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Xiong Y, Zhao D, Chen S, Yuan L, Zhang D, Wang H. Deciphering the underlying immune network of the potato defense response inhibition by Phytophthora infestans nuclear effector Pi07586 through transcriptome analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1269959. [PMID: 37810389 PMCID: PMC10556245 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1269959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, a highly destructive plant oomycete pathogen, is responsible for causing late blight in potatoes worldwide. To successfully infect host cells and evade immunity, P. infestans secretes various effectors into host cells and exclusively targets the host nucleus. However, the precise mechanisms by which these effectors manipulate host gene expression and reprogram defenses remain poorly understood. In this study, we focused on a nuclear-targeted effector, Pi07586, which has been implicated in immune suppression. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed Pi07586 was significant up-regulation during the early stages of infection. Agrobacterium-induced transient expression revealed that Pi07586 localized in the nucleus of leaf cells. Overexpression of Pi07586 resulted in increased leaf colonization by P. infestans. RNA-seq analysis revealed that Pi07586 effectively suppressed the expression of PR-1C-like and photosynthetic antenna protein genes. Furthermore, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis indicated that Pi07586 overexpression led to a substantial decrease in abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) levels, while not affecting salicylic acid (SA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. These findings shed new light on the modulation of plant immunity by Pi07586 and enhance our understanding of the intricate relationship between P. infestans and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Xiong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Lan Yuan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Die Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
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2
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Kushwah AS, Dixit H, Upadhyay V, Yadav S, Verma SK, Prasad R. Elucidating the zinc-binding proteome of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici with particular emphasis on zinc-binding effector proteins. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:298. [PMID: 37516670 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is a soil-borne phytopathogenic species which causes vascular wilt disease in the Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Due to the continuous competition for zinc usage by Fusarium and its host during infection makes zinc-binding proteins a hotspot for focused investigation. Zinc-binding effector proteins are pivotal during the infection process, working in conjunction with other essential proteins crucial for its biological activities. This work aims at identifying and analysing zinc-binding proteins and zinc-binding proteins effector candidates of Fusarium. We have identified three hundred forty-six putative zinc-binding proteins; among these proteins, we got two hundred and thirty zinc-binding proteins effector candidates. The functional annotation, subcellular localization, and Gene Ontology analysis of these putative zinc-binding proteins revealed their probable role in wide range of cellular and biological processes such as metabolism, gene expression, gene expression regulation, protein biosynthesis, protein folding, cell signalling, DNA repair, and RNA processing. Sixteen proteins were found to be putatively secretory in nature. Eleven of these were putative zinc-binding protein effector candidates may be involved in pathogen-host interaction during infection. The information obtained here may enhance our understanding to design, screen, and apply the zinc-metal ion-based antifungal agents to protect the S. lycopersicum and control the vascular wilt caused by F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh Kushwah
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Himisha Dixit
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Vipin Upadhyay
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Siddharth Yadav
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - Shailender Kumar Verma
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ramasare Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Wang N, Yin Z, Wu Y, Yang J, Zhao Y, Daly P, Pei Y, Zhou D, Dou D, Wei L. A Pythium myriotylum Small Cysteine-Rich Protein Triggers Immune Responses in Diverse Plant Hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:283-293. [PMID: 37022145 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0187-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Pythium myriotylum is a necrotrophic pathogen that infects many crop species worldwide, including ginger, soybean, tomato, and tobacco. Here, we identified a P. myriotylum small cysteine-rich protein, PmSCR1, that induces cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana by screening small, secreted proteins that were induced during infection of ginger and did not have a predicted function at the time of selection. Orthologs of PmSCR1 were found in other Pythium species, but these did not have cell death-inducing activity in N. benthamiana. PmSCR1 encodes a protein containing an auxiliary activity 17 family domain and triggers multiple immune responses in host plants. The elicitor function of PmSCR1 appears to be independent of enzymatic activity, because the heat inactivation of PmSCR1 protein did not affect PmSCR1-induced cell death or other defense responses. The elicitor function of PmSCR1 was also independent of BAK1 and SOBIR1. Furthermore, a small region of the protein, PmSCR186-211, is sufficient for inducing cell death. A pretreatment using the full-length PmSCR1 protein promoted the resistance of soybean and N. benthamiana to Phytophthora sojae and Phytophthora capsici infection, respectively. These results reveal that PmSCR1 is a novel elicitor from P. myriotylum, which exhibits plant immunity-inducing activity in multiple host plants. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingke Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jishuo Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Yaning Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Paul Daly
