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DeChristopher LR, Tucker KL. Disproportionately higher cardiovascular disease risk and incidence with high fructose corn syrup sweetened beverage intake among black young adults-the CARDIA study. Nutr J 2024; 23:84. [PMID: 39075463 PMCID: PMC11285415 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The black/white heart disease mortality disparity began increasing in the early 1980's, coincident with the switch from sucrose to high-fructose-corn-syrup/(HFCS) in the US food supply. There has been more fructose in HFCS than generally-recognized-as-safe/GRAS, which has contributed to unprecedented excess-free-fructose/(unpaired-fructose) in foods/beverages. Average- per-capita excess-free-fructose, from HFCS, began exceeding dosages/(5-10 g) that trigger fructose-malabsorption in the early 1980's. Fructose malabsorption contributes to gut-dysbiosis and gut-in-situ-fructosylation of dietary peptides/incretins/(GLP-1/GIP) which forms atherosclerotic advanced-glycation-end-products. Both dysregulate gut endocrine function and are risk factors for cardiovascular disease/(CVD). Limited research shows that African Americans have higher fructose malabsorption prevalence than others. CVD risk begins early in life. METHODS Coronary-Artery-Risk-Development-in-Adults/(CARDIA) study data beginning in 1985-86 with 2186 Black and 2277 White participants, aged 18-30 y, were used to test the hypothesis that HFCS sweetened beverage intake increases CVD risk/incidence, more among Black than White young adults, and at lower intakes; while orange juice-a low excess-free-fructose juice with comparable total sugars and total fructose, but a 1:1 fructose-to-glucose-ratio, i.e., low excess-free-fructose, does not. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios. RESULTS HFCS sweetened beverage intake was associated with higher CVD risk (HR = 1.7) than smoking (HR = 1.6). CVD risk was higher at lower HFCS sweetened beverage intake among Black than White participants. Intake, as low as 3 times/wk, was associated with twice the CVD risk vs. less frequent/never, among Black participants only (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.7; P = 0.013). Probability of an ordered relationship approached significance. Among Black participants, CVD incidence jumped 62% from 59.8/1000, among ≤ 2-times/wk, to 96.9/1000 among 3-6 times/wk consumers. Among White participants, CVD incidence increased from 37.6/1000, among ≤ 1.5-times/wk, to 41.1/1000, among 2 times/wk-once/d - a 9% increase. Hypertension was highest among Black daily HFCS sweetened beverage consumers. CONCLUSION The ubiquitous presence of HFCS over-the-past-40 years, at higher fructose-to-glucose ratios than generally-recognized-as-safe, may have contributed to CVD racial disparities, due to higher fructose-malabsorption prevalence among Black individuals, unpaired/excess-free-fructose induced gut dysbiosis and gut fructosylation of dietary peptides/incretins (GLP-1/GIP). These disturbances contribute to atherosclerotic plaque; promote incretin insufficiency/dysregulation/altered satiety/dysglycemia; decrease protective microbiota metabolites; and increase hypertension, CVD morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine L Tucker
- Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences and Center for Population Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
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2
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DeChristopher LR. 40 years of adding more fructose to high fructose corn syrup than is safe, through the lens of malabsorption and altered gut health-gateways to chronic disease. Nutr J 2024; 23:16. [PMID: 38302919 PMCID: PMC10835987 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-024-00919-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Labels do not disclose the excess-free-fructose/unpaired-fructose content in foods/beverages. Objective was to estimate excess-free-fructose intake using USDA loss-adjusted-food-availability (LAFA) data (1970-2019) for high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and apple juice, major sources of excess-free-fructose, for comparison with malabsorption