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Callegari IOM, Rocha GZ, Oliveira AG. Physical exercise, health, and disease treatment: The role of macrophages. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1061353. [PMID: 37179836 PMCID: PMC10166825 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1061353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclinical inflammation is linked to comorbidities and risk factors, consolidating the diagnosis of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, and some types of cancer. In this context, the role of macrophages is highlighted as a marker of inflammation as well as for the high power of plasticity of these cells. Macrophages can be activated in a wide range between classical or proinflammatory, named M1, and alternative or anti-inflammatory, also known as M2 polarization. All nuances between M1 and M2 macrophages orchestrate the immune response by secreting different sets of chemokines, while M1 cells promote Th1 response, the M2 macrophages recruit Th2 and Tregs lymphocytes. In turn, physical exercise has been a faithful tool in combating the proinflammatory phenotype of macrophages. This review proposes to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms in which physical exercise can help control inflammation and infiltration of macrophages within the non-communicable diseases scope. During obesity progress, proinflammatory macrophages predominate in adipose tissue inflammation, which reduces insulin sensitivity until the development of type 2 diabetes, progression of atherosclerosis, and diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this case, physical activity restores the balance between the proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory macrophage ratio, reducing the level of meta-inflammation. In the case of cancer, the tumor microenvironment is compatible with a high level of hypoxia, which contributes to the advancement of the disease. However, exercise increases the level of oxygen supply, favoring macrophage polarization in favor of disease regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu O. M. Callegari
- Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z. Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre G. Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Karvinen S, Korhonen T, Sievänen T, Karppinen JE, Juppi H, Jakoaho V, Kujala UM, Laukkanen JA, Lehti M, Laakkonen EK. Extracellular vesicles and high-density lipoproteins: Exercise and oestrogen-responsive small RNA carriers. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12308. [PMID: 36739598 PMCID: PMC9899444 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased systemic oestrogen levels (i.e., menopause) affect metabolic health. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Both oestrogens and exercise have been shown to improve metabolic health, which may be partly mediated by circulating microRNA (c-miR) signalling. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EV) have increased interest in the field of tissue crosstalk. However, in many studies on EV-carried miRs, the co-isolation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles with EVs has not been considered, potentially affecting the results. Here, we demonstrate that EV and HDL particles have distinct small RNA (sRNA) content, including both host and nonhost sRNAs. Exercise caused an acute increase in relative miR abundancy in EVs, whereas in HDL particles, it caused an increase in transfer RNA-derived sRNA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that oestrogen-based hormonal therapy (HT) allows the acute exercise-induced miR-response to occur in both EV and HDL particles in postmenopausal women, while the response was absent in nonusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sira Karvinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Tia‐Marje Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Tero Sievänen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Jari E. Karppinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Hanna‐Kaarina Juppi
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Veera Jakoaho
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Urho M. Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Jari A. Laukkanen
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland,Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Maarit Lehti
- Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Eija K. Laakkonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health SciencesUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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3
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Barbosa H, Ramadan W, Matzenbacher dos Santos J, Benite-Ribeiro SA. Effects of Physical Exercise on Mitochondrial Biogenesis of Skeletal Muscle Modulated by Histones Modifications in Type 2 Diabetes. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification in skeletal muscle induced by environmental factors seems to modulate several metabolic pathways that underlie Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) development. Mitochondrial biogenesis is an important process for maintaining lipid metabolism homeostasis, as well as epigenetic modifications in proteins that regulate this pathway have been observed in the skeletal muscle of T2DM subjects. Moreover, physical exercise affects several metabolic pathways attenuating metabolic deregulation observed in T2DM. The pathways that regulate mitochondrial homeostasis are one of the key components for understanding such physical exercise beneficial effects. Thus, in this study, we investigate the epigenetic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle in T2DM, focusing on histone modifications and the possible mechanisms by which physical exercise delay or inhibit T2DM onset. The results indicate that exercise promotes improvements in cellular metabolism through increasing enzymes of the antioxidant system, AMPK and ATP-citrate lyase activity, Acetyl-CoA concentration, and enhancing the acetylation of histones. A key mediator of mitochondrial biogenesis such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC1) seems to be upregulated by exercise in T2DM and such factor positively regulates the skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, which improves energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis inhibiting or delaying insulin resistance and further T2DM.