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Yan X, Tang B, Ryder LS, MacLean D, Were VM, Eseola AB, Cruz-Mireles N, Ma W, Foster AJ, Osés-Ruiz M, Talbot NJ. The transcriptional landscape of plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae reveals distinct families of temporally co-regulated and structurally conserved effectors. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1360-1385. [PMID: 36808541 PMCID: PMC10118281 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes a devastating disease that threatens global rice (Oryza sativa) production. Despite intense study, the biology of plant tissue invasion during blast disease remains poorly understood. Here we report a high-resolution transcriptional profiling study of the entire plant-associated development of the blast fungus. Our analysis revealed major temporal changes in fungal gene expression during plant infection. Pathogen gene expression could be classified into 10 modules of temporally co-expressed genes, providing evidence for the induction of pronounced shifts in primary and secondary metabolism, cell signaling, and transcriptional regulation. A set of 863 genes encoding secreted proteins are differentially expressed at specific stages of infection, and 546 genes named MEP (Magnaportheeffector protein) genes were predicted to encode effectors. Computational prediction of structurally related MEPs, including the MAX effector family, revealed their temporal co-regulation in the same co-expression modules. We characterized 32 MEP genes and demonstrate that Mep effectors are predominantly targeted to the cytoplasm of rice cells via the biotrophic interfacial complex and use a common unconventional secretory pathway. Taken together, our study reveals major changes in gene expression associated with blast disease and identifies a diverse repertoire of effectors critical for successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent M Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weibin Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Andrew J Foster
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Hadimani S, De Britto S, Udayashankar AC, Geetha N, Nayaka CS, Ali D, Alarifi S, Ito SI, Jogaiah S. Genome-Wide Characterization of Effector Protein-Encoding Genes in Sclerospora graminicola and Its Validation in Response to Pearl Millet Downy Mildew Disease Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040431. [PMID: 37108886 PMCID: PMC10142805 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is the essential food crop for over ninety million people living in drier parts of India and South Africa. Pearl millet crop production is harshly hindered by numerous biotic stresses. Sclerospora graminicola causes downy mildew disease in pearl millet. Effectors are the proteins secreted by several fungi and bacteria that manipulate the host cell structure and function. This current study aims to identify genes encoding effector proteins from the S. graminicola genome and validate them through molecular techniques. In silico analyses were employed for candidate effector prediction. A total of 845 secretory transmembrane proteins were predicted, out of which 35 proteins carrying LxLFLAK (Leucine–any amino acid–Phenylalanine–Leucine–Alanine–Lysine) motif were crinkler, 52 RxLR (Arginine, any amino acid, Leucine, Arginine), and 17 RxLR-dEER putative effector proteins. Gene validation analysis of 17 RxLR-dEER effector protein-producing genes was carried out, of which 5genes were amplified on the gel. These novel gene sequences were submitted to NCBI. This study is the first report on the identification and characterization of effector genes in Sclerospora graminicola. This dataset will aid in the integration of effector classes that act independently, paving the way to investigate how pearl millet responds to effector protein interactions. These results will assist in identifying functional effector proteins involving the omic approach using newer bioinformatics tools to protect pearl millet plants against downy mildew stress. Considered together, the identified effector protein-encoding functional genes can be utilized in screening oomycetes downy mildew diseases in other crops across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Hadimani
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, PG Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India
| | - Savitha De Britto
- Division of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, University of Goroka, Goroka 441, Papua New Guinea
| | - Arakere C. Udayashankar
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Nagaraj Geetha
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Chandra S. Nayaka
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shin-ichi Ito
- Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Sudisha Jogaiah