dosages (~ 5 g-children/ ~ 10 g-adults). Unlike sucrose and equimolar fructose/glucose, unpaired-fructose triggers fructose malabsorption and its health consequences. Daily intakes were calculated for HFCS that is generally-recognized-as-safe/ (55% fructose/45% glucose), and variants (65/35, 60/40) with higher fructose-to-glucose ratios (1.9:1, 1.5:1), as measured by independent laboratories. Estimations include consumer-level-loss (CLL) allowances used before (20%), and after, subjective, retroactively-applied increases (34%), as recommended by corn-refiners (~ 2012). No contributions from crystalline-fructose or agave syrup were included due to lack of LAFA data. High-excess-free-fructose-fruits (apples/pears/watermelons/mangoes) were not included. Eaten in moderation they are less likely to trigger malabsorption. Another objective was to identify potential parallel trends between excess-free-fructose intake and the "unexplained" US asthma epidemic. The fructose/gut-dysbiosis/lung axis is well documented, case-study evidence and epidemiological research link HFCS/apple juice intake with asthma, and unlike gut-dysbiosis/gut-fructosylation, childhood asthma prevalence data spans > 40 years. Results Excess-free-fructose daily intake for individuals consuming HFCS with an average 1.5:1 fructose-to-glucose ratio, ranged from 0.10 g/d in 1970, to 11.3 g/d in 1999, to 6.5 g/d in 2019, and for those consuming HFCS with an average 1.9:1 ratio, intakes ranged from 0.13 g/d to 16.9 g/d (1999), to 9.7 g/d in 2019, based upon estimates with a 20% CLL allowance. Intake exceeded dosages that trigger malabsorption (~ 5 g) around ~ 1980. By the early 1980's, tripled apple juice intake had added ~ 0.5 g to average-per-capita excess-free-fructose intake. Contributions were higher (~ 3.8 g /4-oz.) for individuals consuming apple juice consistent with a healthy eating pattern (4-oz. children, 8-oz. adults). The "unexplained" childhood asthma epidemic (1980-present) parallels increasing average-per-capita HFCS/apple juice intake trends and reflects epidemiological research findings. Conclusion Displacement of sucrose with HFCS, its ubiquitous presence in the US food-supply, the industry practice of adding more fructose to HFCS than generally-recognized-as-safe, and increased use of apple juice/crystalline fructose/agave syrup in foods/beverages has contributed to unprecedented excess-free-fructose intake levels, fructose malabsorption, gut-dysbiosis and gut-fructosylation (immunogen burden)-gateways to chronic disease.
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Delrue C, Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM. The role of sRAGE in cardiovascular diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 117:53-102. [PMID: 37973322 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), by-products of glucose metabolism, have been linked to the emergence of cardiovascular disorders (CVD). AGEs can cause tissue damage in four different ways: (1) by altering protein function, (2) by crosslinking proteins, which makes tissue stiffer, (3) by causing the generation of free radicals, and (4) by activating an inflammatory response after binding particular AGE receptors, such as the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). It is suggested that the soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) blocks ligand-mediated pro-inflammatory and oxidant activities by serving as a decoy. Therefore, several studies have investigated the possible anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant characteristics of sRAGE, which may help lower the risk of CVD. According to the results of various studies, the relationship between circulating sRAGE, cRAGE, and esRAGE and CVD is inconsistent. To establish the potential function of sRAGE as a therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiovascular illnesses, additional studies are required to better understand the relationship between sRAGE and CVD. In this review, we explored the potential function of sRAGE in different CVD, highlighting unanswered concerns and outlining the possibilities for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Delrue
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium.
