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Mastana S, Halai KC, Akam L, Hunter DJ, Singh P. Genetic Polymorphisms and Genetic Risk Scores Contribute to the Risk of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in a North Indian Population. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8552. [PMID: 39126122 PMCID: PMC11313018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in India. Many genetic polymorphisms play a role in regulating oxidative stress, blood pressure and lipid metabolism, contributing to the pathophysiology of CAD. This study examined the association between ten polymorphisms and CAD in the Jat Sikh population from Northern India, also considering polygenic risk scores. This study included 177 CAD cases and 175 healthy controls. The genetic information of GSTM1 (rs366631), GSTT1 (rs17856199), ACE (rs4646994), AGT M235T (rs699), AGT T174M (rs4762), AGTR1 A1166C (rs5186), APOA5 (rs3135506), APOC3 (rs5128), APOE (rs7412) and APOE (rs429358) and clinical information was collated. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 27.0 and SNPstats. Significant independent associations were found for GST*M1, GST*T1, ACE, AGT M235T, AGT T174M, AGTR1 A1166C and APOA5 polymorphisms and CAD risk (all p < 0.05). The AGT CT haplotype was significantly associated with a higher CAD risk, even after controlling for covariates (adjusted OR = 3.93, 95% CI [2.39-6.48], p < 0.0001). The APOA5/C3 CC haplotype was also significantly associated with CAD (adjusted OR = 1.86, 95% CI [1.14-3.03], p < 0.05). A higher polygenic risk score was associated with increased CAD risk (adjusted OR = 1.98, 95% CI [1.68-2.34], p < 0.001). Seven polymorphisms were independently associated with an increase in the risk of CAD in this North Indian population. A considerable risk association of AGT, APOA5/C3 haplotypes and higher genetic risk scores is documented, which may have implications for clinical and public health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarabjit Mastana
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK (L.A.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Kushni Charisma Halai
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK (L.A.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Liz Akam
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK (L.A.); (D.J.H.)
| | - David John Hunter
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK (L.A.); (D.J.H.)
| | - Puneetpal Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India;
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Wang YE, Kirschke CP, Woodhouse LR, Bonnel EL, Stephensen CB, Bennett BJ, Newman JW, Keim NL, Huang L. SNPs in apolipoproteins contribute to sex-dependent differences in blood lipids before and after a high-fat dietary challenge in healthy U.S. adults. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:95. [PMID: 36050800 PMCID: PMC9438272 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of genetic polymorphisms on fasting blood lipid levels have been widely studied but the effects of these within the context of a high-fat meal challenge remain less characterized. The current study aimed to investigate the association of SNPs in lipoprotein-related genes with blood lipid profiles in healthy adults in the U.S. Methods Subjects (n = 393) between 18–66 years of age with BMIs ranging from 18.5–45 kg/m2 were enrolled the cross-sectional Nutritional Phenotyping Study. Among them, 349 subjects (men: 48%; women: 52%) gave consent for genotyping. SNPs in APOA5, APOB, APOC3, APOE, and LDLR were assessed. The association between lipid markers and genotypes was tested separately for each SNP with analysis of variance (ANOVA), adjusted for sex, age, and BMI. We also examined two-factor interactions between SNPs and sex, age, or BMI. Results Women carrying the C allele of rs3135506 in APOA5 or men carrying the C allele of rs429358 in APOE had reduced HDL-cholesterol levels during fasting and postprandially. The C allele in APOE was also correlated to increased LDL-C levels. The TT genotype of rs2854116 in APOC3 was associated with elevated total cholesterol. Additive effect of the risk alleles of APOA5 and APOE or APOC3 and APOE was detected. Nevertheless, the tested SNPs had little impact on the postprandial triglyceride responses to the high-fat challenge meal. We found no significant effects of SNPs in APOB (rs1042034) or LDLR (rs2228671) on triglycerides, cholesterol, or free fatty acid levels. Conclusions In healthy adults, fasting and postprandial cholesterol levels are strongly correlated with the tested APOA5, APOE, and APOC3 genotypes. Sex contributes to the genetic impact of the tested SNPs on lipid profiles. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02367287. Registered February 20, 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02367287. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00592-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining E Wang
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Catherine P Kirschke
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Leslie R Woodhouse
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ellen L Bonnel
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - John W Newman
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nancy L Keim
- USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Liping Huang
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,USDA/ARS/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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3
