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Benyounes O, Bekri S, Belgacem S, Labidi A, Khemis M, Mansour L. Oral Colonization by Different Candida Species: First Comparative Study between Denture and Nondenture Wearers in Tunisia. Eur J Dent 2024. [PMID: 39043212 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare different Candida species present in patients with and without removable dentures to identify alterations in biofilm composition following denture wear within a Tunisian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted, comprising a group of patients wearing removable dentures (test group) and a control group without dentures. In the test group, two mycological samples were obtained: one from the prosthetic intaglio and another from the osteomucosal area bearing the denture. For the control group, mycological samples were collected from the oral mucosa. The collected swabs were cultured on CHROMagar Candida medium, and yeast counts were quantified as colony forming units (CFUs). Candida species were identified through chromogenic analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The normality of quantitative variables was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov's test. To compare means and ranks between the test and control groups, the independent samples t-test and the Mann-Whitney's U test were employed, respectively. Qualitative variables were compared using Fisher's exact test. Statistical significance was determined at a critical uncertainty value of p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 150 participants were involved in this study, with 75 patients in each group. Wearing an acrylic removable denture was found to increase the number of detected Candida species (p < 0.001) and significantly increases the overall growth of Candida spp. (p = 0.001). Specifically, the numbers of CFUs of Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata were elevated in denture wearers (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Findings stemming from this study indicate that removable dentures promote the growth of Candida species. This can be a predisposing factor for Candida-associated denture stomatitis in cases of poor oral hygiene or compromised immunity. Therefore, it is imperative to emphasize the fabrication of high-quality dentures and the implementation of rigorous postdenture maintenance protocols to prevent or limit Candida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Benyounes
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- ABCDF Laboratory of Biological, Clinical and Dento-Facial Approach, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sana Bekri
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- ABCDF Laboratory of Biological, Clinical and Dento-Facial Approach, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Belgacem
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microbiology, EPS Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amel Labidi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- ABCDF Laboratory of Biological, Clinical and Dento-Facial Approach, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mehdi Khemis
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory N8 LR12SP10: Functional and Aesthetic Rehabilitation of Maxillary, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Mansour
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- ABCDF Laboratory of Biological, Clinical and Dento-Facial Approach, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Katsipoulaki M, Stappers MHT, Malavia-Jones D, Brunke S, Hube B, Gow NAR. Candida albicans and Candida glabrata: global priority pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0002123. [PMID: 38832801 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00021-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA significant increase in the incidence of Candida-mediated infections has been observed in the last decade, mainly due to rising numbers of susceptible individuals. Recently, the World Health Organization published its first fungal pathogen priority list, with Candida species listed in medium, high, and critical priority categories. This review is a synthesis of information and recent advances in our understanding of two of these species-Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Of these, C. albicans is the most common cause of candidemia around the world and is categorized as a critical priority pathogen. C. glabrata is considered a high-priority pathogen and has become an increasingly important cause of candidemia in recent years. It is now the second most common causative agent of candidemia in many geographical regions. Despite their differences and phylogenetic divergence, they are successful as pathogens and commensals of humans. Both species can cause a broad variety of infections, ranging from superficial to potentially lethal systemic infections. While they share similarities in certain infection strategies, including tissue adhesion and invasion, they differ significantly in key aspects of their biology, interaction with immune cells, host damage strategies, and metabolic adaptations. Here we provide insights on key aspects of their biology, epidemiology, commensal and pathogenic lifestyles, interactions with the immune system, and antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Katsipoulaki
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark H T Stappers
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Dhara Malavia-Jones
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Neil A R Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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3
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Yang B, Vaisvil B, Schmitt D, Collins J, Young E, Kapatral V, Rao R. A correlative study of the genomic underpinning of virulence traits and drug tolerance of Candida auris. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0010324. [PMID: 38722168 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00103-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with high mortality rates which presents a clear threat to public health. The risk of C. auris infection is high because it can colonize the body, resist antifungal treatment, and evade the immune system. The genetic mechanisms for these traits are not well known. Identifying them could lead to new targets for new treatments. To this end, we present an analysis of the genetics and gene expression patterns of C. auris carbon metabolism, drug resistance, and macrophage interaction. We chose to study two C. auris isolates simultaneously, one drug sensitive (B11220 from Clade II) and one drug resistant (B11221 from Clade III). Comparing the genomes, we confirm the previously reported finding that B11220 was missing a 12.8 kb region on chromosome VI. This region contains a gene cluster encoding proteins related to alternative sugar utilization. We show that B11221, which has the gene cluster, readily assimilates and utilizes D-galactose and L-rhamnose as compared to B11220, which harbors the deletion. B11221 exhibits increased adherence and drug resistance compared to B11220 when grown in these sugars. Transcriptomic analysis of both isolates grown on glucose or galactose showed that the gene cluster was upregulated when grown on D-galactose. These findings reinforce growing evidence of a link between metabolism and drug tolerance. B11221 resists phagocytosis by macrophages and exhibits decreased β-1,3-glucan exposure, a key determinant that allows Candida to evade the host immune system, as compared to B11220. In a transcriptomic analysis of both isolates co-cultured with macrophages, we find upregulation of genes associated with transport and transcription factors in B11221. Our studies show a positive correlation between membrane composition and immune evasion, alternate sugar utilization, and drug tolerance in C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Collins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Reeta Rao
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Kunanopparat A, Dinh TTH, Ponpakdee P, Padungros P, Kaewduangduen W, Ariya-anandech K, Tummamunkong P, Samaeng A, Sae-ear P, Leelahavanichkul A, Hirankarn N, Ritprajak P. Complement receptor 3-dependent engagement by Candida glabrata β-glucan modulates dendritic cells to induce regulatory T-cell expansion. Open Biol 2024; 14:230315. [PMID: 38806144 PMCID: PMC11293457 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an important pathogen causing invasive infection associated with a high mortality rate. One mechanism that causes the failure of Candida eradication is an increase in regulatory T cells (Treg), which play a major role in immune suppression and promoting Candida pathogenicity. To date, how C. glabrata induces a Treg response remains unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) recognition of fungi provides the fundamental signal determining the fate of the T-cell response. This study investigated the interplay between C. glabrata and DCs and its effect on Treg induction. We found that C. glabrata β-glucan was a major component that interacted with DCs and consequently mediated the Treg response. Blocking the binding of C. glabrata β-glucan to dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 (CR3) showed that CR3 activation in DCs was crucial for the induction of Treg. Furthermore, a ligand-receptor binding assay showed the preferential binding of C. glabrata β-glucan to CR3. Our data suggest that C. glabrata β-glucan potentially mediates the Treg response, probably through CR3-dependent activation in DCs. This study contributes new insights into immune modulation by C. glabrata that may lead to a better design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for invasive C. glabrata infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areerat Kunanopparat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Truc Thi Huong Dinh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Microbiology Interdisciplinary Program, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | - Pranpariya Ponpakdee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Production and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Production and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Warerat Kaewduangduen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasirapat Ariya-anandech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phawida Tummamunkong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Amanee Samaeng
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pannagorn Sae-ear
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Biology Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Ritprajak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Center of Excellence in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Bednarek A, Satala D, Zawrotniak M, Nobbs AH, Rapala-Kozik M, Kozik A. Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase on the Surface of Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus Cells-A Moonlighting Protein That Binds Human Vitronectin and Plasminogen and Can Adsorb to Pathogenic Fungal Cells via Major Adhesins Als3 and Epa6. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1013. [PMID: 38256088 PMCID: PMC10815899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and other closely related pathogenic yeast-like fungi carry on their surface numerous loosely adsorbed "moonlighting proteins"-proteins that play evolutionarily conserved intracellular functions but also appear on the cell surface and exhibit additional functions, e.g., contributing to attachment to host tissues. In the current work, we characterized this "moonlighting" role for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12) of C. albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus. GAPDH was directly visualized on the cell surface of both species and shown to play a significant part in the total capacity of fungal cells to bind two selected human host proteins-vitronectin and plasminogen. Using purified proteins, both host proteins were found to tightly interact with GAPDH, with dissociation constants in an order of 10-8 M, as determined by bio-layer interferometry and surface plasmon resonance measurements. It was also shown that exogenous GAPDH tightly adheres to the surface of candidal cells, suggesting that the cell surface location of this moonlighting protein may partly result from the readsorption of its soluble form, which may be present at an infection site (e.g., due to release from dying fungal cells). The major dedicated adhesins, covalently bound to the cell wall-agglutinin-like sequence protein 3 (Als3) and epithelial adhesin 6 (Epa6)-were suggested to serve as the docking platforms for GAPDH in C. albicans and N. glabratus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.Z.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.Z.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Marcin Zawrotniak
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.Z.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Angela H. Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School Research Laboratories, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK;
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.S.); (M.Z.); (M.R.-K.)