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Noren Hooten N, Mode NA, Allotey S, Ezike N, Zonderman AB, Evans MK. Inflammatory proteins are associated with mortality in a middle-aged diverse cohort. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1412. [PMID: 37743657 PMCID: PMC10518496 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data indicate a decline in overall longevity in the United States. Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in midlife mortality rates had been reported. Life expectancy disparities have persisted in the United States for racial and ethnic groups and for individuals living at low socioeconomic status. These continued trends in mortality indicate the importance of examining biomarkers of mortality at midlife in at-risk populations. Circulating levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers reflect systemic chronic inflammation, which is a well-known driver of many age-related diseases. METHODS In this study, we examined the relationship of nine different inflammatory proteins with mortality in a middle-aged socioeconomically diverse cohort of African-American and White men and women (n = 1122; mean age = 47.8 years). RESULTS We found significant differences in inflammatory-related protein serum levels between African-American and White middle-aged adults. E-selectin and fibrinogen were significantly higher in African-American adults. IFN-γ, TNF-α trimer, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) and P-selectin were significantly higher in White participants compared to African-American participants. Higher levels of E-selectin, MCP-1 and P-selectin were associated with a higher mortality risk. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between sex and IL-6 with mortality. IL-6 levels were associated with an increased risk of mortality, an association that was significantly greater in women than men. In addition, White participants with high levels of sRAGE had significantly higher survival probability than White participants with low levels of sRAGE, while African-American participants had similar survival probabilities across sRAGE levels. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that circulating inflammatory markers can be utilized as indicators of midlife mortality risk in a socioeconomically diverse cohort of African-American and White individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Noren Hooten
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nicolle A. Mode
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Samuel Allotey
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ngozi Ezike
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Abe H, Okada‐Tsuchioka M, Kajitani N, Omori W, Itagaki K, Shibasaki C, Boku S, Matsuhisa T, Takebayashi M. Serum levels of high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) and soluble receptors of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2023; 43:359-364. [PMID: 37337402 PMCID: PMC10496042 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is one of the damage-associated molecular patterns produced by stress and induces inflammatory responses mediated by receptors of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) on the cell surface. Meanwhile, soluble RAGE (sRAGE) exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect by capturing HMGB1. Animal models have shown upregulation of HMGB1 and RAGE in the brain or blood, suggesting the involvement of these proteins in depression pathophysiology. However, there have been no reports using blood from depressed patients, nor ones focusing on HMGB1 and sRAGE changes associated with treatment and their relationship to depressive symptoms. METHODS Serum HMGB1 and sRAGE concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a group of patients with severe major depressive disorder (MDD) (11 males and 14 females) who required treatment with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and also in a group of 25 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects. HMGB1 and sRAGE concentrations were also measured before and after a course of ECT. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). RESULTS There was no significant difference in HMGB1 and sRAGE concentrations in the MDD group compared to healthy subjects. Although ECT significantly improved depressive symptoms, there was no significant change in HMGB1 and sRAGE concentrations before and after treatment. There was also no significant correlation between HMGB1 and sRAGE concentrations and the HAMD total score or subitem scores. CONCLUSION There were no changes in HMGB1 and sRAGE in the peripheral blood of severely depressed patients, and concentrations had no relationship with symptoms or ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Abe
- Division of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceInstitute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer CenterKure, HiroshimaJapan
- Department of PharmacyNational Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer CenterKure, HiroshimaJapan
| | - Mami Okada‐Tsuchioka
- Division of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceInstitute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer CenterKure, HiroshimaJapan
| | - Naoto Kajitani
- Division of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceInstitute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer CenterKure, HiroshimaJapan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Wataru Omori
- Division of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceInstitute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer CenterKure, HiroshimaJapan
| | - Kei Itagaki
- Division of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceInstitute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer CenterKure, HiroshimaJapan
| | - Chiyo Shibasaki
- Division of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceInstitute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer CenterKure, HiroshimaJapan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Tetsuaki Matsuhisa