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Goyal S, Tanigawa Y, Zhang W, Chai JF, Almeida M, Sim X, Lerner M, Chainakul J, Ramiu JG, Seraphin C, Apple B, Vaughan A, Muniu J, Peralta J, Lehman DM, Ralhan S, Wander GS, Singh JR, Mehra NK, Sidorov E, Peyton MD, Blackett PR, Curran JE, Tai ES, van Dam R, Cheng CY, Duggirala R, Blangero J, Chambers JC, Sabanayagam C, Kooner JS, Rivas MA, Aston CE, Sanghera DK. APOC3 genetic variation, serum triglycerides, and risk of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians, Europeans, and other ethnic groups. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:113. [PMID: 34548093 PMCID: PMC8456544 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertriglyceridemia has emerged as a critical coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factor. Rare loss-of-function (LoF) variants in apolipoprotein C-III have been reported to reduce triglycerides (TG) and are cardioprotective in American Indians and Europeans. However, there is a lack of data in other Europeans and non-Europeans. Also, whether genetically increased plasma TG due to ApoC-III is causally associated with increased CAD risk is still unclear and inconsistent. The objectives of this study were to verify the cardioprotective role of earlier reported six LoF variants of APOC3 in South Asians and other multi-ethnic cohorts and to evaluate the causal association of TG raising common variants for increasing CAD risk. METHODS We performed gene-centric and Mendelian randomization analyses and evaluated the role of genetic variation encompassing APOC3 for affecting circulating TG and the risk for developing CAD. RESULTS One rare LoF variant (rs138326449) with a 37% reduction in TG was associated with lowered risk for CAD in Europeans (p = 0.007), but we could not confirm this association in Asian Indians (p = 0.641). Our data could not validate the cardioprotective role of other five LoF variants analysed. A common variant rs5128 in the APOC3 was strongly associated with elevated TG levels showing a p-value 2.8 × 10- 424. Measures of plasma ApoC-III in a small subset of Sikhs revealed a 37% increase in ApoC-III concentrations among homozygous mutant carriers than the wild-type carriers of rs5128. A genetically instrumented per 1SD increment of plasma TG level of 15 mg/dL would cause a mild increase (3%) in the risk for CAD (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the challenges of inclusion of rare variant information in clinical risk assessment and the generalizability of implementation of ApoC-III inhibition for treating atherosclerotic disease. More studies would be needed to confirm whether genetically raised TG and ApoC-III concentrations would increase CAD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwali Goyal
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Rm 317 BMSB, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Yosuke Tanigawa
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Jin-Fang Chai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore , 117549, Singapore
| | - Marcio Almeida
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore , 117549, Singapore
| | - Megan Lerner
- Department of Surgery, Oklahoma University of Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Juliane Chainakul
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 S. L Young Blvd #2040, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jonathan Garcia Ramiu
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 S. L Young Blvd #2040, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Chanel Seraphin
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 S. L Young Blvd #2040, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Blair Apple
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 S. L Young Blvd #2040, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - April Vaughan
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 S. L Young Blvd #2040, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - James Muniu
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Rm 317 BMSB, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Juan Peralta
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Donna M Lehman
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarju Ralhan
- Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | | | - Jai Rup Singh
- Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Narinder K Mehra
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Evgeny Sidorov
- Department of Neurology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 S. L Young Blvd #2040, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Marvin D Peyton
- Department of Surgery, Oklahoma University of Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Piers R Blackett
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, Oklahoma University of Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Joanne E Curran
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore , 117549, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore , 119228, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Rob van Dam
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore , 119228, Singapore
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Lee Kong Chan School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, 168751, Singapore
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, W12 0HS, UK
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Manuel A Rivas
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christopher E Aston
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Rm 317 BMSB, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Rm 317 BMSB, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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4
