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Chao YM, Wu HY, Yeh SH, Yang DI, Her LS, Wu YL. Glucosamine Enhancement of Learning and Memory Functions by Promoting Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Production. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4211. [PMID: 38673797 PMCID: PMC11050103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in metabolism and brain function. Glucosamine (GLN) has been recognized for its diverse beneficial effects. This study aimed to elucidate the modulation of FGF21 production by GLN and its impact on learning and memory functions. Using both in vivo and in vitro models, we investigated the effects of GLN on mice fed with a normal diet or high-fat diet and on mouse HT22 hippocampal cells, STHdhQ7/Q7 striatal cells, and rat primary cortical neurons challenged with GLN. Our results indicated that GLN promotes learning and memory functions in mice and upregulates FGF21 expression in the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum, as well as in HT22 cells, STHdhQ7/Q7 cells, and cortical neurons. In animals receiving GLN together with an FGF21 receptor FGFR1 inhibitor (PD173074), the GLN-enhanced learning and memory functions and induction of FGF21 production in the hippocampus were significantly attenuated. While exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms, the potential involvement of NF-κB, Akt, p38, JNK, PKA, and PPARα in HT22 and NF-κB, Akt, p38, and PPARα in STHdhQ7/Q7 were noted; GLN was able to mediate the activation of p65, Akt, p38, and CREB in HT22 and p65, Akt, and p38 in STHdhQ7/Q7 cells. Our accumulated findings suggest that GLN may increase learning and memory functions by inducing FGF21 production in the brain. This induction appears to be mediated, at least in part, through GLN's activation of the NF-κB, Akt, p38, and PKA/CREB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Chao
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (S.-H.Y.)
| | - Hon-Yen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Huei Yeh
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (S.-H.Y.)
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Lu-Shiun Her
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Yuh-Lin Wu
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (S.-H.Y.)
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Hu A, Zou H, Chen B, Zhong J. Posttranslational modifications in diabetes: Mechanisms and functions. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:1011-1033. [PMID: 35697961 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most widespread chronic diseases, diabetes and its accompanying complications affect approximately one tenth of individuals worldwide and represent a growing cause of morbidity and mortality. Accumulating evidence has proven that the process of diabetes is complex and interactive, involving various cellular responses and signaling cascades by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and functions of PTMs in regulatory networks has fundamental importance for understanding the prediction, onset, diagnosis, progression, and treatment of diabetes. In this review, we offer a holistic summary and illustration of the crosstalk between PTMs and diabetes, including both types 1 and 2. Meanwhile, we discuss the potential use of PTMs in diabetes treatment and provide a prospective direction for deeply understanding the metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haohong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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Pistell PJ, Utsuki T, Francis J, Ebenezer PJ, Terrebonne J, Roth GS, Ingram DK. An Avocado Extract Enriched in Mannoheptulose Prevents the Negative Effects of a High-Fat Diet in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 14:155. [PMID: 35011030 PMCID: PMC8746741 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Beginning at 16 weeks of age and continuing for 44 weeks, male C57BL/6J were fed either a control (CON) diet; a high-fat (HF) diet (60% unsaturated); or the HF diet containing an extract of unripe avocados (AvX) enriched in the 7-carbon sugar mannoheptulose (MH), designed to act as a glycolytic inhibitor (HF + MH). Compared to the CON diet, mice on the HF diet exhibited higher body weights; body fat; blood lipids; and leptin with reduced adiponectin levels, insulin sensitivity, VO2max, and falls from a rotarod. Mice on the HF + MH diet were completely protected against these changes in the absence of significant diet effects on food intake. Compared to the CON diet, oxidative stress was also increased by the HF diet indicated by higher levels of total reactive oxygen species, superoxide, and peroxynitrite measured in liver samples by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, whereas the HF + MH diet attenuated these changes. Compared to the CON, the HF diet increased signaling in the mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and the addition of the MH-enriched AvX to this diet attenuated these changes. Beyond generating further interest in the health benefits of avocados, these results draw further new attention to the effects of this rare sugar, MH, as a botanical intervention for preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Pistell
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252, USA;
| | - Tadanobu Utsuki
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Joseph Francis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (J.F.); (P.J.E.)