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Nederveen JP, Warnier G, Di Carlo A, Nilsson MI, Tarnopolsky MA. Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Insights From Exercise Science. Front Physiol 2021; 11:604274. [PMID: 33597890 PMCID: PMC7882633 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.604274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of exercise on health and longevity are well-established, and evidence suggests that these effects are partially driven by a spectrum of bioactive molecules released into circulation during exercise (e.g., exercise factors or 'exerkines'). Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes or exosome-like vesicles (ELVs), were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines. These EVs have therefore been proposed to act as cargo carriers or 'mediators' of intercellular communication. Given these findings, there has been a rapidly growing interest in the role of EVs in the multi-systemic, adaptive response to exercise. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the effects of exercise on MVs and ELVs, examine their role in the exercise response and long-term adaptations, and highlight the main methodological hurdles related to blood collection, purification, and characterization of ELVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Warnier
- Institut of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alessia Di Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mats I Nilsson
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Centre (MUMC), Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Cicchella A, Zini M, Paolini M, Tiberini P, Stefanelli C. Cycling training effects on fat metabolism blood parameters. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.19.04022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pinto PR, da Silva KS, Iborra RT, Okuda LS, Gomes-Kjerulf D, Ferreira GS, Machado-Lima A, Rocco DDFM, Nakandakare ER, Machado UF, Correa-Giannella ML, Catanozi S, Passarelli M. Exercise Training Favorably Modulates Gene and Protein Expression That Regulate Arterial Cholesterol Content in CETP Transgenic Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29867549 PMCID: PMC5952009 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training (AET) improves the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in cholesteryl ester transfer protein-transgenic (CETP-tg) mice. We aimed at investigating the role of AET in the expression of genes and proteins involved in lipid flux in the aorta and macrophages of CETP-tg mice. Three-month-old male mice were randomly divided into trained (T; treadmill 15 m/min; 30 min/day) and sedentary (S) groups. After 6 weeks, peritoneal macrophages and the aortic arch were obtained immediately (0 h) or 48 h after the last exercise session. mRNA was determined by RT-qPCR, protein levels by immunoblot and 14C-cholesterol efflux determined in macrophages. AET did not change body weight, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and CETP activity. In macrophages, at time 0 h, a higher expression of genes that encode PPAR gamma, ABCA-1 and a lower expression of MCP-1 and IL-10, was observed in T as compared to S. After 48 h, lower expressions of MCP-1 and PPAR gamma genes were observed in T mice. Increase in ABCA-1, SR-BI and IL-6 and decrease of LOX-1, MCP-1, TNF and IL-10 gene expression was observed in the aorta of T compared to S mice (0 h) and LOX-1 and MCP-1 remained diminished after 48 h. The protein level of MCP-1 and SR-BI in the aortic arch was unchanged in T animals after 48 h as compared to S, but LOX-1 was reduced confirming data of gene expression. The apo A-I and the HDL2 mediated-cholesterol efflux (8 and 24 h) were not different between T and S animals. In the presence of CETP, AET positively influences gene expression in the arterial wall and macrophages of CETP-tg mice contributing to the RCT and prevention of atherosclerosis. These changes were perceptible immediately after the exercise session and were influenced by the presence of CETP although independent of changes in its activity. Reductions in gene and protein expression of LOX-1 were parallel and reflect the ability of exercise training in reducing the uptake of modified LDL by the arterial wall macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Pinto
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karolline S da Silva
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Iborra
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (FCBS), Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia S Okuda
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Gomes-Kjerulf
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Machado-Lima
- Mestrado em Ciências do Envelhecimento, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora D F M Rocco
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício Físico e Saúde da Faculdade de Educação Física e Esportes da Universidade Santa Cecília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna R Nakandakare
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ubiratan F Machado
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L Correa-Giannella
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio LIM 18, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Catanozi
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Passarelli
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Dehghan F, Hajiaghaalipour F, Yusof A, Muniandy S, Hosseini SA, Heydari S, Salim LZA, Azarbayjani MA. Saffron with resistance exercise improves diabetic parameters through the GLUT4/AMPK pathway in-vitro and in-vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25139. [PMID: 27122001 PMCID: PMC4848502 DOI: 10.1038/srep25139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron is consumed as food and medicine to treat several illnesses. This study elucidates the saffron effectiveness on diabetic parameters in-vitro and combined with resistance exercise in-vivo. The antioxidant properties of saffron was examined. Insulin secretion and glucose uptake were examined by cultured RIN-5F and L6 myotubes cells. The expressions of GLUT2, GLUT4, and AMPKα were determined by Western blot. Diabetic and non-diabetic male rats were divided into: control, training, extract treatment, training + extract treatment and metformin. The exercise and 40 mg/kg/day saffron treatments were carried out for six weeks. The antioxidant capacity of saffron was higher compare to positive control (P < 0.01). High dose of saffron stimulated insulin release in RIN-5F cells and improved glucose uptake in L6 myotubes. GLUT4 and AMPKα expressions increased in both doses of saffron (P < 0.01), whereas GLUT2 not changed (p > 0.05). Serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, insulin resistance, and glycated hemoglobin levels decreased in treated rats compared to untreated (p < 0.01). However, no significant differences were observed in the high-density lipoprotein, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin concentration levels in all groups (p > 0.05). The findings suggest that saffron consuming alongside exercise could improve diabetic parameters through redox-mediated mechanisms and GLUT4/AMPK pathway to entrap glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firouzeh Dehghan
- Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatemeh Hajiaghaalipour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sekaran Muniandy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seyed Ali Hosseini
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Heydari
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
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Acute Oxidative Effect and Muscle Damage after a Maximum 4 Min Test in High Performance Athletes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153709. [PMID: 27111088 PMCID: PMC4844118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine lipid peroxidation markers, physiological stress and muscle damage in elite kayakers in response to a maximum 4-min kayak ergometer test (KE test), and possible correlations with individual 1000m kayaking performances. The sample consisted of twenty-three adult male and nine adult female elite kayakers, with more than three years’ experience in international events, who voluntarily took part in this study. The subjects performed a 10-min warm-up, followed by a 2-min passive interval, before starting the test itself, which consisted of a maximum 4-min work paddling on an ergometer; right after the end of the test, an 8 ml blood sample was collected for analysis. 72 hours after the test, all athletes took part in an official race, when then it was possible to check their performance in the on site K1 1000m test (P1000m). The results showed that all lipoproteins and hematological parameters tested presented a significant difference (p≤0.05) after exercise for both genders. In addition, parameters related to muscle damage such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) presented significant differences after stress. Uric acid presented an inverse correlation with the performance (r = -0.76), while CK presented a positive correlation (r = 0.46) with it. Based on these results, it was possible to verify muscle damage and the level of oxidative stress caused by indoor training with specific ergometers for speed kayaking, highlighting the importance of analyzing and getting to know the physiological responses to this type of training, in order to provide information to coaches and optimize athletic performance.
