia increases activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, promoting WAT lipolysis, increasing hepatic acetyl-CoA concentrations, and maintaining euglycemia. In addition, leptin may be largely responsible for mediating a shift from a reliance upon glucose metabolism (absorption and glycogenolysis) to fat metabolism (lipolysis increasing gluconeogenesis) which preserves substrates for the brain, heart, and other critical organs. In this way a leptin-mediated glucose-fatty acid cycle appears to maintain glycemia and permit survival in starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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Sominsky L, Hodgson DM, McLaughlin EA, Smith R, Wall HM, Spencer SJ. Linking Stress and Infertility: A Novel Role for Ghrelin. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:432-467. [PMID: 28938425 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infertility affects a remarkable one in four couples in developing countries. Psychological stress is a ubiquitous facet of life, and although stress affects us all at some point, prolonged or unmanageable stress may become harmful for some individuals, negatively impacting on their health, including fertility. For instance, women who struggle to conceive are twice as likely to suffer from emotional distress than fertile women. Assisted reproductive technology treatments place an additional physical, emotional, and financial burden of stress, particularly on women, who are often exposed to invasive techniques associated with treatment. Stress-reduction interventions can reduce negative affect and in some cases to improve in vitro fertilization outcomes. Although it has been well-established that stress negatively affects fertility in animal models, human research remains inconsistent due to individual differences and methodological flaws. Attempts to isolate single causal links between stress and infertility have not yet been successful due to their multifaceted etiologies. In this review, we will discuss the current literature in the field of stress-induced reproductive dysfunction based on animal and human models, and introduce a recently unexplored link between stress and infertility, the gut-derived hormone, ghrelin. We also present evidence from recent seminal studies demonstrating that ghrelin has a principal role in the stress response and reward processing, as well as in regulating reproductive function, and that these roles are tightly interlinked. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that stress may negatively impact upon fertility at least in part by stimulating a dysregulation in ghrelin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Sominsky
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and IT, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,School of Environmental & Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and IT, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia.,Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Hannah M Wall
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Gómez-Díaz RA, Gómez-Medina MP, Ramírez-Soriano E, López-Robles L, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Saucedo R, Zarate A, Valladares-Salgado A, Wacher NH. Lower Plasma Ghrelin Levels are Found in Women with Diabetes-Complicated Pregnancies. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:425-431. [PMID: 27476441 PMCID: PMC5198001 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations of glycemic control and gestational age with ghrelin and proinsulin levels in cord blood and mothers' peripheral blood during pregnancy. METHODS This is a cross-sectional comparative study of twenty-four pregnant women with gestational diabetes (GD), 18 with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and 36 without diabetes, as well as their neonates. Levels of proinsulin, ghrelin, and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured from maternal blood during the last week before caesarian delivery and in neonatal umbilical cord blood samples. RESULTS Mothers with GD and T2DM had significantly lower ghrelin levels compared to the healthy mothers (p<0.001). Maternal proinsulin was lower in women with GD than in women without diabetes (p<0.001). Proinsulin was significantly elevated in the neonates of women with GD and in women with HbA1c ≥6.5% (p<0.001). However, maternal ghrelin levels were higher (p=0.031) and neonate proinsulin levels lower in the pre-term offspring of mothers with GD (p=0.033). There was a negative correlation between HbA1c levels and birth weight (r=-0.407, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Ghrelin levels were lower in pregnant women with diabetes, although pre-term birth appeared to reverse this trend in GD. Proinsulin levels were also low in pregnant women with diabetes and even lower in pre-term vs. at-term births. Both ghrelin and proinsulin levels were lower in pregnant women with diabetes and HbA1c of <6.5%. Thus, ghrelin participates in the adaptation to the caloric imbalance of diabetic pregnancy and may play a similar role in pregnancy-related complications, since high ghrelin concentrations may be necessary for normal fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Angélica Gómez-Díaz
- National Medical Center "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute, UMAE Hospital of Specialties, Unit of Medical Research in Clinical Epidemiology, Mexico City, Mexico Phone: +52-55-5627-6900 ext. 21481, 21507 E-mail:
| | | | - Eleazar Ramírez-Soriano
- National Medical Center “La Raza”, Hospital of Gynecology Pediatrics 3A, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lucio López-Robles
- UMAE Hospital of Specialties, Clinic of Obstetrics Gynecology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas
- National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Renata Saucedo
- National Medical Center “Siglo XXI”, Mexican Social Security Institute, UMAE Hospital of Specialties, Unit of Medical Research in Endocrine Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Zarate
- National Medical Center “Siglo XXI”, Mexican Social Security Institute, UMAE Hospital of Specialties, Unit of Medical Research in Endocrine Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adan Valladares-Salgado
- National Medical Center “Siglo XXI”, Mexican Social Security Institute, UMAE Hospital of Specialties, Unit of Biochemistry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Niels H. Wacher
- National Medical Center “Siglo XXI”, Mexican Social Security Institute, UMAE Hospital of Specialties, Unit of Medical Research in Clinical Epidemiology, Mexico City, Mexico
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Chabot F, Caron A, Laplante M, St-Pierre DH. Interrelationships between ghrelin, insulin and glucose homeostasis: Physiological relevance. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:328-341. [PMID: 24936254 PMCID: PMC4058737 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide mainly derived from the oxyntic gland of the stomach. Both acylated (AG) and unacylated (UAG) forms of ghrelin are found in the circulation. Initially, AG was considered as the only bioactive form of ghrelin. However, recent advances indicate that both AG and UAG exert distinct and common effects in organisms. Soon after its discovery, ghrelin was shown to promote appetite and adiposity in animal and human models. In response to these anabolic effects, an impressive number of elements have suggested the influence of ghrelin on the regulation of metabolic functions and the development of obesity-related disorders. However, due to the complexity of its biochemical nature and the physiological processes it governs, some of the effects of ghrelin are still debated in the literature. Evidence suggests that ghrelin influences glucose homeostasis through the modulation of insulin secretion and insulin receptor signaling. On the other hand, insulin was also shown to influence circulating levels of ghrelin. Here, we review the relationship between ghrelin and insulin and we describe the impact of this interaction on the modulation of glucose homeostasis.
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9
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Özcan B, Neggers SJCMM, Miller AR, Yang HC, Lucaites V, Abribat T, Allas S, Huisman M, Visser JA, Themmen APN, Sijbrands EJG, Delhanty PJD, van der Lely AJ. Does des-acyl ghrelin improve glycemic control in obese diabetic subjects by decreasing acylated ghrelin levels? Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 170:799-807. [PMID: 23864339 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the effects of a continuous overnight infusion of des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) on acylated ghrelin (AG) levels and glucose and insulin responses to a standard breakfast meal (SBM) in eight overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, in the same patients and two additional subjects, the effects of DAG infusion on AG concentrations and insulin sensitivity during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) were assessed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study design was implemented, using overnight continuous infusions of 3 and 10 μg DAG/kg per h and placebo to study the effects on a SBM. During a HEC, we studied the insulin sensitivity. RESULTS We observed that, compared with placebo, overnight DAG administration significantly decreased postprandial glucose levels, both during continuous glucose monitoring and at peak serum glucose levels. The degree of improvement in glycemia was correlated with baseline plasma AG concentrations. Concurrently, DAG infusion significantly decreased fasting and postprandial AG levels. During the HEC, 2.5 h of DAG infusion markedly decreased AG levels, and the M-index, a measure of insulin sensitivity, was significantly improved in the six subjects in whom we were able to attain steady-state euglycemia. DAG administration was not accompanied by many side effects when compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS DAG administration improves glycemic control in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes through the suppression of AG levels. DAG is a good candidate for the development of compounds in the treatment of metabolic disorders or other conditions with a disturbed AG:DAG ratio, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus or Prader-Willi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behiye Özcan
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Sebastian J C M M Neggers
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Anne Reifel Miller
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Hsiu-Chiung Yang
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Virginia Lucaites
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Thierry Abribat
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Soraya Allas
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Martin Huisman