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Dib I, Khalil A, Chouaib R, El-Makhour Y, Noureddine H. Apolipoprotein C-III and cardiovascular diseases: when genetics meet molecular pathologies. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:875-886. [PMID: 33389539 PMCID: PMC7778846 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have overtaken infectious diseases and are currently the world's top killer. A quite strong linkage between this type of ailments and elevated plasma levels of triglycerides (TG) has been always noticed. Notably, this risk factor is mired in deep confusion, since its role in atherosclerosis is uncertain. One of the explanations that aim to decipher this persistent enigma was provided by apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III), a small protein historically recognized as an important regulator of TG metabolism. Preeminently, hundreds of studies have been carried out in order to explore the APOC3 genetic background, as well as to establish a correlation between its variants and dyslipidemia-related disorders, pointing to an earnest predictive power for future outcomes. Among several polymorphisms reported within the APOC3, the SstI site in its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) was the most consistently and robustly associated with an increased CVD risk. As more genetic data supporting its importance in cardiovascular events aggregate, it was declared, correspondingly, that apoC-III exerts various atherogenic effects, either by intervening in the function and catabolism of many lipoproteins, or by inducing endothelial inflammation and smooth muscle cells (SMC) proliferation. This review was designed to shed the light on the structural and functional aspects of the APOC3 gene, the existing association between its SstI polymorphism and CVD, and the specific molecular mechanisms that underlie apoC-III pathological implications. In addition, the translation of all these gathered knowledges into preventive and therapeutic benefits will be detailed too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Dib
- grid.411324.10000 0001 2324 3572Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Alia Khalil
- grid.411324.10000 0001 2324 3572Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Racha Chouaib
- grid.411324.10000 0001 2324 3572Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Yolla El-Makhour
- grid.411324.10000 0001 2324 3572Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh, Lebanon
| | - Hiba Noureddine
- grid.411324.10000 0001 2324 3572Environmental Health Research Lab (EHRL), Faculty of Sciences V, Lebanese University, Nabatieh, Lebanon
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Laina A, Gatsiou A, Georgiopoulos G, Stamatelopoulos K, Stellos K. RNA Therapeutics in Cardiovascular Precision Medicine. Front Physiol 2018; 9:953. [PMID: 30090066 PMCID: PMC6068259 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since our knowledge on structure and function of messenger RNA (mRNA) has expanded from merely being an intermediate molecule between DNA and proteins to the notion that RNA is a dynamic gene regulator that can be modified and edited, RNA has become a focus of interest into developing novel therapeutic schemes. Therapeutic modulation of RNA molecules by DNA- and RNA-based therapies has broadened the scope of therapeutic targets in infectious diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and most recently in cardiovascular diseases as well. Currently, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and microRNAs are the most widely applied therapeutic strategies to target RNA molecules and regulate gene expression and protein production. However, a number of barriers have to be overcome including instability, inadequate binding affinity and delivery to the tissues, immunogenicity, and off-target toxicity in order for these agents to evolve into efficient drugs. As cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, a large number of clinical trials are under development investigating the safety and efficacy of RNA therapeutics in clinical conditions such as familial hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, cardiac amyloidosis, and atrial fibrillation. In this review, we summarize the clinical trials of RNA-targeting therapies in cardiovascular disease and critically discuss the advances, the outcomes, the limitations and the future directions of RNA therapeutics in precision transcriptomic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ageliki Laina
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Gatsiou
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Center of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Georgios Georgiopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Stellos
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Center of Internal Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research, Rhein-Main Partner Site, Frankfurt, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein (apo) C-III is a key player in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism and strongly associated with elevated plasma triglyceride levels. Several new studies added important insights on apoC-III and its physiological function confirming its promise as a valid therapeutic target. RECENT FINDINGS APOC3 is expressed in liver and intestine and regulates triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) catabolism and anabolism. The transcriptional regulation in both organs requires different regulatory elements. Clinical and preclinical studies established that apoC-III raises plasma triglyceride levels predominantly by inhibiting hepatic TRL clearance. Mechanistic insights into missense variants indicate accelerated renal clearance of apoC-III variants resulting in enhanced TRL catabolism. In contrast, an APOC3 gain-of-function variant enhances de novo lipogenesis and hepatic TRL production. Multiple studies confirmed the correlation between increased apoC-III levels and cardiovascular disease. This has opened up new therapeutic avenues allowing targeting of specific apoC-III properties in triglyceride metabolism. SUMMARY Novel in vivo models and APOC3 missense variants revealed unique mechanisms by which apoC-III inhibits TRL catabolism. Clinical trials with Volanesorsen, an APOC3 antisense oligonucleotide, report very promising lipid-lowering outcomes. However, future studies will need to address if acute apoC-III lowering will have the same clinical benefits as a life-long reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ramms