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
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Gupta P, Gupta H, Tripathi S, Poluri KM. Biochemical and metabolomic insights into antifungal mechanism of berberine against Candida glabrata. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6085-6102. [PMID: 37555948 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented expansion of antifungal therapy failure incidences in healthcare settings of Candida glabrata is the matter of global concern that needs to be addressed efficiently and effectively. In this pursuit, the present study has investigated the antifungal mechanism of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid berberine using biochemical, metabolic, and gene expression analysis, with the aim to delineate its therapeutic activity against C. glabrata and differentially fluconazole-responsive clinical isolates. Interestingly, the clinical isolates were found to be highly susceptible to berberine. Berberine was found to control the surface properties like hydrophobicity and charge of the cells. The cell membrane composition was altered by berberine, where the ergosterol and fatty acids were affected. The efflux pump activity was inhibited, and osmotic stress was generated in C. glabrata cells upon berberine exposure. The berberine has also generated oxidative stress and activated antioxidant system in C. glabrata cells. Furthermore, these observations were supported by the transcriptional expression study of C. glabrata cell genes (CDR1, RLM1, SLT2, SUR4, KRE1) and metabolomics analysis. Based on fold change analysis, the study identified 20 differential metabolites upon berberine treatment, which belong to central carbon, amino acids, and nucleotide pathways. The checkerboard analysis revealed the potentiation of some classically used antifungal drugs by berberine, thus suggesting it as a combinatorial nutraceutical adjuvant for the eradication of fungal infections. KEY POINTS: • Berberine exhibited better potency against azole-resistant clinical isolates • Berberine modulated metabolites of different pathways • Berberine generated oxidative stress and blocked efflux pump activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-Roorkee), Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed To Be University), Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hrishikesh Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-Roorkee), Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shweta Tripathi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-Roorkee), Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-Roorkee), Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Rai MN, Rai R, Sethiya P, Parsania C. Transcriptome analysis reveals a common adaptive transcriptional response of Candida glabrata to diverse environmental stresses. Res Microbiol 2023:104073. [PMID: 37100335 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Candida glabrata, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, causes superficial and life-threatening infections in humans. In the host microenvironment, C. glabrata encounters a variety of stresses, and its ability to cope with these stresses is crucial for its pathogenesis. To gain insights into how C. glabrata adapts to adverse environmental conditions, we examined its transcriptional landscape under heat, osmotic, cell wall, oxidative, and genotoxic stresses using RNA sequencing and reveal that C. glabrata displays a diverse transcriptional response involving ∼75% of its genome for adaptation to different environmental stresses. C. glabrata mounts a central common adaptation response wherein ∼25% of all genes (n = 1370) are regulated in a similar fashion at different environmental stresses. Elevated cellular translation and diminished mitochondrial activity-associated transcriptional signature characterize the common adaptation response. Transcriptional regulatory association networks of common adaptation response genes revealed a set of 29 transcription factors acting as potential activators and repressors of associated adaptive response genes. Overall, the current work delineates the adaptive responses of C. glabrata to diverse environmental stresses and reports the existence of a common adaptive transcriptional response upon prolonged exposure to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruti Nandan Rai
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Rikky Rai
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, FL, USA.
| | - Pooja Sethiya
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead 2145 NSW, University of Sydney, Australia.
| | - Chirag Parsania
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Faculty of medicine and health, University of Sydney, Australia.
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Lin CJ, Yang SY, Hsu LH, Yu SJ, Chen YL. The Gcn5-Ada2-Ada3 histone acetyltransferase module has divergent roles in pathogenesis of Candida glabrata. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad004. [PMID: 36715154 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and the second most prevalent species isolated from candidiasis patients. C. glabrata has intrinsic tolerance to antifungal drugs and oxidative stresses and the ability to adhere to mucocutaneous surfaces. However, knowledge about the regulation of its virulence traits is limited. The Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex modulates gene transcription by histone acetylation through the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module comprised of Gcn5-Ada2-Ada3. Previously, we showed that the ada2 mutant was hypervirulent but displayed decreased tolerance to antifungal drugs and cell wall perturbing agents. In this study, we further characterized the functions of Ada3 and Gcn5 in C. glabrata. We found that single, double, or triple deletions of the HAT module, as expected, resulted in a decreased level of acetylation on histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and defective growth. These mutants were more susceptible to antifungal drugs, oxidative stresses, and cell wall perturbing agents compared with the wild-type. In addition, HAT module mutants exhibited enhanced agar invasion and upregulation of adhesin and proteases encoding genes, whereas the biofilm formation of those mutants was impaired. Interestingly, HAT module mutants exhibited enhanced induction of catalases (CTA1) expression upon treatment with H2O2 compared with the wild-type. Lastly, although ada3 and gcn5 exhibited marginal hypervirulence, the HAT double and triple mutants were hypervirulent in a murine model of candidiasis. In conclusion, the HAT module of the SAGA complex plays unique roles in H3K9 acetylation, drug tolerance, oxidative stress response, adherence, and virulence in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, 40227 Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yung Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hang Hsu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Lien Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
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Peng H, Zhang GH, Lu HQ, Kong XW, Zha XD, Wang YZ. A Putative Adhesin-encoding Gene AOL_s00007g5 is involved in the Mycelial Growth and Development of Nematode-trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368382205012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Edlind T, Katiyar S. Intrinsically High Resistance of Candida glabrata to Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Reversal in a Fluconazole-Resistant Mutant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0072122. [PMID: 35916516 PMCID: PMC9487529 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00721-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Edlind
- MicrobiType LLC, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Santosh Katiyar
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Tec1 and Ste12 transcription factors play a role in adaptation to low pH stress and biofilm formation in the human opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 25:789-802. [PMID: 35829973 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells respond to environmental cues through mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Each MAPK cascade is specific to particular stimuli and mediates specialized responses through activation of transcription factors. In the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pheromone-induced mating pathway and the starvation-responsive invasive growth/filamentation pathway generate their distinct outputs through the transcription factors Ste12 and Tec1, respectively. In this study, we report the functional characterization of these transcription factors in the closely related human opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. Two homologues each for S. cerevisiae TEC1 and STE12 were identified in C. glabrata. Both C. glabrata Tec1 proteins contain the N-terminal TEA DNA-binding domain characteristic of the TEA/ATTS transcription factor family. Similarly, the DNA-binding homeodomain shared by members of the highly conserved fungal Ste12 transcription factor family is present in N-terminus of both C. glabrata Ste12 transcription factors. We show that both C. glabrata STE12 genes are at least partial functional orthologues of S. cerevisiae STE12 as they can rescue the mating defect of haploid S. cerevisiae ste12 null mutant. Knockout of one of the STE12 genes (ORF CAGL0H02145g) leads to decreased biofilm development; a stronger biofilm-impaired phenotype results from loss of both CgSTE12 genes in the double deletion mutant (Cgste12ΔΔ). The transcript levels of one of the TEC1 genes (ORF CAGL0M01716g) were found to be upregulated upon exposure to low pH; its deletion causes slightly increased sensitivity to higher concentrations of acetic acid. Heat shock leads to increase in mRNA levels of one of the STE12 genes (ORF CAGL0M01254g). These findings suggest a role of Tec1 and Ste12 transcription factors in the regulation of some traits (biofilm formation, response to low pH stress and elevated temperature) that contribute to C. glabrata's ability to colonize various host niches and to occasionally cause disease.
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Raman Spectroscopy of Oral Candida Species: Molecular-Scale Analyses, Chemometrics, and Barcode Identification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105359. [PMID: 35628169 PMCID: PMC9141024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis, a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity, is mainly caused by the following four Candida species (in decreasing incidence rate): Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. This study offers in-depth Raman spectroscopy analyses of these species and proposes procedures for an accurate and rapid identification of oral yeast species. We first obtained average spectra for different Candida species and systematically analyzed them in order to decode structural differences among species at the molecular scale. Then, we searched for a statistical validation through a chemometric method based on principal component analysis (PCA). This method was found only partially capable to mechanistically distinguish among Candida species. We thus proposed a new Raman barcoding approach based on an algorithm that converts spectrally deconvoluted Raman sub-bands into barcodes. Barcode-assisted Raman analyses could enable on-site identification in nearly real-time, thus implementing preventive oral control, enabling prompt selection of the most effective drug, and increasing the probability to interrupt disease transmission.
