Adiponectin stimulates Sca1+CD34--adipocyte precursor cells associated with hyperplastic expansion and beiging of brown and white adipose tissue

Risk of Fat Mass- and Obesity-Associated Gene-Dependent Obesogenic Programming by Formula Feeding Compared to Breastfeeding

It is the purpose of this review to compare differences in postnatal epigenetic programming at the level of DNA and RNA methylation and later obesity risk between infants receiving artificial formula feeding (FF) in contrast to natural breastfeeding (BF). FF bears the risk of aberrant epigenetic programming at the level of DNA methylation and enhances the expression of the RNA demethylase fat mass- and obesity-associated gene (FTO), pointing to further deviations in the RNA methylome. Based on a literature search through Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases concerning the dietary and epigenetic factors influencing FTO gene and FTO protein expression and FTO activity, FTO's impact on postnatal adipogenic programming was investigated. Accumulated translational evidence underscores that total protein intake as well as tryptophan, kynurenine, branched-chain amino acids, milk exosomal miRNAs, NADP, and NADPH are crucial regulators modifying FTO gene expression and FTO activity. Increased FTO-mTORC1-S6K1 signaling may epigenetically suppress the WNT/β-catenin pathway, enhancing adipocyte precursor cell proliferation and adipogenesis. Formula-induced FTO-dependent alterations of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylome may represent novel unfavorable molecular events in the postnatal development of adipogenesis and obesity, necessitating further investigations. BF provides physiological epigenetic DNA and RNA regulation, a compelling reason to rely on BF.

Addressing Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in Cancer Patients, from Visceral Obesity and Myosteatosis to Systemic Inflammation: Implications in Cardio-Onco-Metabolism

Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the two leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. The emerging field of cardio-oncology described several shared risk factors that predispose patients to both cardiovascular disease and cancer. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome is a chronic condition that occurs in many patients who have experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection, mainly based on chronic fatigue, sedentary lifestyle, cramps, breathing difficulties, and reduced lung performance. Post-acute COVID-19 exposes patients to increased visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, myosteatosis, and white adipose tissue content (surrounded by M1 macrophages and characterized by a Th1/Th17 phenotype), which increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality and cancer recurrence. In this review, the main metabolic affections of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome in cancer patients at low and high risk of cardiomyopathies will be summarized. Furthermore, several non-pharmacological strategies aimed at reducing atherosclerotic and cardiac risk will be provided, especially through anti-inflammatory nutrition with a low insulin and glycemic index, appropriate physical activity, and immune-modulating bioactivities able to reduce visceral obesity and myosteatosis, improving insulin-related signaling and myocardial metabolism.

LOC646762 Is Involved in Adipogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has been shown to participate in adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA-LOC646762 in adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Transcriptome sequencing revealed a positive correlation between LOC646762 transcription and expression of adipogenic marker genes in adipogenic differentiation. Moreover, LOC646762 overexpression did not negatively impact the cell proliferation of BMSCs. Besides, LOC646762 plays a crucial role in adipogenic differentiation, as evidenced by its positive correlation with adipogenic marker gene expression. Its possible interaction with its proposed target C/EBPβ suggests its involvement in essential pathways governing adipogenesis. Collectively, our study outcomes provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs and lay a strong foundation for further research in regenerative medicine.

Elevated circulating adiponectin levels do not prevent anxiety-like behavior in a PCOS-like mouse model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety and depression. Hyperandrogenism is a key feature together with lower levels of the adipocyte hormone adiponectin. Androgen exposure leads to anxiety-like behavior in female offspring while adiponectin is reported to be anxiolytic. Here we test the hypothesis that elevated adiponectin levels protect against the development of androgen-induced anxiety-like behavior. Pregnant mice overexpressing adiponectin (APNtg) and wildtypes were injected with vehicle or dihydrotestosterone to induce prenatal androgenization (PNA) in the offspring. Metabolic profiling and behavioral tests were performed in 4-month-old female offspring. PNA offspring spent more time in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze, indicating anxiety-like behavior. Intriguingly, neither maternal nor offspring adiponectin overexpression prevented an anxiety-like behavior in PNA-exposed offspring. However, adiponectin overexpression in dams had metabolic imprinting effects, shown as lower fat mass and glucose levels in their offspring. While serum adiponectin levels were elevated in APNtg mice, cerebrospinal fluid levels were similar between genotypes. Adiponectin overexpression improved metabolic functions but did not elicit anxiolytic effects in PNA-exposed offspring. These observations might be attributed to increased circulating but unchanged cerebrospinal fluid adiponectin levels in APNtg mice. Thus, increased adiponectin levels in the brain are likely needed to stimulate anxiolytic effects.