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Arshadi S, Azarbayjani MA, Hajaghaalipor F, Yusof A, Peeri M, Bakhtiyari S, Stannard RS, Osman NAA, Dehghan F. Evaluation of Trigonella foenum-graecum extract in combination with swimming exercise compared to glibenclamide consumption on type 2 Diabetic rodents. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:29717. [PMID: 26699937 PMCID: PMC4689800 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.29717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of fenugreek seed extract in combination with swimming exercise compared to glibenclamide consumption on type 2 diabetic rats. Design The acute toxicity test was carried out to choose the safe doses and identify the toxicity effects of the fenugreek seed extract. To investigate the hypoglycemic effect of the extract and its effect in combination with swimming training, 80 Wistar Kyoto male streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were divided randomly into eight groups: diabetic control (C); fenugreek seed extract 0.8 g/kg (F1); fenugreek extract 1.6 g/kg (F2); swimming training (S); swimming training plus fenugreek extract 0.8 g/kg (SF1); swimming training plus fenugreek extract 1.6 g/kg (SF2); glibenclamide (G) and swimming training plus glibenclamide (SG). The rats were orally administrated with the treatments once a day with the respective treatment, and the training groups were subjected to swimming training every day for 60 min. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, adiponectin, leptin, and insulin concentrations. Results The results obtained from acute toxicity study showed no toxicity effect of fenugreek seed extract on the tested dose. Biochemical analysis showed significant improvements in all of the groups compared to the control group (p<0.05). Plasma insulin concentration and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was significantly reduced in treated groups compared with the diabetic control group. Plasma leptin were significantly decreased in treated groups compared with the control group; while adiponectin had markedly increased (p<0.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that fenugreek seed consuming, alongside swimming exercise, has a strong therapeutic effect on the improvement of diabetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Arshadi
- Exercise Physiology Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hajaghaalipor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maghsoud Peeri
- Exercise Physiology Department, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Bakhtiyari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Robert S Stannard
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Firouzeh Dehghan
- Department of Exercise Science, Sports Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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Frühbeis C, Helmig S, Tug S, Simon P, Krämer-Albers EM. Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:28239. [PMID: 26142461 PMCID: PMC4491306 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.28239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) by default and in response to diverse stimuli for the purpose of cell communication and tissue homeostasis. EVs are present in all body fluids including peripheral blood, and their appearance correlates with specific physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we show that physical activity is associated with the release of nano-sized EVs into the circulation. Healthy individuals were subjected to an incremental exercise protocol of cycling or running until exhaustion, and EVs were isolated from blood plasma samples taken before, immediately after and 90 min after exercise. Small EVs with the size of 100-130 nm, that carried proteins characteristic of exosomes, were significantly increased immediately after cycling exercise and declined again within 90 min at rest. In response to treadmill running, elevation of small EVs was moderate but appeared more sustained. To delineate EV release kinetics, plasma samples were additionally taken at the end of each increment of the cycling exercise protocol. Release of small EVs into the circulation was initiated in an early phase of exercise, before the individual anaerobic threshold, which is marked by the rise of lactate. Taken together, our study revealed that exercise triggers a rapid release of EVs with the characteristic size of exosomes into the circulation, initiated in the aerobic phase of exercise. We hypothesize that EVs released during physical activity may participate in cell communication during exercise-mediated adaptation processes that involve signalling across tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Frühbeis
- Molecular Cell Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Helmig
- Department of Sports Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Suzan Tug
- Department of Sports Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany;
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Underappreciated Opportunities for High-Density Lipoprotein Particles in Risk Stratification and Potential Targets of Therapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2015; 29:41-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-014-6567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Aronis KN, Mantzoros CS. Novel concepts in lipoprotein particle metabolism and regulation. Metabolism 2014; 63:1-4. [PMID: 24054823 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos N Aronis
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA 02130, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02217, USA.
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