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Shantal CJN, Juan CC, Lizbeth BUS, Carlos HGJ, Estela GPB. Candida glabrata is a successful pathogen: an artist manipulating the immune response. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chen M, Cheng T, Xu C, Pan M, Wu J, Wang T, Wu D, Yan G, Wang C, Shao J. Sodium houttuyfonate enhances the mono-therapy of fluconazole on oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) through HIF-1α/IL-17 axis by inhibiting cAMP mediated filamentation in Candida albicans-Candida glabrata dual biofilms. Virulence 2022; 13:428-443. [PMID: 35195502 PMCID: PMC8890385 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2035066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are two common opportunistic fungi that can be co-isolated in oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Hypha is a hallmark of the biofilm formation of C. albicans, indispensable for the attachment of C. glabrata, which is seldom in mycelial morphology. Increasing evidence reveals a hypoxic microenvironment in interior fungal biofilms, reminding of a fact that inflammation is usually accompanied by oxygen deprivation. As a result, it is assumed that the disaggregation of hypha-mediated hypoxia of biofilms might be a solution to alleviate OPC. Based on this hypothesis, sodium houttuyfonate (SH), a well-identified traditional herbal compound with antifungal activity, is used in combination with fluconazole (FLU), a well-informed synthesized antimycotics, to investigate their impact on filamentation in C. albicans and C. glabrata dual biofilms and the underlying mechanism of their combined treatment on OPC. The results show that compared with the single therapy, SH plus FLU can inhibit the hyphal growth in the mixed biofilms in vitro, decrease the fungal burden of oral tissues and internal organs, restore mucosal epithelial integrity and function, and reduce hypoxic microenvironment and inflammation in a mice OPC model. The possible mechanism of the combined therapy of SH plus FLU can be attributed to the regulation of HIF-1α/IL-17A axis through direct abrogation of the dual Candida biofilm formation. This study highlights the role of HIF-1α/IL-17A axis and the promising application of SH as a sensitizer of conventional antifungals in the treatment of OPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Min Pan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Jiadi Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P. R, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Cas Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membrane-less Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.r, China
| | - Guiming Yan
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Changzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China.,Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui P. R, China
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A novel class of Candida glabrata cell wall proteins with β-helix fold mediates adhesion in clinical isolates. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009980. [PMID: 34962966 PMCID: PMC8746771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast frequently causing infections in humans. Though it lacks typical virulence factors such as hyphal development, C. glabrata contains a remarkably large and diverse set of putative wall adhesins that is crucial for its success as pathogen. Here, we present an analysis of putative adhesins from the homology clusters V and VI. First, sequence similarity network analysis revealed relationships between cluster V and VI adhesins and S. cerevisiae haze protective factors (Hpf). Crystal structures of A-regions from cluster VI adhesins Awp1 and Awp3b reveal a parallel right-handed β-helix domain that is linked to a C-terminal β-sandwich. Structure solution of the A-region of Awp3b via single wavelength anomalous diffraction phasing revealed the largest known lanthanide cluster with 21 Gd3+ ions. Awp1-A and Awp3b-A show structural similarity to pectate lyases but binding to neither carbohydrates nor Ca2+ was observed. Phenotypic analysis of awp1Δ, awp3Δ, and awp1,3Δ double mutants did also not confirm their role as adhesins. In contrast, deletion mutants of the cluster V adhesin Awp2 in the hyperadhesive clinical isolate PEU382 demonstrated its importance for adhesion to polystyrene or glass, biofilm formation, cell aggregation and other cell surface-related phenotypes. Together with cluster III and VII adhesins our study shows that C. glabrata CBS138 can rely on a set of 42 Awp1-related adhesins with β-helix/α-crystallin domain architecture for modifying the surface characteristics of its cell wall. Adhesion to host cells and abiotic, often hydrophobic surfaces, e.g. that of medical equipment like catheters, is an indispensable virulence factor for many pathogenic fungi. Among the latter, the yeast Candida glabrata excels by encoding in its genome large sets of surface-exposed cell wall proteins. Here, we show that in the clinical isolate PEU382 of C. glabrata, hyper-adhesiveness to plastics and the tendency to biofilm formation is conferred by a single adhesin, Awp2. An integrative bioinformatic and structural analysis of this and the related Awp1 and Awp3 adhesins unifies four, so far separately assigned Awp clusters—III, V, VI and VII–into one consisting of 42 Awp1-related adhesins. These adhesins commonly present an N-terminal module consisting of a right-handed β-helix and an α-crystallin domain on the yeast surface and use a calcium-independent mode for adhesion. Their sheer number contrasts to the 20 members of the well characterized Epa and 7 members of the Pwp family of surface proteins. Given these findings we suggest that C. glabrata utilizes just two structurally distinct motifs for colonizing different host niches by adhesion: the β-helix/α-crystallin module of Awp1-related adhesins and the C-type lectin PA14-domain for Epa and Pwp proteins.
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Kumari A, Tripathi AH, Gautam P, Gahtori R, Pande A, Singh Y, Madan T, Upadhyay SK. Adhesins in the virulence of opportunistic fungal pathogens of human. Mycology 2021; 12:296-324. [PMID: 34900383 PMCID: PMC8654403 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1934176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis are the most common cause of mycoses-related disease and death among immune-compromised patients. Adhesins are cell-surface exposed proteins or glycoproteins of pathogens that bind to the extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents or mucosal epithelial surfaces of the host cells. The forces of interaction between fungal adhesins and host tissues are accompanied by ligand binding, hydrophobic interactions and protein-protein aggregation. Adherence is the primary and critical step involved in the pathogenesis; however, there is limited information on fungal adhesins compared to that on the bacterial adhesins. Except a few studies based on screening of proteome for adhesin identification, majority are based on characterization of individual adhesins. Recently, based on their characteristic signatures, many putative novel fungal adhesins have been predicted using bioinformatics algorithms. Some of these novel adhesin candidates have been validated by in-vitro studies; though, most of them are yet to be characterised experimentally. Morphotype specific adhesin expression as well as tissue tropism are the crucial determinants for a successful adhesion process. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various studies on fungal adhesins and discusses the targetability of the adhesins and adherence phenomenon, for combating the fungal infection in a preventive or therapeutic mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Ankita H Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Poonam Gautam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rekha Gahtori
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Amit Pande
- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Nainital, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Taruna Madan
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai, India
| | - Santosh K Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
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Willaert RG, Kayacan Y, Devreese B. The Flo Adhesin Family. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111397. [PMID: 34832553 PMCID: PMC8621652 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in the infection of fungal pathogens in humans is the adhesion of the pathogen to host tissue cells or abiotic surfaces such as catheters and implants. One of the main players involved in this are the expressed cell wall adhesins. Here, we review the Flo adhesin family and their involvement in the adhesion of these yeasts during human infections. Firstly, we redefined the Flo adhesin family based on the domain architectures that are present in the Flo adhesins and their functions, and set up a new classification of Flo adhesins. Next, the structure, function, and adhesion mechanisms of the Flo adhesins whose structure has been solved are discussed in detail. Finally, we identified from Pfam database datamining yeasts that could express Flo adhesins and are encountered in human infections and their adhesin architectures. These yeasts are discussed in relation to their adhesion characteristics and involvement in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie G. Willaert
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2629-1846
| | - Yeseren Kayacan
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Devreese
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Gent University (UGent), 9000 Gent, Belgium
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18
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Investigating Candida glabrata Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Mice Using Bioluminescence Imaging. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100844. [PMID: 34682265 PMCID: PMC8538756 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are quite common and mainly caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli. However, when patients have urinary catheters, fungal infections comprise up to 15% of these types of infections. Moreover, fungal UTIs have a high mortality, due to rapid spreading of the fungi to the kidneys. Most fungal UTIs are caused by Candida species, among which Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are the most common. C. glabrata is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast, phylogenetically quite close to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Even though it is commonly isolated from the urinary tract and rapidly acquires resistance to antifungals, its pathogenesis has not been studied extensively in vivo. In vivo studies require high numbers of animals, which can be overcome by the use of non-invasive imaging tools. One such tool, bioluminescence imaging, has been used successfully to study different types of C. albicans infections. For C. glabrata, only biofilms on subcutaneously implanted catheters have been imaged using this tool. In this work, we investigated the progression of C. glabrata UTIs from the bladder to the kidneys and the spleen. Furthermore, we optimized expression of a red-shifted firefly luciferase in C. glabrata for in vivo use. We propose the first animal model using bioluminescence imaging to visualize C. glabrata in mouse tissues. Additionally, this UTI model can be used to monitor antifungal activity in vivo over time.