| | - Philip J. Ebenezer
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (J.F.); (P.J.E.)
| | - Jennifer Terrebonne
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 5600 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;
| | - George S. Roth
- GeroScience, Inc., 19895 Southern Hills, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA;
| | - Donald K. Ingram
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 5600 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;
- GeroScience, Inc., 19895 Southern Hills, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA;
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Sun Y, Zhou J, Ye K. Extensive Mendelian randomization study identifies potential causal risk factors for severe COVID-19. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2021; 1:59. [PMID: 35602208 PMCID: PMC9053245 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-021-00061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying causal risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is critical for its prevention and treatment. Many associated pre-existing conditions and biomarkers have been reported, but these observational associations suffer from confounding and reverse causation. Methods Here, we perform a large-scale two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the causal roles of many traits in severe COVID-19. Results Our results highlight multiple body mass index (BMI)-related traits as risk-increasing: BMI (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.51–2.37), hip circumference (OR: 1.46, 1.15–1.85), and waist circumference (OR: 1.82, 1.36–2.43). Our multivariable MR analysis further suggests that the BMI-related effect might be driven by fat mass (OR: 1.63, 1.03–2.58), but not fat-free mass (OR: 1.00, 0.61–1.66). Several white blood cell counts are negatively associated with severe COVID-19, including those of neutrophils (OR: 0.76, 0.61–0.94), granulocytes (OR: 0.75, 0.601–0.93), and myeloid white blood cells (OR: 0.77, 0.62–0.96). Furthermore, some circulating proteins are associated with an increased risk of (e.g., zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein) or protection from severe COVID-19 (e.g., prostate-associated microseminoprotein). Conclusions Our study suggests that fat mass and white blood cells might be involved in the development of severe COVID-19. It also prioritizes potential risk and protective factors that might serve as drug targets and guide the effective protection of high-risk individuals. People infected with SARS-CoV-2 can remain asymptomatic, have mild symptoms, or develop severe COVID-19 that increases their risk of death. Finding factors that directly contribute to the risk of developing severe COVID-19, so-called causal risk factors, may help in prevention by identifying individuals at higher risk and in treatment by providing clues of targets for therapies. We applied advanced statistical methods that leverage genetic variations among individuals to separate causal risk factors from coincidences, sifting through tens of thousands of candidate factors. We show that levels of fat mass, certain white blood cells, and multiple circulating proteins are potential causal risk factors for severe COVID-19. These findings help us better understand severe COVID-19 and guide future studies to develop strategies of prevention and treatment. Sun et al. perform a two-sample Mendelian randomization study of a large number of traits with the aim of identifying risk factors of severe COVID-19. They show that body mass index-related traits, specific white blood cells, and some circulating proteins are risk factors for the development of severe COVID-19.