- Department of PharmacyNational Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer CenterKure, HiroshimaJapan
| | - Minoru Takebayashi
- Division of Psychiatry and NeuroscienceInstitute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization (NHO) Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer CenterKure, HiroshimaJapan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
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Martínez de Toda I, González-Sánchez M, Díaz-Del Cerro E, Valera G, Carracedo J, Guerra-Pérez N. Sex differences in markers of oxidation and inflammation. Implications for ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 211:111797. [PMID: 36868323 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is a key factor to consider in the ageing process given the impact that it has on life expectancy. The oxidative-inflammatory theory of ageing states that the ageing process is the result of the establishment of oxidative stress which, due to the interplay of the immune system, translates into inflammatory stress, and that both processes are responsible for the damage and loss of function of an organism. We show that there are relevant gender differences in a number of oxidative and inflammatory markers and propose that they may account for the differential lifespan between sexes, given that males display, in general, higher oxidation and basal inflammation. In addition, we explain the significant role of circulating cell-free DNA as a marker of oxidative damage and an inductor of inflammation, connecting both processes and having the potential to become a useful ageing marker. Finally, we discuss how oxidative and inflammatory changes take place differentially with ageing in each sex, which could also have an impact on the sex-differential lifespan. Further research including sex as an essential variable is needed to understand the grounds of sex differences in ageing and to better comprehend ageing itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martínez de Toda
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica González-Sánchez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estefanía Díaz-Del Cerro
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gemma Valera
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julia Carracedo
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Natalia Guerra-Pérez
- Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology. Unit of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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Correlation and Diagnostic Value of Serum RBP4 and sRAGE and the Condition of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6166528. [PMID: 34745291 PMCID: PMC8566031 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6166528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive damage of renal structure and function caused by various reasons. Its course is long and irreversible. CKD can be divided into 5 stages according to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Early detection and early intervention of CKD can reduce the complications of patients and improve the survival rate. Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is a small molecule transporter. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multi-ligand transmembrane signal transduction receptor discovered in recent years. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) is a new splicing heterogeneity of RAGE. Our results show that serum RBP4 is increased while sRAGE is decreased in CKD patients, both of which are closely related to the severity of CKD. The combined use of serum RBP4 and sRAGE has a high diagnostic value for CKD and can provide a reliable diagnostic basis for the clinic.
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Circulating Levels of the Soluble Receptor for AGE (sRAGE) during Escalating Oral Glucose Dosages and Corresponding Isoglycaemic i.v. Glucose Infusions in Individuals with and without Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102928. [PMID: 32987824 PMCID: PMC7598639 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Postprandial glucose excursions are postulated to increase the risk for diabetes complications via the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The soluble receptor of AGEs (sRAGE) likely acts as a decoy receptor, mopping up AGEs, diminishing their capacity for pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic signaling. Recent evidence suggests that AGEs and soluble receptor for AGEs (sRAGE) may be altered under postprandial and fasting conditions. Here, we investigated the effects of increasing oral glucose loads during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and matched isoglycaemic intravenous (i.v.) glucose infusions (IIGI) on circulating concentrations of sRAGE. Samples from eight individuals with type 2 diabetes and eight age-, gender-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls, all of whom underwent three differently dosed OGTTs (25 g, 75 g, and 125 g), and three matched IIGIs were utilised (NCT00529048). Serum concentrations of sRAGE were measured over 240 min during each test. For individuals with diabetes, sRAGE area under the curve (AUC0–240min) declined with increasing i.v. glucose dosages (p < 0.0001 for trend) and was lower during IIGI compared to OGTT at the 125 g dosage (p = 0.004). In control subjects, sRAGE AUC0–240min was only lower during IIGI compared to OGTT at the 25 g dose (p = 0.0015). sRAGE AUC0–240min was negatively correlated to AUC0–240min for the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide −1 (GLP-1) during the 75 g OGTT and matched IIGI, but only in individuals with type 2 diabetes. These data suggest that gastrointestinal factors may play a role in regulating sRAGE concentrations during postprandial glucose excursions, thus warranting further investigation.