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19
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Hassan Y, Chew SY, Than LTL. Candida glabrata: Pathogenicity and Resistance Mechanisms for Adaptation and Survival. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080667. [PMID: 34436206 PMCID: PMC8398317 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a yeast of increasing medical relevance, particularly in critically ill patients. It is the second most isolated Candida species associated with invasive candidiasis (IC) behind C. albicans. The attributed higher incidence is primarily due to an increase in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) population, cancer, and diabetic patients. The elderly population and the frequent use of indwelling medical devices are also predisposing factors. This work aimed to review various virulence factors that facilitate the survival of pathogenic C. glabrata in IC. The available published research articles related to the pathogenicity of C. glabrata were retrieved and reviewed from four credible databases, mainly Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus. The articles highlighted many virulence factors associated with pathogenicity in C. glabrata, including adherence to susceptible host surfaces, evading host defences, replicative ageing, and producing hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., phospholipases, proteases, and haemolysins). The factors facilitate infection initiation. Other virulent factors include iron regulation and genetic mutations. Accordingly, biofilm production, tolerance to high-stress environments, resistance to neutrophil killings, and development of resistance to antifungal drugs, notably to fluconazole and other azole derivatives, were reported. The review provided evident pathogenic mechanisms and antifungal resistance associated with C. glabrata in ensuring its sustenance and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaya Hassan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano 700241, Nigeria;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-39769-2373
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20
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Gupta P, Gupta H, Poluri KM. Geraniol eradicates Candida glabrata biofilm by targeting multiple cellular pathways. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5589-5605. [PMID: 34196746 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Global burden of fungal infections and associated health risk has accelerated at an incredible pace and needs to be attended at the earliest with an unbeatable therapeutic intervention. Candida glabrata is clinically the most relevant and least drug susceptible Candida species. In the pursuit of mining alternative novel drug candidates, the antifungal activity of a monoterpene phytoactive molecule geraniol (GR) against C. glabrata biofilm was evaluated. Biofilm inhibitory and eradication ability of GR evaluated against C. glabrata along with its clinical isolates. Impact of GR on various cellular pathways was evaluated to delineate its antifungal mode of action. GR has inhibited both planktonic and sessile growth of all the studied C. glabrata strains and eradicated the mature biofilm. GR reduced the carbohydrate and eDNA content, as well as hydrolytic enzyme activity in extracellular matrix of C. glabrata. The chemical profiling, microscopic, and spectroscopic studies revealed that GR targets chitin and β-glucan in cell wall. Further, results highlighted the reduction of cell membrane ergosterol content, and blocking of ABC drug efflux pump by GR which was also confirmed by RT-PCR where expression of CDR1 and ERG4 was downregulated in GR exposed C. glabrata cells. The fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry results emphasized the alteration in mitochondrial activity, increased Ca+2 uptake, thus changing the membrane permeability ensuing increased cytochrome C release from mitochondria to cytoplasm. Indeed, GR also has arrested cell cycle in G1/S phase and interfered with DNA replication. These observations suggest GR targets multiple cellular pathways and mediated killing of C. glabrata cells via apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study strengthens the candidacy of GR as novel antifungal therapeutic. Key points • GR inhibits growth and eradicates biofilm of C. glabrata and its clinical isolates. • GR inactivates the hydrolytic enzymes in extracellular matrix. • GR mediates C. glabrata apoptosis by interfering with multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Hrishikesh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India. .,Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT-Roorkee), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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21
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Miller R, Harris S, Porter R, Burnett H. Invasive para-aortic Candida glabrata: a multidisciplinary management challenge. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/6/e240710. [PMID: 34140325 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 69-year-old man was admitted with recurrent fungal bloodstream infection on a background of abdominal aneurysm, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Investigations revealed a para-aortic mass, previously thought to be lymphoma, which was culture positive for Candida glabrata on biopsy. Diagnosis and management involved multidisciplinary teamwork, diagnostic uncertainty and significant risk taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Miller
- General Medicine, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Susie Harris
- Geriatrics, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Robert Porter
- Microbiology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
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22
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Gupta S, Gupta P, Pruthi V. Impact of Bacillus licheniformis SV1 Derived Glycolipid on Candida glabrata Biofilm. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1813-1822. [PMID: 33772618 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, we have evaluated the antibiofilm potential of Bacillus licheniformis SV1 derived glycolipid against C. glabrata biofilm. Impact of isolated glycolipid on the viability of C. glabrata and on inhibiting as well as eradicating ability of its biofilm were studied. Further, morphological alterations, reactive oxygen species generation (ROS) production and transcriptional expression of selected genes (RT-PCR) of C. glabrata in response with isolated glycolipid were studied. The isolated glycolipid (1.0 mg ml-1) inhibited and eradicated C. glabrata biofilm approximately 80% and 60%, respectively. FE-SEM images revealed glycolipid exposure results in architectural alteration and eradication of C. glabrata biofilm and ROS generation. Transcriptional studies of selected genes showed that the expression of AUS1, FKS1 and KRE1 were down-regulated, while that of ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and multidrug transporter increased, in the presence of glycolipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, 492001, Chhattisgarh, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Payal Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vikas Pruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Adhesion Properties, Biofilm Forming Potential, and Susceptibility to Disinfectants of Contaminant Wine Yeasts. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030654. [PMID: 33809953 PMCID: PMC8004283 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, yeasts isolated from filter membranes used for the quality control of bottled wines were identified and tested for their resistance to some cleaning agents and potassium metabisulphite, adhesion to polystyrene and stainless-steel surfaces, and formation of a thin round biofilm, referred to as a MAT. A total of 40 strains were identified by rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) restriction analysis and sequence analysis of D1/D2 domain of 26S rRNA gene. Strains belong to Pichia manshurica (12), Pichia kudriavzevii (9), Pichia membranifaciens (1), Candida sojae (6), Candida parapsilosis (3), Candida sonorensis (1), Lodderomyces elongisporus (2), Sporopachydermia lactativora (3), and Clavispora lusitaniae (3) species. Regarding the adhesion properties, differences were observed among species. Yeasts preferred planktonic state when tested on polystyrene plates. On stainless-steel supports, adhered cells reached values of about 6 log CFU/mL. MAT structures were formed only by yeasts belonging to the Pichia genus. Yeast species showed different resistance to sanitizers, with peracetic acid being the most effective and active at low concentrations, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.08% (v/v) to 1% (v/v). C. parapsilosis was the most sensible species. Data could be exploited to develop sustainable strategies to reduce wine contamination and establish tailored sanitizing procedures.
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Xu Z, Green B, Benoit N, Sobel JD, Schatz MC, Wheelan S, Cormack BP. Cell wall protein variation, break-induced replication, and subtelomere dynamics in Candida glabrata. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:260-276. [PMID: 33713372 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic pathogen of humans, responsible for up to 30% of disseminated candidiasis. Adherence of C. glabrata to host cells is mediated by adhesin-like proteins (ALPs), about half of which are encoded in the subtelomeres. We performed a de novo assembly of two C. glabrata strains, BG2 and BG3993, using long single-molecule real-time (SMRT) reads, and constructed high-quality telomere-to-telomere assemblies of all 13 chromosomes to assess differences between C. glabrata strains. We documented variation between strains, and in agreement with earlier studies, found high (~0.5%-1%) frequencies of SNVs across the genome, including within subtelomeric regions. We documented changes in ALP gene structure and complement: there are large length differences in ALP genes in different strains, resulting from copy number variation in tandem repeats. We compared strains to characterize chromosome rearrangement events including within the poorly characterized subtelomeric regions. We show that rearrangements within the subtelomere regions all affect ALP-encoding genes, and 14/16 involve just the most terminal ALP gene. We present evidence that these rearrangements are mediated by break-induced replication. This study highlights the constrained nature of subtelomeric changes impacting ALP gene complement and subtelomere structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuwei Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian Green
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,AgriMetis, Lutherville, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Benoit
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jack D Sobel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael C Schatz
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Wheelan
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brendan P Cormack
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gamal A, Chu S, McCormick TS, Borroto-Esoda K, Angulo D, Ghannoum MA. Ibrexafungerp, a Novel Oral Triterpenoid Antifungal in Development: Overview of Antifungal Activity Against Candida glabrata. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:642358. [PMID: 33791244 PMCID: PMC8006402 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.642358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic infections caused by Candida species are an important cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised and non-immunocompromised patients. In particular, Candida glabrata is an emerging species within the Candida family that causes infections ranging from superficial to life-threatening systemic disease. Echinocandins and azoles are typically the first-line therapies used to treat infections caused by C. glabrata, however, there is an increasing prevalence of resistance to these antifungal agents in patients. Thus, a need exists for novel therapies that demonstrate high efficacy against C. glabrata. Ibrexafungerp is a first-in-class glucan synthase inhibitor with oral availability developed to address this increasing antifungal resistance. Ibrexafungerp demonstrates broad in vitro activity against wild-type, azole-resistant, and echinocandin-resistant C. glabrata species. Furthermore, ibrexafungerp has shown efficacy in low pH environments, which suggests its potential effectiveness in treating vulvovaginal candidiasis. Additional preclinical and clinical studies are needed to further examine the mechanism(s) of ibrexafungerp, including acting as a promising new agent for treating C. glabrata infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gamal
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sherman Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Northwest (COMP), Lebanon, OR, United States
| | - Thomas S McCormick
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | | | - Mahmoud A Ghannoum
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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26