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Axel P N Themmen
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Eric J G Sijbrands
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Patric J D Delhanty
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
| | - Aart Jan van der Lely
- Department of Internal MedicineErasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsLilly Research LaboratoriesLilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USAAlizé Pharma69 130 Ecully, France
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Khurana R, Meneilly GS, Lim K, Thompson D. The effect of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial function in pregnant patients with type-2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 103:e11-3. [PMID: 24485854 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We studied endothelial function (flow mediated vasodilation, FMD) during hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia in pregnant women with type-2 diabetes, in the second and third trimester. We found that hyperglycemia reduces FMD in late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Khurana
- The Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Graydon S Meneilly
- The Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Kenneth Lim
- The Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Thompson
- The Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Comninos AN, Jayasena CN, Dhillo WS. The relationship between gut and adipose hormones, and reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 20:153-74. [PMID: 24173881 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive function is tightly regulated by nutritional status. Indeed, it has been well described that undernutrition or obesity can lead to subfertility or infertility in humans. The common regulatory pathways which control energy homeostasis and reproductive function have, to date, been poorly understood due to limited studies or inconclusive data. However, gut hormones and adipose tissue hormones have recently emerged as potential regulators of both energy homeostasis and reproductive function. METHODS A PubMed search was performed using keywords related to gut and adipose hormones and associated with keywords related to reproduction. RESULTS Currently available evidence that gut (ghrelin, obestatin, insulin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, oxyntomodulin, cholecystokinin) and adipose hormones (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, omentin, chemerin) interact with the reproductive axis is presented. The extent, site and direction of their effects on the reproductive axis are variable and also vary depending on species, sex and pubertal stage. CONCLUSIONS Gut and adipose hormones interact with the reproductive axis as well as with each other. While leptin and insulin have stimulatory effects and ghrelin has inhibitory effects on hypothalamic GnRH secretion, there is increasing evidence for their roles in other sites of the reproductive axis as well as evidence for the roles of other gut and adipose hormones in the complex interplay between nutrition and reproduction. As our understanding improves, so will our ability to identify and design novel therapeutic options for reproductive disorders and accompanying metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Comninos
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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12
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Michalakis K, Mintziori G, Kaprara A, Tarlatzis BC, Goulis DG. The complex interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome and reproductive axis: a narrative review. Metabolism 2013; 62:457-78. [PMID: 22999785 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to provide current evidence for the interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) and reproductive axis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses and, consequently, normal function of reproductive (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal) axis depend on normal energy balance, which presupposes sufficient food intake, reasonable energy consumption and average thermoregulatory costs. In case of an energy imbalance, reproductive dysfunction may occur. In young women, excessive leanness is accompanied by puberty delay, whereas premature puberty might be a manifestation of obesity. In a similar way, obesity in men affects fertility. Excess adipose tissue results in increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol, which may lead to secondary hypogonadism through reproductive axis suppression. Moreover, oxidative stress at the level of the testicular micro-environment may result in decreased spermatogenesis and sperm damage. Products of the adipocyte, such as leptin, adiponectin and resistin, and gut peptides, such as ghrelin, are considered to be crucial in the interaction between energy balance and reproduction. Finally, an indirect evidence for the interplay between MS and reproductive axis is the fact that when treating components of one, parameters of the other can be improved as well. These therapeutic interventions include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological agents, such as sex hormone replacement therapy, and surgical procedures. Although many issues remain unclear, the elucidation of the complex interaction between MS and reproductive axis will have obvious clinical implications in the therapeutic approach of both entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Michalakis