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Eshwaran R, Kolibabka M, Poschet G, Jainta G, Zhao D, Teuma L, Murillo K, Hammes HP, Schmidt M, Wieland T, Feng Y. Glucosamine protects against neuronal but not vascular damage in experimental diabetic retinopathy. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101333. [PMID: 34506973 PMCID: PMC8479835 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Glucosamine, an intermetabolite of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), is a widely used nutritional supplement in osteoarthritis patients, a subset of whom also suffer from diabetes. HBP is activated in diabetic retinopathy (DR). The aim of this study is to investigate the yet unclear effects of glucosamine on DR. Methods In this study, we tested the effect of glucosamine on vascular and neuronal pathology in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced DR in vivo and on cultured endothelial and Müller cells to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action in vitro. Results Glucosamine did not alter the blood glucose or HbA1c levels in the animals, but induced body weight gain in the non-diabetic animals. Interestingly, the impaired neuronal function in diabetic animals could be prevented by glucosamine treatment. Correspondingly, the activation of Müller cells was prevented in the retina as well as in cell culture. Conversely, glucosamine administration in the normal retina damaged the retinal vasculature by increasing pericyte loss and acellular capillary formation, likely by interfering with endothelial survival signals as seen in vitro in cultured endothelial cells. Nevertheless, under diabetic conditions, no further increase in the detrimental effects were observed. Conclusions In conclusion, the effects of glucosamine supplementation in the retina appear to be a double-edged sword: neuronal protection in the diabetic retina and vascular damage in the normal retina. Thus, glucosamine supplementation in osteoarthritis patients with or without diabetes should be taken with care. The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) is activated in diabetic retinopathy (DR), which manifests as vascular and neuronal damage in the retina. Glucosamine, metabolized in the HBP, is a widely used oral supplement for osteoarthritis treatment. Glucosamine supplementation improved neuronal function in retinas of mice with experimental DR, but induced vascular damage in normal retinas. Müller cell activation and endothelial survival signals in the retina were affected by glucosamine. Patients with or without diabetes should take caution with glucosamine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Eshwaran
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kolibabka
- 5th Medical Clinic, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gregor Jainta
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Di Zhao
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Loic Teuma
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Katharina Murillo
- 5th Medical Clinic, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- 5th Medical Clinic, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Martina Schmidt
- University of Groningen, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, 9713AV, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Yuxi Feng
- Experimental Pharmacology Mannheim, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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6
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Liu SH, Chen FW, Chiang MT. Chitosan Oligosaccharide Alleviates Abnormal Glucose Metabolism without Inhibition of Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in a High-Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat Model. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19070360. [PMID: 34201848 PMCID: PMC8306302 DOI: 10.3390/md19070360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on glucose metabolism and hepatic steatosis in a high-fat (HF) diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Male Wistar rats were divided into: (1) normal control (NC group), (2) HF diet (HF group), (3) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes with HF diet (DF group), and DF group supplemented with (4) 0.5% COS (D0.5F group), (5) 1% COS (D1F group), and (6) 5% COS (D5F group) for 4 weeks. COS supplementation significantly decreased the plasma glucose, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels, and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity, and significantly increased hepatic hexokinase activity and glycogen content in diabetic rats; but the increased hepatic TG and TC levels could not be significantly decreased by COS supplementation. Supplementation of COS increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased lipid peroxidation products in the diabetic rat livers. COS supplementation significantly increased phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) protein expression, and attenuated protein expression of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and phosphorylated p38 and renal sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) in diabetic rats. These results suggest that COS may possess a potential for alleviating abnormal glucose metabolism in diabetic rats through the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipid peroxidation and renal SGLT2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Wen Chen
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