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Gilroy C, Raab O, Hanna P. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:161-164. [PMID: 32597735 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Valand N, Girija UV. Candida Pathogenicity and Interplay with the Immune System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:241-272. [PMID: 34661898 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida species are opportunistic fungal pathogens that are part of the normal skin and mucosal microflora. Overgrowth of Candida can cause infections such as thrush or life-threatening invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Though Candida albicans is highly prevalent, several non-albicans species are also isolated from nosocomial infections. Candida sp. are over presented in the gut of people with Crohn's disease and certain types of neurological disorders, with hyphal form and biofilms being the most virulent states. In addition, Candida uses several secreted and cell surface molecules such as pH related antigen 1, High affinity glucose transporter, Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 and lipases to establish pathogenicity. A strong innate immune response is elicited against Candida via dendritic cells, neutrophils and macrophages. All three complement pathways are also activated. Production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-12 signal differentiation of CD4+ cells into Th1 and Th2 cells, whereas IL-6, IL-17 and IL-23 induce Th17 cells. Importance of T-lymphocytes is reflected in depleted T-cell count patients being more prone to Candidiasis. Anti- Candida antibodies also play a role against candidiasis using various mechanisms such as targeting virulent enzymes and exhibiting direct candidacidal activity. However, the significance of antibody response during infection remains controversial. Furthermore, some of the Candida strains have evolved molecular strategies to evade the sophisticated host attack by proteolysis of components of immune system and interfering with immune signalling pathways. Emergence of several non-albicans species that are resistant to current antifungal agents makes treatment more difficult. Therefore, deeper insight into interactions between Candida and the host immune system is required for discovery of novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Valand
- Leicester School of Allied Health and Life sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Umakhanth Venkatraman Girija
- Leicester School of Allied Health and Life sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
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28
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Gupta P, Pruthi V, Poluri KM. Mechanistic insights into Candida biofilm eradication potential of eucalyptol. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 131:105-123. [PMID: 33226719 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Candida-associated fungal infections are prevalent in hospitalized and immune-compromised patients. Their biofilm architecture and high rate of antifungal resistance make treatment challenging. Eucalyptol (EPTL), a monoterpene majorly present in the essential oil of eucalyptus is well known for curing respiratory infections. Hence, the present study investigated the anti-biofilm efficacy of EPTL against the laboratory strains and clinical isolates of Candida to delineate its mode of action. METHODS The effect of EPTL on the viability, biofilm formation, and mature biofilm of Candida strains was studied. Furthermore, its effect on cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ROS generation, germ tube formation, ergosterol content and transcriptional expression of selected genes was also investigated. RESULTS EPTL exhibited anti-biofilm activity against mature and developing biofilm of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata along with their clinical isolates. The biochemical components and enzyme activity were differentially modulated in EPTL-treated biofilm extracellular matrix. EPTL generated ROS and arrested cell cycle at the G1 /S phase in both the species, while altered MMP was recorded in C. glabrata. Transcriptional analysis evidenced for differential gene expression of selected ABC transporters, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and cell wall biogenesis in C. albicans/C. glabrata upon treating with EPTL. CONCLUSION The current data on anti-biofilm activity of EPTL establish its candidacy for drug development or as an adjuvant with existing antifungal formulations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Present investigation elucidates the mode of action of Eucalyptol as antifungal agent and would stand as a candidate for management of topical fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - V Pruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - K M Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.,Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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29
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Huang Y, Fujii K, Chen X, Iwatani S, Chibana H, Kojima S, Kajiwara S. Fungal NOX is an essential factor for induction of TG2 in human hepatocytes. Med Mycol 2020; 58:679-689. [PMID: 31642483 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and Candida glabrata enhance cellular transglutaminase 2 (TG2) activity levels in co-cultured human hepatic cells in a ROS-mediated manner. Deletion of NOX1 (CgNOX1) in C. glabrata blocks the ability of C. glabrata to induce TG2 activity. Here, we investigated whether Nox proteins from C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are related with induction of TG2 activity in hepatic cells. C. albicans CFL11 (CaCFL11) was identified as a key factor in this fungus for hepatic TG2 induction in the co-cultures. The cfl11 mutant of C. albicans did not induce TG2 activity in hepatocytes. In addition, overexpression of YNO1, a homolog of CgNOX1, in S. cerevisiae led to induction of ROS generation and TG2 activity in hepatic cells in co-incubation experiments. These findings indicated that a fungal Nox plays a role in enhancing TG2 activity in human hepatocytes and leads to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujii
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Xinyue Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Saitama, Japan
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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Multicopper Oxidases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Human Pathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020056. [PMID: 32349384 PMCID: PMC7345259 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are produced by microscopic and macroscopic fungal species and are involved in various physiological processes such as morphogenesis, lignin degradation, and defense mechanisms to stress inducing environmental conditions as well as fungal virulence. This review will summarize our current understanding regarding the functions of MCOs present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in different human fungal pathogens. Of the two main MCO groups, the first group of MCOs is involved in iron homoeostasis and the second includes laccases. This review will also discuss their role in the pathogenesis of human fungal pathogens.
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Lodens S, Roelants SLKW, Luyten G, Geys R, Coussement P, De Maeseneire SL, Soetaert W. Unraveling the regulation of sophorolipid biosynthesis in Starmerella bombicola. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5824630. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTStarmerella bombicola very efficiently produces the secondary metabolites sophorolipids (SLs). Their biosynthesis is not-growth associated and highly upregulated in the stationary phase. Despite high industrial and academic interest, the underlying regulation of SL biosynthesis remains unknown. In this paper, potential regulation of SL biosynthesis through the telomere positioning effect (TPE) was investigated, as the SL gene cluster is located adjacent to a telomere. An additional copy of this gene cluster was introduced elsewhere in the genome to investigate if this results in a decoy of regulation. Indeed, for the new strain, the onset of SL production was shifted to the exponential phase. This result was confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. The TPE effect was further investigated by developing and applying a suitable reporter system for this non-conventional yeast, enabling non-biased comparison of gene expression between the subtelomeric CYP52M1- and the URA3 locus. This was done with a constitutive endogenous promotor (pGAPD) and one of the endogenous promotors of the SL biosynthetic gene cluster (pCYP52M1). A clear positioning effect was observed for both promotors with significantly higher GFP expression levels at the URA3 locus. No clear GFP upregulation was observed in the stationary phase for any of the new strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lodens
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie L K W Roelants
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Goedele Luyten
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robin Geys
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Coussement
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie L De Maeseneire
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Soetaert
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis (InBio.be), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Sprenger M, Hartung TS, Allert S, Wisgott S, Niemiec MJ, Graf K, Jacobsen ID, Kasper L, Hube B. Fungal biotin homeostasis is essential for immune evasion after macrophage phagocytosis and virulence. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13197. [PMID: 32083801 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biotin is an important cofactor for multiple enzymes in central metabolic processes. While many bacteria and most fungi are able to synthesise biotin de novo, Candida spp. are auxotrophic for this vitamin and thus require efficient uptake systems to facilitate biotin acquisition during infection. Here we show that Candida glabrata and Candida albicans use a largely conserved system for biotin uptake and regulation, consisting of the high-affinity biotin transporter Vht1 and the transcription factor Vhr1. Both species induce expression of biotin-metabolic genes upon in vitro biotin depletion and following phagocytosis by macrophages, indicating low biotin levels in the Candida-containing phagosome. In line with this, we observed reduced intracellular proliferation of both Candida cells pre-starved of biotin and deletion mutants lacking VHR1 or VHT1 genes. VHT1 was essential for the full virulence of C. albicans during systemic mouse infections, and the lack of VHT1 led to reduced fungal burden in C. glabrata-infected brains and C. albicans-infected brains and kidneys. Together, our data suggest a critical role of Vht1-mediated biotin acquisition for C. glabrata and C. albicans during intracellular growth in macrophages and systemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Sprenger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Teresa S Hartung
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Allert
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wisgott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Maria J Niemiec
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Graf
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Sahu MS, Patra S, Kumar K, Kaur R. SUMOylation in Human Pathogenic Fungi: Role in Physiology and Virulence. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E32. [PMID: 32143470 PMCID: PMC7096222 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) protein is an important component of the post-translational protein modification systems in eukaryotic cells. It is known to modify hundreds of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes, ranging from nuclear pore dynamics to signal transduction pathways. Owing to its reversible nature, the SUMO-conjugation of proteins (SUMOylation) holds a prominent place among mechanisms that regulate the functions of a wide array of cellular proteins. The dysfunctional SUMOylation system has been associated with many human diseases, including neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders. Furthermore, the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has served as an excellent model to advance our understanding of enzymes involved in SUMOylation and proteins modified by SUMOylation. Taking advantage of the tools and knowledge obtained from the S. cerevisiae SUMOylation system, research on fungal SUMOylation is beginning to gather pace, and new insights into the role of SUMOylation in the pathobiology of medically important fungi are emerging. Here, we summarize the known information on components of the SUMOylation machinery, and consequences of overexpression or deletion of these components in the human pathogenic fungi, with major focus on two prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogens, C. albicans and C. glabrata. Additionally, we have identified SUMOylation components, through in silico analysis, in four medically relevant fungi, and compared their sequence similarity with S. cerevisiae counterparts. SUMOylation modulates the virulence of C. albicans and C. glabrata, while it is required for conidia production in Aspergillus nidulans and A. flavus. In addition to highlighting these recent developments, we discuss how SUMOylation fine tunes the expression of virulence factors, and influences survival of fungal cells under diverse stresses in vitro and in the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sagar Sahu
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India; (M.S.S.); (S.P.); (K.K.)