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9
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Steenbeke M, De Bruyne S, De Buyzere M, Lapauw B, Speeckaert R, Petrovic M, Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM. The role of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in the general population and patients with diabetes mellitus with a focus on renal function and overall outcome. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2020; 58:113-130. [PMID: 32669010 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2020.1791045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Isoforms of the receptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) protein, which lack the transmembrane and the signaling (soluble RAGE or sRAGE) domains are hypothesized to counteract the detrimental action of the full-length receptor by acting as a decoy, and they provide a potential tool to treat RAGE-associated diseases. Multiple studies have explored the relationship between sRAGE and endogenous secretory RAGE and its polymorphism and obesity, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, kidney function, and increased mortality in the general population. In addition, sRAGE may be a key player in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its microvascular (e.g. kidney disease) as well as macrovascular (e.g. cardiovascular disease) complications. In this review, we focus on the role of sRAGE as a biomarker in these specific areas. As there is a lack of an underlying unifying hypothesis about how sRAGE changes according to the disease condition or risk factor, there is a call to incorporate all three players of the AGE-RAGE axis into a new universal biomarker/risk marker: (AGE + RAGE)/sRAGE. However, the measurement of RAGE in humans is not practical as it is a cell-bound receptor for which tissue is required for analysis. A high AGE/sRAGE ratio may be a valuable alternative and practical universal biomarker/risk marker for diseases associated with the AGE-RAGE axis, irrespective of low or high serum sRAGE concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Steenbeke
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander De Bruyne
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc De Buyzere
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Mirko Petrovic
- Department of Geriatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Foundation Flanders, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Hackler E, Lew J, Gore MO, Ayers CR, Atzler D, Khera A, Rohatgi A, Lewis A, Neeland I, Omland T, de Lemos JA. Racial Differences in Cardiovascular Biomarkers in the General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012729. [PMID: 31514563 PMCID: PMC6817997 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background The incidence and clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) differ between blacks and whites. Biomarkers that reflect important pathophysiological pathways may provide a window to allow deeper understanding of racial differences in CVD. Methods and Results The study included 2635 white and black participants from the Dallas Heart Study who were free from existing CVD. Cross‐sectional associations between race and 32 biomarkers were evaluated using multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, traditional CVD risk factors, imaging measures of body composition, renal function, insulin resistance, left ventricular mass, and socioeconomic factors. In fully adjusted models, black women had higher lipoprotein(a), leptin, d‐dimer, osteoprotegerin, antinuclear antibody, homoarginine, suppression of tumorigenicity‐2, and urinary microalbumin, and lower adiponectin, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide versus white women. Black men had higher lipoprotein(a), leptin, d‐dimer, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, antinuclear antibody, symmetrical dimethylarginine, homoarginine, high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T, suppression of tumorigenicity‐2, and lower adiponectin, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide versus white men. Adjustment for biomarkers that were associated with higher CVD risk, and that differed between blacks and whites, attenuated the risk for CVD events in black women (unadjusted hazard ratio 2.05, 95% CI 1.32, 3.17 and adjusted hazard ratio 1.15, 95% CI 0.69, 1.92) and black men (unadjusted hazard ratio 2.39, 95% CI 1.64, 3.46, and adjusted hazard ratio 1.21, 95% CI 0.76, 1.95). Conclusions Significant racial differences were seen in biomarkers reflecting lipids, adipokines, and biomarkers of endothelial function, inflammation, myocyte injury, and neurohormonal stress, which may contribute to racial differences in the development and complications of CVD. See Editorial Suzuki et al
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Hackler
- Department of Medicine UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX
| | - Jeanney Lew
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center Houston TX
| | - M Odette Gore
- Department of Medicine University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Denver Health and Hospital Authority Denver CO
| | - Colby R Ayers
- Department of Medicine UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX.,Department of Clinical Sciences UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Germany
| | - Amit Khera
- Department of Medicine UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX
| | - Anand Rohatgi
- Department of Medicine UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX
| | - Alana Lewis
- Department of Medicine UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX
| | - Ian Neeland
- Department of Medicine UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX
| | - Torbjorn Omland