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Yuan X, Zheng J, Ren L, Jiao S, Feng C, Du Y, Liu H. Glucosamine Ameliorates Symptoms of High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice by Reversing Imbalanced Gut Microbiota. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:694107. [PMID: 34149435 PMCID: PMC8209492 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.694107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) is used as a supplement for arthritis and joint pain and has been proved to have effects on inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. However, there are limited studies on the regulatory mechanism of GlcN against glucose and lipid metabolism disorder. In this study, we treated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic mice with GlcN (1 mg/ml, in drinking water) for five months. The results show that GlcN significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose of HFD-fed mice and improved glucose tolerance. The feces of intestinal contents in mice were analyzed using 16s rDNA sequencing. It was indicated that GlcN reversed the imbalanced gut microbiota in HFD-fed mice. Based on the PICRUSt assay, the signaling pathways of glucolipid metabolism and biosynthesis were changed in mice with HFD feeding. By quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, it was demonstrated that GlcN not only inhibited the inflammatory responses of colon and white adipose tissues, but also improved the intestinal barrier damage of HFD-fed mice. Finally, the correlation analysis suggests the most significantly changed intestinal bacteria were positively or negatively related to the occurrence of inflammation in the colon and fat tissues of HFD-fed mice. In summary, our studies provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of GlcN to glucolipid metabolism disorder through the regulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Process Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Process Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lishi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production and Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yan J, Wang D, Meng Z, Yan S, Teng M, Jia M, Li R, Tian S, Weiss C, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Effects of incremental endosulfan sulfate exposure and high fat diet on lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis and gut microbiota in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115697. [PMID: 33070067 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of pollutants on metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus is an emerging field in environmental medicine. Here, we explored the effects of a low-dose endosulfan sulfate (ES), a major metabolite of the pesticide endosulfan and a bio-persistent contaminant detected in environmental and human samples, on the progress of obesity and metabolic disorders. Pregnant CD-1 mice were given ES from gestational day 6 to postnatal day 21 (short-term). After weaning, male pups of exposed dams were provided with a low-fat or a high-fat diet (LFD or HFD) and assessed after an additional 12 weeks. At the same time, one group of male pups continuously received ES (long-term). Treatment with low-dose ES, short or long-term, alleviated the development of obesity and accumulation of hepatic triglycerides induced by HFD. Analysis of gene expression, metabolic profile and gut microbiome indicates that ES treatment inhibits adipogenesis induced by HFD due to enhanced lipid catabolism, fatty acid oxidation and disturbance of gut microbiota composition. However, impaired glucose and insulin homeostasis were still conserved in HFD-fed mice exposed to ES. Furthermore, ES treatment impaired glucose tolerance, affected hepatic gene expression, fatty acids composition and serum metabolic profile, as well as disturbed gut microbiota in LFD-fed mice. In conclusion, ES treatment at levels close to the accepted daily intake during fetal development directly impact glucose homeostasis, hepatic lipid metabolism, and gut microbiome dependent on the type of diet consumed. These findings provide a better understanding of the complex interactions of environmental pollutants and diet at early life stages also in the context of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dezhen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sen Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ming Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus North, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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9
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Glucosamine regulates hepatic lipid accumulation by sensing glucose levels or feeding states of normal and excess. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158764. [PMID: 32663610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dose-dependent lipid accumulation was induced by glucose in HepG2 cells. GlcN also exerted a promotory effect on lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells under normal glucose conditions (NG, 5 mM) and liver of normal fed zebrafish larvae. High glucose (HG, 25 mM)-induced lipid accumulation was suppressed by l-glutamine-d-fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase inhibitors. ER stress inhibitors did not suppress HG or GlcN-mediated lipid accumulation. HG and GlcN stimulated protein expression, DNA binding and O-GlcNAcylation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP). Furthermore, both HG and GlcN increased nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) levels in HepG2 cells. In contrast to its stimulatory effect under NG, GlcN suppressed lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells under HG conditions. Similarly, GlcN suppressed lipid accumulation in livers of overfed zebrafish. In addition, GlcN activity on DNA binding and O-GlcNAcylation of ChREBP was stimulatory under NG and inhibitory under HG conditions. Moreover, GlcN enhanced ChREBP, SREBP-1c, ACC, FAS, L-PK and SCD-1 mRNA expression under NG but inhibited HG-induced upregulation in HepG2 cells. The O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitor, alloxan, reduced lipid accumulation by HG or GlcN while the O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, PUGNAc, enhanced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells and liver of zebrafish larvae. GlcN-induced lipid accumulation was inhibited by the AMPK activator, AICAR. Phosphorylation of AMPK (p-AMPK) was suppressed by GlcN under NG while increased by GlcN under HG. PUGNAc downregulated p-AMPK while alloxan restored GlcN- or HG-induced p-AMPK inhibition. Our results collectively suggest that GlcN regulates lipogenesis by sensing the glucose or energy states of normal and excess fuel through AMPK modulation.