- Graduate studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Sandip Patra
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India; (M.S.S.); (S.P.); (K.K.)
- Graduate studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India; (M.S.S.); (S.P.); (K.K.)
- Graduate studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Laboratory of Fungal Pathogenesis, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad 500039, Telangana, India; (M.S.S.); (S.P.); (K.K.)
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Glucose, Cyc8p and Tup1p regulate biofilm formation and dispersal in wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:7. [PMID: 32054862 PMCID: PMC7018694 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-0118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a mainly beneficial yeast, widely used in the food industry. However, there is growing evidence of its potential pathogenicity, leading to fungemia and invasive infections. The medical impact of yeast pathogens depends on formation of biofilms: multicellular structures, protected from the environment. Cell adhesion is a prerequisite of biofilm formation. We investigated the adherence of wild and genetically modified S. cerevisiae strains, formation of solid-liquid interface biofilms and associated regulation. Planktonic and static cells of wild strain BRF adhered and formed biofilms in glucose-free medium. Tup1p and Cyc8p were key positive and negative regulators, respectively. Glucose caused increased Cyc8p levels and blocked cell adhesion. Even low glucose levels, comparable with levels in the blood, allowed biofilm dispersal and release of planktonic cells. Cyc8p could thus modulate cell adhesion in different niches, dependently on environmental glucose level, e.g., high-glucose blood versus low-glucose tissues in host organisms.
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35
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Kipanga PN, Liu M, Panda SK, Mai AH, Veryser C, Van Puyvelde L, De Borggraeve WM, Van Dijck P, Matasyoh J, Luyten W. Biofilm inhibiting properties of compounds from the leaves of Warburgia ugandensis Sprague subsp ugandensis against Candida and staphylococcal biofilms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112352. [PMID: 31676401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Warburgia ugandensis Sprague subspecies ugandensis is a plant widely distributed in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. In humans, it is used to treat respiratory infections, tooth aches, malaria, skin infections, venereal diseases, diarrhea, fevers and aches. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds against clinically important biofilm-forming strains of Candida and staphylococci that are responsible for tissue and implanted device-related infections. METHODS Using a bioassay-guided fractionation approach, hexane -, ethanol -, acetone - and water extracts from the leaves of W. ugandensis, their subsequent fractions and isolated compounds were tested against both developing and preformed 24 h-biofilms of Candida albicans SC5314, Candida glabrata BG2, Candida glabrata ATCC 2001, Staphylococcus epidermidis 1457 and Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 using microtiter susceptibility tests. Planktonic cells were also tested in parallel for comparison purposes. Confocal scanning laser microscopy was also used to visualize effects of isolated compounds on biofilm formation. RESULTS Warburganal, polygodial and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) were the major bioactive compounds isolated from the acetone extract of W. ugandensis. For both warburganal and polygodial, the biofilm inhibitory concentration that inhibits 50% of C. albicans developing biofilms (BIC50) was 4.5 ± 1 and 10.8 ± 5 μg/mL respectively. Against S. aureus developing biofilms, this value was 37.9 ± 8 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL with warburganal and ALA respectively. Eradication of preformed 24 h biofilms was also observed. Interestingly, synergy between the sesquiterpenoids and azoles against developing C. albicans biofilms resulted in an approximately ten-fold decrease of the effective concentration required to completely inhibit growth of the biofilms by individual compounds. The hydroxyl group in position C-9 in warburganal was identified as essential for activity against staphylococcal biofilms. We also identified additional promising bioactive sesquiterpenoids; drimenol and drimendiol from the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. CONCLUSIONS ALA and four sesquiterpenoids: polygodial, warburganal, drimenol and drimendiol, have shown biofilm-inhibitory activity that has not been reported before and is worth following up. These compounds are potential drug candidates to manage biofilm-based infections, possibly in combination with azoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purity N Kipanga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maoxuan Liu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sujogya K Panda
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anh Hung Mai
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cedrick Veryser
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design and Synthesis, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Puyvelde
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Walter Luyten
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Division, KU Leuven, Belgium
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Vance TDR, Guo S, Assaie-Ardakany S, Conroy B, Davies PL. Structure and functional analysis of a bacterial adhesin sugar-binding domain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220045. [PMID: 31335890 PMCID: PMC6650083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesins attach their hosts to surfaces through one or more ligand-binding domains. In RTX adhesins, which are localized to the outer membrane of many Gram-negative bacteria via the type I secretion system, we see several examples of a putative sugar-binding domain. Here we have recombinantly expressed one such ~20-kDa domain from the ~340-kDa adhesin found in Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, an oil-degrading bacterium. The sugar-binding domain was purified from E. coli with a yield of 100 mg/L of culture. Circular dichroism analysis showed that the protein was rich in beta-structure, was moderately heat resistant, and required Ca2+ for proper folding. A crystal structure was obtained in Ca2+ at 1.2-Å resolution, which showed the presence of three Ca2+ ions, two of which were needed for structural integrity and one for binding sugars. Glucose was soaked into the crystal, where it bound to the sugar's two vicinal hydroxyl groups attached to the first and second (C1 and C2) carbons in the pyranose ring. This attraction to glucose caused the protein to bind certain polysaccharide-based column matrices and was used in a simple competitive binding assay to assess the relative affinity of sugars for the protein's ligand-binding site. Fucose, glucose and N-acetylglucosamine bound most tightly, and N-acetylgalactosamine hardly bound at all. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to determine specific binding affinities, which lie in the 100-μM range. Glycan arrays were tested to expand the range of ligand sugars assayed, and showed that MhPA14 bound preferentially to branched polymers containing terminal sugars highlighted as strong binders in the competitive binding assay. Some of these binders have vicinal hydroxyl groups attached to the C3 and C4 carbons that are sterically equivalent to those presented by the C1 and C2 carbons of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D. R. Vance
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shuaiqi Guo
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Assaie-Ardakany
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brigid Conroy
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter L. Davies
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Galocha M, Pais P, Cavalheiro M, Pereira D, Viana R, Teixeira MC. Divergent Approaches to Virulence in C. albicans and C. glabrata: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2345. [PMID: 31083555 PMCID: PMC6539081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans and Candida glabrata are the two most prevalent etiologic agents of candidiasis worldwide. Although both are recognized as pathogenic, their choice of virulence traits is highly divergent. Indeed, it appears that these different approaches to fungal virulence may be equally successful in causing human candidiasis. In this review, the virulence mechanisms employed by C. albicans and C. glabrata are analyzed, with emphasis on the differences between the two systems. Pathogenesis features considered in this paper include dimorphic growth, secreted enzymes and signaling molecules, and stress resistance mechanisms. The consequences of these traits in tissue invasion, biofilm formation, immune system evasion, and macrophage escape, in a species dependent manner, are discussed. This review highlights the observation that C. albicans and C. glabrata follow different paths leading to a similar outcome. It also highlights the lack of knowledge on some of the specific mechanisms underlying C. glabrata pathogenesis, which deserve future scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Diana Pereira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Romeu Viana
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Biological Sciences Research Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Devaux F, Thiébaut A. The regulation of iron homeostasis in the fungal human pathogen Candida glabrata. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:1041-1060. [PMID: 31050635 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element to most microorganisms, yet an excess of iron is toxic. Hence, living cells have to maintain a tight balance between iron uptake and iron consumption and storage. The control of intracellular iron concentrations is particularly challenging for pathogens because mammalian organisms have evolved sophisticated high-affinity systems to sequester iron from microbes and because iron availability fluctuates among the different host niches. In this review, we present the current understanding of iron homeostasis and its regulation in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. This yeast is an emerging pathogen which has become the second leading cause of candidemia, a life-threatening invasive mycosis. C. glabrata is relatively poorly studied compared to the closely related model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or to the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Still, several research groups have started to identify the actors of C. glabrata iron homeostasis and its transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. These studies have revealed interesting particularities of C. glabrata and have shed new light on the evolution of fungal iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Devaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Antonin Thiébaut
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology, F-75005, Paris, France
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Potocki L, Depciuch J, Kuna E, Worek M, Lewinska A, Wnuk M. FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy-Based Biochemical Profiling Reflects Genomic Diversity of Clinical Candida Isolates That May Be Useful for Diagnosis and Targeted Therapy of Candidiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040988. [PMID: 30823514 PMCID: PMC6412866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that Candida albicans is documented to be the main cause of human candidiasis, non-C. albicans Candida (NCAC) species, such as Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis, are also suggested to be implicated in the etiopathogenesis of opportunistic fungal infections. As biology, epidemiology, pathogenicity, and antifungal resistance of NCAC species may be affected as a result of genomic diversity and plasticity, rapid and unambiguous identification of Candida species in clinical samples is essential for proper diagnosis and therapy. In the present study, 25 clinical isolates of C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis species were characterized in terms of their karyotype patterns, DNA content, and biochemical features. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra- and Raman spectra-based molecular fingerprints corresponded to the diversity of chromosomal traits and DNA levels that provided correct species identification. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy was documented to be useful for the evaluation of ergosterol content that may be associated with azole resistance. Taken together, we found that vibrational spectroscopy-based biochemical profiling reflects the variability of chromosome patterns and DNA content of clinical Candida species isolates and may facilitate the diagnosis and targeted therapy of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Potocki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Depciuch
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Kuna
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Worek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Anna Lewinska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland.