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California, USA
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Reiner Ž. Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Novel Targets for Anti-atherosclerotic Therapy. Korean Circ J 2018; 48:1097-1119. [PMID: 30403015 PMCID: PMC6221868 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2018.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although elevated serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is without any doubts accepted as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the role of elevated triglycerides (TGs)-rich lipoproteins as an independent risk factor has until recently been quite controversial. Recent data strongly suggest that elevated TG-rich lipoproteins are an independent risk factor for CVD and that therapeutic targeting of them could possibly provide further benefit in reducing CVD morbidity, events and mortality, apart from LDL-C lowering. Today elevated TGs are treated with lifestyle interventions, and with fibrates which could be combined with omega-3 fatty acids. There are also some new drugs. Volanesorsen, is an antisense oligonucleotid that inhibits the production of the Apo C-III which is crucial in regulating TGs metabolism because it inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase activity but also hepatic uptake of TGs-rich particles. Evinacumab is a monoclonal antibody against angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) and it seems that it can substantially lower elevated TGs levels because ANGPTL3 also regulates TGs metabolism. Pemafibrate is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator which also decreases TGs, and improves other lipid parameters. It seems that it also has some other possible antiatherogenic effects. Alipogene tiparvovec is a nonreplicating adeno-associated viral vector that delivers copies of the LPL gene to muscle tissue which accelerates the clearance of TG-rich lipoproteins thus decreasing extremely high TGs levels. Pradigastat is a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibitor which substantially reduces extremely high TGs levels and appears to be promising in treatment of the rare familial chylomicronemia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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8
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Zhu C, Zhu H, Song H, Xu L, Li L, Liu F, Liu X. Hepatitis B virus inhibits the in vivo and in vitro synthesis and secretion of apolipoprotein C3. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:213. [PMID: 29132372 PMCID: PMC5683573 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the body can damage liver cells and cause disorders in blood lipid metabolism. Apolipoprotein C3 (ApoC3) plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, but no study on the HBV regulation of ApoC3 has been reported. This purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of HBV on ApoC3 expression and its regulatory mechanism. METHODS The expression levels of ApoC3 mRNA and protein in the human hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and HepG2.2.15 were determined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. The HepG2 cells were co-transfected with the ApoC3 gene promoter and either HBV-infected clone pHBV1.3 or its individual genes. The changes in luciferase activity were assayed. The expression levels of ApoC3 mRNA and protein were determined using RT-qPCR and Western blot. The content of ApoC3 in the supernatant of the cultured cells was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The sera were collected from 149 patients with HBV infection and 102 healthy subjects at physical examination as the normal controls. The serological levels of ApoC3 in the HBV group and the normal control group were determined using ELISA. The contents of serum triglyceride (TG) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the HBV patients and the normal control were determined using an automatic biochemical analyser. RESULTS The expression levels of ApoC3 mRNA and protein were lower in the HepG2.2.15 cells than in the HepG2 cells. pHBV1.3 and its X gene could inhibit the activity of the ApoC3 promoter and its mRNA and protein expression. The serum levels of ApoC3, VLDL and TG were 65.39 ± 7.48 μg/ml, 1.24 ± 0.49 mmol/L, and 0.46 ± 0.10 mmol/L in the HBV patients and 41.02 ± 6.88 μg/ml, 0.76 ± 0.21 mmol/L, 0.29 ± 0.05 mmol/L in the normal controls, respectively, statistical analysis revealed significantly lower serum levels of ApoC3, VLDL and TG in HBV patients than in the normal controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION HBV can inhibit the in vivo and in vitro synthesis and secretion of ApoC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengcheng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Limin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Longxuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Fang Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200135, China.