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon University Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Greece
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13
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Rodríguez A, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Catalán V, Rotellar F, Valentí V, Silva C, Mugueta C, Pulido MR, Vázquez R, Salvador J, Malagón MM, Colina I, Frühbeck G. The ghrelin O-acyltransferase-ghrelin system reduces TNF-α-induced apoptosis and autophagy in human visceral adipocytes. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3038-50. [PMID: 22869322 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Proinflammatory and proapoptotic cytokines such as TNF-α are upregulated in human obesity. We evaluated the association between ghrelin isoforms (acylated and desacyl ghrelin) and TNF-α in obesity and obesity-associated type 2 diabetes, as well as the potential role of ghrelin in the control of apoptosis and autophagy in human adipocytes. METHODS Plasma concentrations of the ghrelin isoforms and TNF-α were measured in 194 participants. Ghrelin and ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) levels were analysed by western-blot, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR in 53 biopsies of human omental adipose tissue. We also determined the effect of acylated and desacyl ghrelin (10 to 1,000 pmol/l) on TNF-α-induced apoptosis and autophagy-related molecules in omental adipocytes. RESULTS Circulating concentrations of acylated ghrelin and TNF-α were increased, whereas desacyl ghrelin levels were decreased in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes. Ghrelin and GOAT were produced in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Visceral adipose tissue from obese patients with type 2 diabetes showed higher levels of GOAT, increased adipocyte apoptosis and increased expression of the autophagy-related genes ATG5, BECN1 and ATG7. In differentiating human omental adipocytes, incubation with acylated and desacyl ghrelin reduced TNF-α-induced activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3, and cell death. In addition, acylated ghrelin reduced the basal expression of the autophagy-related genes ATG5 and ATG7, while desacyl ghrelin inhibited the TNF-α-induced increase of ATG5, BECN1 and ATG7 expression. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Apoptosis and autophagy are upregulated in human visceral adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes. Acylated and desacyl ghrelin reduce TNF-α-induced apoptosis and autophagy in human visceral adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Valentí V, Moncada R, Méndez-Giménez L, Ramírez B, Lancha A, Martín M, Burrell MA, Catalán V, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Frühbeck G. Comment on “Short-Term Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Caloric Restriction on Blood Pressure in Diet-Induced Obese Rats”. Obes Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-012-0759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mifune H, Nishi Y, Tajiri Y, Masuyama T, Hosoda H, Kangawa K, Kojima M. Increased production of active ghrelin is relevant to hyperphagia in nonobese spontaneously diabetic Torii rats. Metabolism 2012; 61:491-5. [PMID: 22001335 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal eating behavior is often associated with diabetes mellitus in individuals. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the relationship among uncontrolled diabetes, food intake, and the production of ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone, in spontaneous diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. Male SDT rats and age-matched control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were housed from 8 to 38 weeks of age. Body weight and daily food intake were measured weekly, whereas blood and whole stomach samples were obtained at the age of 8, 25, and 38 weeks in both SDT and SD rats. The SDT rats at both 25 and 38 weeks of age demonstrated significantly lower body weights despite almost doubled food consumption compared with the SD rats of the same age. The SDT rats showed overt hyperglycemia at 25 and 38 weeks of age with concomitant hypoinsulinemia. The plasma active ghrelin levels and the ratio to total ghrelin levels of SDT rats at 38 weeks of age were significantly higher than those of SD rats of the same age. Stomach ghrelin and ghrelin O-acyltransferase messenger RNA expression levels were higher in SDT rats than in SD rats after the induction of diabetes, with a concomitant decrease of stomach ghrelin-immunopositive cell numbers in SDT rats at 38 weeks of age. The SDT rats with uncontrolled hyperglycemia show hyperphagia with a concomitant increase of plasma active ghrelin concentration. This report is the first to clarify the relevance of ghrelin to hyperphagia in diabetic state over an extended period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroharu Mifune
- Institute of Animal Experimentation, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
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Baykus Y, Gurates B, Aydin S, Celik H, Kavak B, Aksoy A, Sahin İ, Deniz R, Gungor S, Guzel SP, Minareci Y. Changes in serum obestatin, preptin and ghrelins in patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:198-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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