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Candida glabrata: A Lot More Than Meets the Eye. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7020039. [PMID: 30704135 PMCID: PMC6407134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes superficial mucosal and life-threatening bloodstream infections in individuals with a compromised immune system. Evolutionarily, it is closer to the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to the most prevalent Candida bloodstream pathogen, C. albicans. C. glabrata is a haploid budding yeast that predominantly reproduces clonally. In this review, we summarize interactions of C. glabrata with the host immune, epithelial and endothelial cells, and the ingenious strategies it deploys to acquire iron and phosphate from the external environment. We outline various attributes including cell surface-associated adhesins and aspartyl proteases, biofilm formation and stress response mechanisms, that contribute to the virulence of C. glabrata. We further discuss how, C. glabrata, despite lacking morphological switching and secreted proteolytic activity, is able to disarm macrophage, dampen the host inflammatory immune response and replicate intracellularly.
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41
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Performance of Candida albicans germ tube antibodies (CAGTA) and its association with (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) for diagnosis daof invasive candidiasis (IC). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 93:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pais P, Galocha M, Teixeira MC. Genome-Wide Response to Drugs and Stress in the Pathogenic Yeast Candida glabrata. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 58:155-193. [PMID: 30911893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13035-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second most common cause of candidemia worldwide and its prevalence has continuously increased over the last decades. C. glabrata infections are especially worrisome in immunocompromised patients, resulting in serious systemic infections, associated to high mortality rates. Intrinsic resistance to azole antifungals, widely used drugs in the clinical setting, and the ability to efficiently colonize the human host and medical devices, withstanding stress imposed by the immune system, are thought to underlie the emergence of C. glabrata. There is a clear clinical need to understand drug and stress resistance in C. glabrata. The increasing prevalence of multidrug resistant isolates needs to be addressed in order to overcome the decrease of viable therapeutic strategies and find new therapeutic targets. Likewise, the understanding of the mechanisms underlying its impressive ability thrive under oxidative, nitrosative, acidic and metabolic stresses, is crucial to design drugs that target these pathogenesis features. The study of the underlying mechanisms that translate C. glabrata plasticity and its competence to evade the immune system, as well as survive host stresses to establish infection, will benefit from extensive scrutiny. This chapter provides a review on the contribution of genome-wide studies to uncover clinically relevant drug resistance and stress response mechanisms in the human pathogenic yeast C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mónica Galocha
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cacho Teixeira
- Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences (iBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Going with the Flo: The Role of Flo11-Dependent and Independent Interactions in Yeast Mat Formation. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040132. [PMID: 30544497 PMCID: PMC6308949 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of the bakers’ yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are able to generate a multicellular structure called a mat on low percentage (0.3%) agar plates are given a selective advantage over strains that cannot exhibit this phenotype. This environment may exhibit some similarities to the rotting fruit on which S. cerevisiae often grows in nature. Mat formation occurs when the cells spread over the plate as they grow, and cells in the center of the biofilm aggregate to form multicellular structures that resemble a floral pattern. This multicellular behavior is dependent on the cell surface flocculin Flo11. This review covers recent information on the structure of Flo11 and how this likely impacts mat formation as well as how variegated expression of Flo11 influences mat formation. Finally, it also discusses several Flo11-independent genetic factors that control mat formation, such as vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes, cell wall signaling components, and heat shock proteins.
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Brejová B, Lichancová H, Brázdovič F, Hegedűsová E, Forgáčová Jakúbková M, Hodorová V, Džugasová V, Baláž A, Zeiselová L, Cillingová A, Neboháčová M, Raclavský V, Tomáška Ľ, Lang BF, Vinař T, Nosek J. Genome sequence of the opportunistic human pathogen Magnusiomyces capitatus. Curr Genet 2018; 65:539-560. [PMID: 30456648 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-018-0904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Magnusiomyces capitatus is an opportunistic human pathogen causing rare yet severe infections, especially in patients with hematological malignancies. Here, we report the 20.2 megabase genome sequence of an environmental strain of this species as well as the genome sequences of eight additional isolates from human and animal sources providing an insight into intraspecies variation. The distribution of single-nucleotide variants is indicative of genetic recombination events, supporting evidence for sexual reproduction in this heterothallic yeast. Using RNAseq-aided annotation, we identified genes for 6518 proteins including several expanded families such as kexin proteases and Hsp70 molecular chaperones. Several of these families are potentially associated with the ability of M. capitatus to infect and colonize humans. For the purpose of comparative analysis, we also determined the genome sequence of a closely related yeast, Magnusiomyces ingens. The genome sequences of M. capitatus and M. ingens exhibit many distinct features and represent a basis for further comparative and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronislava Brejová
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Hana Lichancová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Filip Brázdovič
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Hegedűsová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Viktória Hodorová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Džugasová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Baláž
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Zeiselová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Cillingová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Neboháčová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladislav Raclavský
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubomír Tomáška
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - B Franz Lang
- Robert Cedergren Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomáš Vinař
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics, and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Nosek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Isolation of Different Species of Candida in Patients with Vulvovaginal Candidiasis from Damavand, Iran. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.59291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Kumari S, Kumar M, Khandelwal NK, Kumari P, Varma M, Vishwakarma P, Shahi G, Sharma S, Lynn AM, Prasad R, Gaur NA. ABC transportome inventory of human pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata: Phylogenetic and expression analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202993. [PMID: 30153284 PMCID: PMC6112666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) is one of the two major superfamilies of transporters present across the evolutionary scale. ABC superfamily members came to prominence due to their ability to extrude broad spectrum of substrates and to confer multi drug resistance (MDR). Overexpression of some ABC transporters in clinical isolates of Candida species was attributed to the development of MDR phenotypes. Among Candida species, Candida glabrata is an emerging drug resistant species in human fungal infections. A comprehensive analysis of such proteins in C. glabrata is required to untangle their role not only in MDR but also in other biological processes. Bioinformatic analysis of proteins encoded by genome of human pathogenic yeast C. glabrata identified 25 putative ABC protein coding genes. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, domain organization and nomenclature adopted by the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) scheme, these proteins were categorized into six subfamilies such as Pleiotropic Drug Resistance (PDR)/ABCG, Multi Drug Resistance (MDR)/ABCB, Multi Drug Resistance associated Protein (MRP)/ABCC, Adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDp)/ABCD, RNase L Inhibitor (RLI)/ABCE and Elongation Factor 3 (EF3)/ABCF. Among these, only 18 ABC proteins contained transmembrane domains (TMDs) and were grouped as membrane proteins, predominantly belonging to PDR, MDR, MRP, and ALDp subfamilies. A comparative phylogenetic analysis of these ABC proteins with other yeast species revealed their orthologous relationship and pointed towards their conserved functions. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of putative membrane localized ABC protein encoding genes of C. glabrata confirmed their basal expression and showed variable transcriptional response towards antimycotic drugs. This study presents first comprehensive overview of ABC superfamily proteins of a human fungal pathogen C. glabrata, which is expected to provide an important platform for in depth analysis of their physiological relevance in cellular processes and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Khandelwal
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Priya Kumari
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahendra Varma
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Poonam Vishwakarma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Shahi
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Suman Sharma
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Andrew M. Lynn
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Science and Health, Amity University Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Naseem A. Gaur
- Yeast Biofuel Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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López-Fuentes E, Gutiérrez-Escobedo G, Timmermans B, Van Dijck P, De Las Peñas A, Castaño I. Candida glabrata's Genome Plasticity Confers a Unique Pattern of Expressed Cell Wall Proteins. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020067. [PMID: 29874814 PMCID: PMC6023349 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second most common cause of candidemia, and its ability to adhere to different host cell types, to microorganisms, and to medical devices are important virulence factors. Here, we consider three characteristics that confer extraordinary advantages to C. glabrata within the host. (1) C. glabrata has a large number of genes encoding for adhesins most of which are localized at subtelomeric regions. The number and sequence of these genes varies substantially depending on the strain, indicating that C. glabrata can tolerate high genomic plasticity; (2) The largest family of CWPs (cell wall proteins) is the EPA (epithelial adhesin) family of adhesins. Epa1 is the major adhesin and mediates adherence to epithelial, endothelial and immune cells. Several layers of regulation like subtelomeric silencing, cis-acting regulatory regions, activators, nutritional signaling, and stress conditions tightly regulate the expression of many adhesin-encoding genes in C. glabrata, while many others are not expressed. Importantly, there is a connection between acquired resistance to xenobiotics and increased adherence; (3) Other subfamilies of adhesins mediate adherence to Candida albicans, allowing C. glabrata to efficiently invade the oral epithelium and form robust biofilms. It is noteworthy that every C. glabrata strain analyzed presents a unique pattern of CWPs at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice López-Fuentes
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Escobedo
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico.