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10
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Glucosamine inhibits IL-1β expression by preserving mitochondrial integrity and disrupting assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5603. [PMID: 30944389 PMCID: PMC6447579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome promotes the pathogenesis of metabolic, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases. Increasing evidences show that the NLRP3 inflammasome is a promising therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. Glucosamine is widely used as a dietary supplement to promote the health of cartilage tissue and is expected to exert anti-inflammatory activity in joint inflammation, which is a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-associated complication. Here, we investigated whether GlcN inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and dissected the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that GlcN suppressed the NLRP3 inflammasome in mouse and human macrophages. A mechanistic study revealed that GlcN inhibited the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β precursor by reducing reactive oxygen species generation and NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. GlcN also suppressed mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial integrity loss in NLRP3-activated macrophages. Additionally, GlcN disrupted NLRP3 inflammasome assembly by inhibiting NLRP3 binding to PKR, NEK7 and ASC. Furthermore, oral administration of GlcN reduced peritoneal neutrophils influx and lavage fluids concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 MCP-1 and TNF-α in uric acid crystal-injected mice. These results indicated that GlcN might be a novel dietary supplement for the amelioration of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated complications.
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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Improve Glucolipid Metabolism Disorder in Liver by Suppression of Obesity-Related Inflammation and Restoration of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ). Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110455. [PMID: 30463189 PMCID: PMC6265870 DOI: 10.3390/md16110455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) display various biological activities. In this study, we aimed to explore the preventive effects of COS on glucolipid metabolism disorder using palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice as experimental models in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The results showed that COS pretreatment for 12 h significantly ameliorated lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells exposed to PA for 24 h, accompanied by a reversing of the upregulated mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α) and glucolipid metabolism-related regulators (SCD-1, ACC1, PCK1-α). In addition, COS treatment alleviated glucolipid metabolism disorder in mice fed with HFD for five months, including reduction in body weight and fasting glucose, restoration of intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, and suppression of overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines and glucolipid metabolism-related regulators. Furthermore, our study found that COS pretreatment significantly reversed the downregulation of PPARγ at transcriptional and translational levels in both PA-induced HepG2 cells and liver tissues of HFD-fed mice. In summary, the study suggests that COS can improve glucolipid metabolism disorder by suppressing inflammation and upregulating PPARγ expression. This indicates a novel application of COS in preventing and treating glucolipid metabolism-related diseases.
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Xu D, Wang L, Jiang Z, Zhao G, Hassan HM, Sun L, Fan S, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Wang T. A new hypoglycemic mechanism of catalpol revealed by enhancing MyoD/MyoG-mediated myogenesis. Life Sci 2018; 209:313-323. [PMID: 30118770 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Enhancing myogenesis has been identified as a possible target to improve insulin sensitivity and protect against metabolic diseases. Catalpol, an iridoid glycoside, has been shown to exert a hypoglycaemic effect by improvement of insulin sensitivity; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we tested whether catalpol has the potential to improve insulin sensitivity by augmenting myogenesis. MAIN METHODS We examined the hypoglycaemic mechanism of catalpol in db/db mice and C2C12 cells. db/db mice were treated with catalpol (200 mg/kg) for 8 consecutive weeks. Serum analysis, skeletal muscle performance and histology, and gene and protein expression were performed. In vitro glucose uptake, gene and protein expression were determined, and small interfering RNA was used to identify the underlying hypoglycaemic mechanism of catalpol. KEY FINDINGS In this study, we tested whether catalpol has the potential to improve skeletal insulin sensitivity by augmenting myogenesis, in which we found that, catalpol treatment in db/db mice lowered blood glucose and improved insulin sensitivity via activation of phosphatidylinositol‑3‑Kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway. Moreover, catalpol-treated mice exhibited