- Laboratory of Plant Healthcare and Diagnostics, PG Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Tejaswini Hills, Periye (PO) 671316, Kasaragod (DT), Kerala, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-836-2779533; Fax: +91-836-2747884
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6
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Kronmiller BA, Feau N, Shen D, Tabima JF, Ali SS, Armitage AD, Arredondo F, Bailey BA, Bollmann SR, Dale A, Harrison RJ, Hrywkiw K, Kasuga T, McDougal R, Nellist CF, Panda P, Tripathy S, Williams NM, Ye W, Wang Y, Hamelin RC, Grünwald NJ. Comparative Genomic Analysis of 31 Phytophthora Genomes Reveals Genome Plasticity and Horizontal Gene Transfer. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:26-46. [PMID: 36306437 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-22-0133-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species are oomycete plant pathogens that cause great economic and ecological impacts. The Phytophthora genus includes over 180 known species, infecting a wide range of plant hosts, including crops, trees, and ornamentals. We sequenced the genomes of 31 individual Phytophthora species and 24 individual transcriptomes to study genetic relationships across the genus. De novo genome assemblies revealed variation in genome sizes, numbers of predicted genes, and in repetitive element content across the Phytophthora genus. A genus-wide comparison evaluated orthologous groups of genes. Predicted effector gene counts varied across Phytophthora species by effector family, genome size, and plant host range. Predicted numbers of apoplastic effectors increased as the host range of Phytophthora species increased. Predicted numbers of cytoplasmic effectors also increased with host range but leveled off or decreased in Phytophthora species that have enormous host ranges. With extensive sequencing across the Phytophthora genus, we now have the genomic resources to evaluate horizontal gene transfer events across the oomycetes. Using a machine-learning approach to identify horizontally transferred genes with bacterial or fungal origin, we identified 44 candidates over 36 Phytophthora species genomes. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that the transfers of most of these 44 candidates happened in parallel to major advances in the evolution of the oomycetes and Phytophthora spp. We conclude that the 31 genomes presented here are essential for investigating genus-wide genomic associations in genus Phytophthora. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Kronmiller
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
| | - Nicolas Feau
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Javier F Tabima
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Shahin S Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Northeast Area, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Andrew D Armitage
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, U.K
| | - Felipe Arredondo
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
| | - Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Northeast Area, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Stephanie R Bollmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
| | - Angela Dale
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- SC-New Construction Materials, FPInnovations, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Kelly Hrywkiw
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Takao Kasuga
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca McDougal
- Scion (Zealand Forest Research Institute), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | | | - Preeti Panda
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, 74 Gerald Street, Lincoln, 7608, New Zealand
| | | | - Nari M Williams
- Scion (Zealand Forest Research Institute), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
- Department of Pathogen Ecology and Control, Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de Foresterie et Géographie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- Horticultural Crop Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR, U.S.A
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Figueiredo J, Santos RB, Guerra-Guimarães L, Leclercq CC, Renaut J, Malhó R, Figueiredo A. An in-planta comparative study of Plasmopara viticola proteome reveals different infection strategies towards susceptible and Rpv3-mediated resistance hosts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20794. [PMID: 36456634 PMCID: PMC9715676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, an obligate biotrophic oomycete, is the causal agent of one of the most harmful grapevine diseases, downy mildew. Within this pathosystem, much information is gathered on the host, as characterization of pathogenicity and infection strategy of a biotrophic pathogen is quite challenging. Molecular insights into P. viticola development and pathogenicity are just beginning to be uncovered, mainly by transcriptomic studies. Plasmopara viticola proteome and secretome were only predicted based on transcriptome data. In this study, we have identified the in-planta proteome of P. viticola during infection of a susceptible ('Trincadeira') and a Rpv3-mediated resistance ('Regent') grapevine cultivar. Four hundred and twenty P. viticola proteins were identified on a label-free mass spectrometry-based approach of the apoplastic fluid of grapevine leaves. Overall, our study suggests that, in the compatible interaction, P. viticola manipulates salicylic-acid pathway and isoprenoid biosynthesis to enhance plant colonization. Furthermore, during the incompatible interaction, development-associated proteins increased while oxidoreductases protect P. viticola from ROS-associated plant defence mechanism. Up to our knowledge this is the first in-planta proteome characterization of this biotrophic pathogen, thus this study will open new insights into our understanding of this pathogen colonization strategy of both susceptible and Rpv3-mediated resistance grapevine genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Figueiredo