| | - Bea Timmermans
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 bus 2438, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31 bus 2438, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Alejandro De Las Peñas
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico.
| | - Irene Castaño
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (IPICYT), División de Biología Molecular, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, San Luis Potosí, SLP 78216, Mexico.
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48
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Kounatidis I, Ames L, Mistry R, Ho HL, Haynes K, Ligoxygakis P. A Host-Pathogen Interaction Screen Identifies ada2 as a Mediator of Candida glabrata Defenses Against Reactive Oxygen Species. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:1637-1647. [PMID: 29535147 PMCID: PMC5940155 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata (C. glabrata) forms part of the normal human gut microbiota but can cause life-threatening invasive infections in immune-compromised individuals. C. glabrata displays high resistance to common azole antifungals, which necessitates new treatments. In this investigation, we identified five C. glabrata deletion mutants (∆ada2, ∆bas1, ∆hir3, ∆ino2 and ∆met31) from a library of 196 transcription factor mutants that were unable to grow and activate an immune response in Drosophila larvae. This highlighted the importance of these transcription factors in C. glabrata infectivity. Further ex vivo investigation into these mutants revealed the requirement of C. glabrata ADA2 for oxidative stress tolerance. We confirmed this observation in vivo whereby growth of the C. glabrata Δada2 strain was permitted only in flies with suppressed production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Conversely, overexpression of ADA2 promoted C. glabrata replication in infected wild type larvae resulting in larval killing. We propose that ADA2 orchestrates the response of C. glabrata against ROS-mediated immune defenses during infection. With the need to find alternative antifungal treatment for C. glabrata infections, genes required for survival in the host environment, such as ADA2, provide promising potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kounatidis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Lauren Ames
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rupal Mistry
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
| | - Hsueh-Lui Ho
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ken Haynes
- Exeter Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Cell Biology, Development and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QU UK
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Dunn MJ, Kinney GM, Washington PM, Berman J, Anderson MZ. Functional diversification accompanies gene family expansion of MED2 homologs in Candida albicans. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007326. [PMID: 29630599 PMCID: PMC5908203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene duplication facilitates functional diversification and provides greater phenotypic flexibility to an organism. Expanded gene families arise through repeated gene duplication but the extent of functional divergence that accompanies each paralogous gene is generally unexplored because of the difficulty in isolating the effects of single family members. The telomere-associated (TLO) gene family is a remarkable example of gene family expansion, with 14 members in the more pathogenic Candida albicans relative to two TLO genes in the closely-related species C. dubliniensis. TLO genes encode interchangeable Med2 subunits of the major transcriptional regulatory complex Mediator. To identify biological functions associated with each C. albicans TLO, expression of individual family members was regulated using a Tet-ON system and the strains were assessed across a range of phenotypes involved in growth and virulence traits. All TLOs affected multiple phenotypes and a single phenotype was often affected by multiple TLOs, including simple phenotypes such as cell aggregation and complex phenotypes such as virulence in a Galleria mellonella model of infection. No phenotype was regulated by all TLOs, suggesting neofunctionalization or subfunctionalization of ancestral properties among different family members. Importantly, regulation of three phenotypes could be mapped to individual polymorphic sites among the TLO genes, including an indel correlated with two phenotypes, growth in sucrose and macrophage killing. Different selective pressures have operated on the TLO sequence, with the 5’ conserved Med2 domain experiencing purifying selection and the gene/clade-specific 3’ end undergoing extensive positive selection that may contribute to the impact of individual TLOs on phenotypic variability. Therefore, expansion of the TLO gene family has conferred unique regulatory properties to each paralog such that it influences a range of phenotypes. We posit that the genetic diversity associated with this expansion contributed to C. albicans success as a commensal and opportunistic pathogen. Gene duplication is a rapid mechanism to generate additional sequences for natural selection to act upon and confer greater organismal fitness. If additional copies of the gene are beneficial, this process may be repeated to produce an expanded gene family containing many copies of related sequences. Following duplication, individual gene family members may retain functions of the ancestral gene or acquire new functions through mutation. How functional diversification accompanies expansion into large gene families remains largely unexplored due to the difficulty in assessing individual genes in the presence of the remaining family members. Here, we addressed this question using an inducible promoter to regulate expression of individual genes of the TLO gene family in the commensal yeast and opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans, which encode components of a major transcriptional regulator. Induced expression of individual TLOs affected a wide range of phenotypes such that significant functional overlap occurred among TLO genes and most phenotypes were affected by more than one TLO. Induced expression of individual TLOs did not produce massive phenotypic effects in most cases, suggesting that functional overlap among TLO genes may buffer new mutations that arise. Specific sequence variants among the TLO genes correlated with certain phenotypes and these sequence variants did not necessarily correlate with sequence similarity across the entire gene. Therefore, individual TLO family members evolved specific functional roles following duplication that likely reflect a combination of inherited function and new mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Dunn
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Griffin M. Kinney
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Pamela M. Washington
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Judith Berman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthew Z. Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dominguez E, Zarnowski R, Sanchez H, Covelli AS, Westler WM, Azadi P, Nett J, Mitchell AP, Andes DR. Conservation and Divergence in the Candida Species Biofilm Matrix Mannan-Glucan Complex Structure, Function, and Genetic Control. mBio 2018; 9:e00451-18. [PMID: 29615504 PMCID: PMC5885036 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00451-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida biofilms resist the effects of available antifungal therapies. Prior studies with Candida albicans biofilms show that an extracellular matrix mannan-glucan complex (MGCx) contributes to antifungal sequestration, leading to drug resistance. Here we implement biochemical, pharmacological, and genetic approaches to explore a similar mechanism of resistance for the three most common clinically encountered non-albicansCandida species (NAC). Our findings reveal that each Candida species biofilm synthesizes a mannan-glucan complex and that the antifungal-protective function of this complex is conserved. Structural similarities extended primarily to the polysaccharide backbone (α-1,6-mannan and β-1,6-glucan). Surprisingly, biochemical analysis uncovered stark differences in the branching side chains of the MGCx among the species. Consistent with the structural analysis, similarities in the genetic control of MGCx production for each Candida species also appeared limited to the synthesis of the polysaccharide backbone. Each species appears to employ a unique subset of modification enzymes for MGCx synthesis, likely accounting for the observed side chain diversity. Our results argue for the conservation of matrix function among Candida spp. While biogenesis is preserved at the level of the mannan-glucan complex backbone, divergence emerges for construction of branching side chains. Thus, the MGCx backbone represents an ideal drug target for effective pan-Candida species biofilm therapy.IMPORTANCECandida species, the most common fungal pathogens, frequently grow as a biofilm. These adherent communities tolerate extremely high concentrations of antifungal agents, due in large part, to a protective extracellular matrix. The present studies define the structural, functional, and genetic similarities and differences in the biofilm matrix from the four most common Candida species. Each species synthesizes an extracellular mannan-glucan complex (MGCx) which contributes to sequestration of antifungal drug, shielding the fungus from this external assault. Synthesis of a common polysaccharide backbone appears conserved. However, subtle structural differences in the branching side chains likely rely upon unique modification enzymes, which are species specific. Our findings identify MGCx backbone synthesis as a potential pan-Candida biofilm therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Dominguez
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert Zarnowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hiram Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Antonio S Covelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William M Westler
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeniel Nett
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aaron P Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David R Andes
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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