enhanced myogenesis, as evidenced by increased myogenic differentiation (MyoD), myogenin (MyoG) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) expressions. The in vitro experimental results showed that both catalpol and metformin enhanced glucose uptake via activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. However, unlike metformin, the PI3K/AKT pathway activation by catalpol was dependent on enhanced MyoD/MyoG-mediated myogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE Improvement of insulin sensitivity by enhancing MyoD/MyoG-mediated myogenesis may constitute a new therapeutic approach for treating type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengqiu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guolin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hozeifa M Hassan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sisi Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhixing Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Zvejniece L, Svalbe B, Vavers E, Makrecka-Kuka M, Makarova E, Liepins V, Kalvinsh I, Liepinsh E, Dambrova M. S-phenylpiracetam, a selective DAT inhibitor, reduces body weight gain without influencing locomotor activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 160:21-29. [PMID: 28743458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
S-phenylpiracetam is an optical isomer of phenotropil, which is a clinically used nootropic drug that improves physical condition and cognition. Recently, it was shown that S-phenylpiracetam is a selective dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor that does not influence norepinephrine (NE) or serotonin (5-HT) receptors. The aim of the present study was to study the effects of S-phenylpiracetam treatment on body weight gain, blood glucose and leptin levels, and locomotor activity. Western diet (WD)-fed mice and obese Zucker rats were treated daily with peroral administration of S-phenylpiracetam for 8 and 12weeks, respectively. Weight gain and plasma metabolites reflecting glucose metabolism were measured. Locomotor activity was detected in an open-field test. S-phenylpiracetam treatment significantly decreased body weight gain and fat mass increase in the obese Zucker rats and in the WD-fed mice. In addition, S-phenylpiracetam reduced the plasma glucose and leptin concentration and lowered hyperglycemia in a glucose tolerance test in both the mice and the rats. S-phenylpiracetam did not influence locomotor activity in the obese Zucker rats or in the WD-fed mice. The results demonstrate that S-phenylpiracetam reduces body weight gain and improves adaptation to hyperglycemia without stimulating locomotor activity. Our findings suggest that selective DAT inhibitors, such as S-phenylpiracetam, could be potentially useful for treating obesity in patients with metabolic syndrome with fewer adverse health consequences compared to other anorectic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baiba Svalbe
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Edijs Vavers
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia; Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marina Makrecka-Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia; Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | | | | | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia; Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Akman YE, Sukur E, Senel A, Oztas Sukur NE, Talu CK, Ozturkmen Y. The comparison of the effects of a novel hydrogel compound and traditional hyaluronate following micro-fracture procedure in a rat full-thickness chondral defect model. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA ET TRAUMATOLOGICA TURCICA 2017. [PMID: 28622807 PMCID: PMC6197372 DOI: 10.1016/j.aott.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the impact of HA-CS-NAG compound (hyaluronate, sodium chondroitin sulfate, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) on the quality of repair tissue after micro-fracture and to compare it with HA (hyaluronat), in a rat full-thickness chondral defect model. METHODS Full-thickness chondral defects were created in a non-weight bearing area by using a handle 2.7-mm drill bit, in the right knees of 33 Sprague-Dawley rats. Each specimen then underwent micro-fracture using a needle. Two weeks after surgery, 3 groups were randomly formed among the rats (n = 33). In Group 1, 0.2 mL of sterile saline solution (0.9%) was injected. In Group 2, 0.2 mL HA with a mean molecular weight of 1.2 Mda was injected. In Group 3, 0.2 mL of HA-CS-NAG compound (hyaluronate, sodium chondroitin sulfate, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) was injected. The injections were applied on the 14th, the 21st and the 28th postoperative days. All rats were sacrificed on the 42nd postoperative day. Histological analysis of the repair tissue was performed for each specimen by two blinded observers using Wakitani scoring system. RESULTS There was significantly improved repair tissue in both Group 3 and Group 2 when compared with Group 1. Group 3 showed statistically significant improvement in terms of 'cell morphology' and 'integration of donor with host' when compared to Group 2 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Intra-articular injection of HA-CS-NAG compound after micro-fracture results in significantly improved repair tissue in rats' chondral defects when compared to HA regarding the donor integration and cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Emre Akman