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The impact of APOA5, APOB, APOC3 and ABCA1 gene polymorphisms on ischemic stroke: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis 2017; 265:60-70. [PMID: 28865324 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetic studies have been reported on the association between APOA5, APOB, APOC3 and ABCA1 gene polymorphisms and ischemic stroke, but results remain controversial. Hence, this meta-analysis aimed to infer the causal relationships of APOA5 (rs662799, rs3135506), APOB (rs693, rs1042031, rs1801701), APOC3 (rs4520, rs5128, rs2854116, rs2854117) and ABCA1 rs2230806 with ischemic stroke risk. METHODS A systematic review was performed for all the articles retrieved from multiple databases, up until March 2017. Data were extracted from all eligible studies, and meta-analysis was carried out using RevMan 5.3 and R package 3.2.1. The strength of association between each studied polymorphism and ischemic stroke risk was measured as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), under fixed- and random-effect models. RESULTS A total of 79 studies reporting on the association between the studied polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk were identified. The pooled data indicated that all genetic models of APOA5 rs662799 (ORs = 1.23-1.43), allelic and over-dominant models of APOA5 rs3135506 (ORs = 1.77-1.97), APOB rs1801701 (ORs = 1.72-2.13) and APOB rs1042031 (ORs = 1.66-1.88) as well as dominant model of ABCA1 rs2230806 (OR = 1.31) were significantly associated with higher risk of ischemic stroke. However, no significant associations were observed between ischemic stroke and the other five polymorphisms, namely ApoB (rs693) and APOC3 (rs4520, rs5128, rs2854116 and rs2854117), under any genetic model. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis confirmed a significant association of APOA5 rs662799 CC, APOA5 rs3135506 CG, APOB rs1801701 GA, APOB rs1042031 GA and ABCA1 rs2230806 GG with increased risk of ischemic stroke.
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Nettleton JA, Brouwer IA, Geleijnse JM, Hornstra G. Saturated Fat Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Ischemic Stroke: A Science Update. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2017; 70:26-33. [PMID: 28125802 DOI: 10.1159/000455681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At a workshop to update the science linking saturated fatty acid (SAFA) consumption with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke, invited participants presented data on the consumption and bioavailability of SAFA and their functions in the body and food technology. Epidemiological methods and outcomes were related to the association between SAFA consumption and disease events and mortality. Participants reviewed the effects of SAFA on CHD, causal risk factors, and surrogate risk markers. Higher intakes of SAFA were not associated with higher risks of CHD or stroke apparently, but studies did not take macronutrient replacement into account. Replacing SAFA by cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with significant CHD risk reduction, which was confirmed by randomized controlled trials. SAFA reduction had little direct effect on stroke risk. Cohort studies suggest that the food matrix and source of SAFA have important health effects.
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