- Department of Medicine Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog Norway.,University of Oslo Norway
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11
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Du R, Zhang RY, Lu L, Shen Y, Pu LJ, Zhu ZB, Zhang Q, Hu J, Yang ZK, Ding FH, Zhang JS, Shen WF. Increased glycated albumin and decreased esRAGE levels in serum are related to negative coronary artery remodeling in patients with type 2 diabetes: an Intravascular ultrasound study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:149. [PMID: 30482197 PMCID: PMC6258438 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative coronary artery remodeling is frequent in patients with diabetes, but its mechanism remains unclear. We here evaluated the association of serum levels of glycated albumin (GA) and endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end products (esRAGE) with coronary artery remodeling in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS Serum levels of GA and esRAGE were measured and intravascular ultrasound was performed in 136 consecutive diabetic patients with 143 coronary intermediate lesions. The remodeling index (RI) was calculated as the ratio between external elastic membrane (EEM) area at the lesion site and EEM area at the reference segment. Negative remodeling (NR) was defined as an RI < 0.95 and intermediate or positive remodeling as an RI ≥ 0.95. RESULTS Mean plaque burden at the lesion site was 70.96 ± 9.98%, and RI was 0.96 ± 0.18. Negative coronary arterial remodeling existed in 81 (56.6%) lesions. RI correlated closely with serum esRAGE level (r = 0.236, P = 0.005) and was inversely related to serum GA level (r = - 0.240, P = 0.004) and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (r = - 0.206, P = 0.014) and total cholesterol levels (r = - 0.183, P = 0.028). Generalized estimating equations logistic regression analysis identified esRAGE (OR 0.037; 95% CI 0.012-0.564, P = 0.021), GA (OR 1.093; 95% CI 1.013-1.179, P = 0.018) and LDL-C (OR 1.479; 95% CI 1.072-2.835, P = 0.023) as independent predictors for negative remodeling. CONCLUSIONS In diabetic patients, negative coronary artery remodeling is associated with increased GA and decreased esRAGE levels in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Du
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jin Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Bin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Kun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Hua Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Sheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Ahmad S, Akhter F, Shahab U, Rafi Z, Khan MS, Nabi R, Khan MS, Ahmad K, Ashraf JM. Do all roads lead to the Rome? The glycation perspective! Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 49:9-19. [PMID: 29113952 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative, carbonyl, and glycative stress have gained substantial attention recently for their alleged influence on cancer progression. Oxidative stress can trigger variable transcription factors, such as nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), protein-53 (p-53), activating protein-1 (AP-1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), β-catenin/Wnt and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). Activated transcription factors can lead to approximately 500 different alterations in gene expression, and can alter expression patterns of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, regulatory cell cycle molecules, and anti-inflammatory molecules. These alterations of gene expression can induce a normal cell to become a tumor cell. Glycative stress resulting from advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and reactive dicarbonyls can significantly affect cancer progression. AGEs are fashioned from the multifaceted chemical reaction of reducing sugars with a compound containing an amino group. AGEs bind to and trigger the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) through AGE-RAGE interaction, which is a major modulator of inflammation allied tumors. Dicarbonyls like, GO (glyoxal), MG (methylglyoxal) and 3-DG (3-deoxyglucosone) fashioned throughout lipid peroxidation, glycolysis, and protein degradation are viewed as key precursors of AGEs. These dicarbonyls lead to the carbonyl stress in living organisms, possibly resulting in carbonyl impairment of proteins, carbohydrates, DNA, and lipoproteins. The damage caused by carbonyls results in numerous lesions, some of which are involved in cancer pathogenesis. In this review, the effects of oxidative, carbonyl and glycative stress on cancer initiation and progression are thoroughly discussed, including probable signaling pathways and the effects on tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheem Ahmad
- IIRC-1 Laboratory of Glycation Biology and Metabolic Disorders, Integral University, Lucknow, India; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India.
| | - Firoz Akhter
- IIRC-1 Laboratory of Glycation Biology and Metabolic Disorders, Integral University, Lucknow, India; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, KS, USA.
| | - Uzma Shahab
- Department of Biochemistry, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Zeeshan Rafi
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohd Sajid Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rabia Nabi
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of South Korea
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Reichert S, Triebert U, Santos AN, Hofmann B, Schaller HG, Schlitt A, Schulz S. Soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products and incidence of new cardiovascular events among patients with cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2017; 266:234-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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