- Metin Sabanci Baltalimani Bone Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erhan Sukur
- University of Sakarya, Sakarya Training and Research Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Senel
- Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Ece Oztas Sukur
- University of Sakarya, Sakarya Training and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Canan Kelten Talu
- Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozturkmen
- Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey
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You MK, Kim HJ, Rhyu J, Kim HA. Pear pomace ethanol extract improves insulin resistance through enhancement of insulin signaling pathway without lipid accumulation. Nutr Res Pract 2017; 11:198-205. [PMID: 28584576 PMCID: PMC5449376 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.3.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The anti-diabetic activity of pear through inhibition of α-glucosidase has been demonstrated. However, little has been reported about the effect of pear on insulin signaling pathway in obesity. The aims of this study are to establish pear pomace 50% ethanol extract (PPE)-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity and characterize its action mechanism in 3T3-L1 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6 mice. MATERIALS/METHODS Lipid accumulation, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion and glucose uptake were measure in 3T3-L1 cells. Mice were fed HFD (60% kcal from fat) and orally ingested PPE once daily for 8 weeks and body weight, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum lipids were measured. The expression of proteins involved in insulin signaling pathway was evaluated by western blot assay in 3T3-L1 cells and adipose tissue of mice. RESULTS In 3T3-L1 cells, without affecting cell viability and lipid accumulation, PPE inhibited MCP-1 secretion, improved glucose uptake, and increased protein expression of phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 [p-IRS-1, (Tyr632)], p-Akt, and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4). Additionally, in HFD-fed mice, PPE reduced body weight, HOMA-IR, and serum lipids including triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol. Furthermore, in adipose tissue, PPE up-regulated GLUT4 expression and expression ratio of p-IRS-1 (Tyr632)/IRS, whereas, down-regulated p-IRS-1 (Ser307)/IRS. CONCLUSIONS Our results collectively show that PPE improves glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells and insulin sensitivity in mice fed a HFD through stimulation of the insulin signaling pathway. Furthermore, PPE-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity was not accompanied with lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyoung You
- Department of Food and Nutrition / Research Institute of Human Ecology, Mokpo National University, 1666, Yeongsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeonam 58554, Korea
| | - Hwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition / Research Institute of Human Ecology, Mokpo National University, 1666, Yeongsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeonam 58554, Korea
| | - Jin Rhyu
- Department of Food and Nutrition / Research Institute of Human Ecology, Mokpo National University, 1666, Yeongsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeonam 58554, Korea
| | - Hyeon-A Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition / Research Institute of Human Ecology, Mokpo National University, 1666, Yeongsan-ro, Cheonggye-myeon, Muan-gun, Jeonam 58554, Korea
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Hwang JS, Kwon MY, Kim KH, Lee Y, Lyoo IK, Kim JE, Oh ES, Han IO. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated iNOS Induction Is Increased by Glucosamine under Normal Glucose Conditions but Is Inhibited by Glucosamine under High Glucose Conditions in Macrophage Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1724-1736. [PMID: 27927986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the regulatory effect of glucosamine (GlcN) for the production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) under various glucose conditions in macrophage cells. At normal glucose concentrations, GlcN dose dependently increased LPS-stimulated production of NO/iNOS. However, GlcN suppressed NO/iNOS production under high glucose culture conditions. Moreover, GlcN suppressed LPS-induced up-regulation of COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNAs under 25 mm glucose conditions yet did not inhibit up-regulation under 5 mm glucose conditions. Glucose itself dose dependently increased LPS-induced iNOS expression. LPS-induced MAPK and IκB-α phosphorylation did not significantly differ at normal and high glucose conditions. The activity of LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and DNA binding of c-Rel to the iNOS promoter were inhibited under high glucose conditions in comparison with no significant changes under normal glucose conditions. In addition, we found that the LPS-induced increase in O-GlcNAcylation as well as DNA binding of c-Rel to the iNOS promoter were further increased by GlcN under normal glucose conditions. However, both O-GlcNAcylation and DNA binding of c-Rel decreased under high glucose conditions. The NF-κB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, inhibited LPS-induced iNOS expression under high glucose conditions but it did not influence iNOS induction under normal glucose conditions. In addition, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibited NF-κB DNA binding and c-Rel O-GlcNAcylation only under high glucose conditions. By blocking transcription with actinomycin D, we found that stability of LPS-induced iNOS mRNA was increased by GlcN under normal glucose conditions. These results suggest that GlcN regulates inflammation by sensing energy states of normal and fuel excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Hwang
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Mi-Youn Kwon
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hong Kim
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Yunkyoung Lee
- the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Brain Institute, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - In Kyoon Lyoo
- the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Brain Institute, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jieun E Kim
- the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ewha Brain Institute, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- the Department of Life Sciences, The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Inn-Oc Han
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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Şükür E, Talu C, Akman YE, Çirci E, Öztürkmen Y, Tüzüner T. Comparison of the chondroprotective effect of a novel hydrogel compound and traditional hyaluronate on rat cartilage in a papain-induced osteoarthritis model. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA ET TRAUMATOLOGICA TURCICA 2016; 50:458-63. [PMID: 27449593 PMCID: PMC6197551 DOI: 10.1016/j.aott.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this experimental study is to evaluate the efficacy of a novel intraarticular drug in a papain induced osteoarthritis (OA) rat model and compare with the traditional hyaluronat (HA) visco supplementation. Methods An early stage OA model was induced by the intra-articular injection of papain enzyme in the right knee joints of 44 Sprague-Dawley rats. Eleven rats (eleven right knees: papain group, 11 left knees: control group) were chosen randomly 28 days after the last injection and sacrificed for verifying OA. The remaining rats (n = 33) were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was injected 0,2 mL of sterile saline solution (0,9%), group 2 was injected 0,2 mL HA and the group 3 was injected 0,2 mL of HA-CSNAG (hyaluronat, chondritin sulfate, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine) combination in the right knees. Injections were performed on the 35th, the 42nd and the 49th days consecutively. Two weeks after the last injection, all groups were sacrificed to evaluate the severity of OA according to Mankin system. Results Early stage of OA was verified regarding total Mankin scores (p < 0.05). There was statistically significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 (p < 0.05), between Group 1 and Group 3 (p < 0.05) on the 63th day regarding total Mankin scores. Group 3 showed statistically significant improvement in terms of proteoglycan content of matrix when compared to Group 2 (p < 0,05). Conclusion HA-CS-NAG compound in hydrogel form is more chondroprotective to rats' cartilage when compared to HA during the early stages of OA.
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Zhu D, Wang Y, Du Q, Liu Z, Liu X. Cichoric Acid Reverses Insulin Resistance and Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in the Glucosamine-Induced HepG2 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10903-10913. [PMID: 26592089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cichoric acid, a caffeic acid derivative found in Echinacea purpurea, basil, and chicory, has been reported to have bioactive effects, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and preventing insulin resistance. In this study, to explore the effects of CA on regulating insulin resistance and chronic inflammatory responses, the insulin resistance model was constructed by glucosamine in HepG2 cells. CA stimulated glucosamine-mediated glucose uptake by stimulating translocation of the glucose transporter 2. Moreover, the production of reactive oxygen, the expression of COX-2 and iNOS, and the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were attenuated. Furthermore, CA was verified to promote glucosamine-mediated glucose uptake and inhibited inflammation through PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways in HepG2 cells. These results implied that CA could increase glucose uptake, improve insulin resistance, and attenuate glucosamine-induced inflammation, suggesting that CA is a potential natural nutraceutical with antidiabetic properties and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yutang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qingwei Du
- Functional Food Engineering and Technology Research Center of Shaanxi Province , Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, China
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