- Grapevine Pathogen Systems Lab, Plant Biology Department, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Plant Biology Department, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Rita B Santos
- Grapevine Pathogen Systems Lab, Plant Biology Department, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
- Plant Biology Department, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonor Guerra-Guimarães
- CIFC - Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens Do Cafeeiro, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food & Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Céline C Leclercq
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 4362, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 4362, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rui Malhó
- Plant Biology Department, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Grapevine Pathogen Systems Lab, Plant Biology Department, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
- Plant Biology Department, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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8
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Shu X, Xu D, Jiang Y, Liang J, Xiang T, Wang Y, Zhang W, Han X, Jiao C, Zheng A, Li P, Yin D, Wang A. Functional Analyses of a Small Secreted Cysteine-Rich Protein ThSCSP_14 in Tilletia horrida. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315042. [PMID: 36499367 PMCID: PMC9736875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilletia horrida is a biotrophic basidiomycete fungus that causes rice kernel smut, one of the most significant diseases in hybrid rice-growing areas worldwide. Little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms and functions of effectors in T. horrida. Here, we performed functional studies of the effectors in T. horrida and found that, of six putative effectors tested, only ThSCSP_14 caused the cell death phenotype in epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. ThSCSP_14 was upregulated early on during the infection process, and the encoded protein was secreted. The predicted signal peptide (SP) of ThSCSP_14 was required for its ability to induce the necrosis phenotype. Furthermore, the ability of ThSCSP_14 to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana depended on suppressing the G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1), required for Mla12 resistance (RAR1), heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90), and somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK3). It is important to note that ThSCSP_14 induced a plant defense response in N. benthamiana leaves. Hence, these results demonstrate that ThSCSP_14 is a possible effector that plays an essential role in T. horrida-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Shu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Deze Xu
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yuqi Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Juan Liang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ting Xiang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Weike Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xue Han
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chunhai Jiao
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Desuo Yin
- Food Crop Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
- Correspondence: (D.Y.); (A.W.)
| | - Aijun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: (D.Y.); (A.W.)
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9
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ThSCSP_12: Novel Effector in Tilletia horrida That Induces Cell Death and Defense Responses in Non-Host Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314752. [PMID: 36499087 PMCID: PMC9736266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete fungus Tilletia horrida causes rice kernel smut (RKS), a crucial disease afflicting hybrid-rice-growing areas worldwide, which results in significant economic losses. However, few studies have investigated the pathogenic mechanisms and functions of effectors in T. horrida. In this study, we found that the candidate effector ThSCSP_12 caused cell necrosis in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The predicted signal peptide (SP) of this protein has a secreting function, which is required for ThSCSP_12 to induce cell death. The 1- 189 amino acid (aa) sequences of ThSCSP_12 are sufficient to confer it the ability to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana. The expression of ThSCSP_12 was induced and up-regulated during T. horrida infection. In addition, we also found that ThSCSP_12 localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of plant cells and that nuclear localization of this protein is required to induce cell death. Furthermore, the ability of ThSCSP_12 to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana depends on the (RAR1) protein required for Mla12 resistance but not on the suppressor of the G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), or somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK3). Crucially, however, ThSCSP_12 induced a defense response in N. benthamiana leaves; yet, the expression of multiple defense-related genes was suppressed in response to heterologous expression in host plants. To sum up, these results strongly suggest that ThSCSP_12 operates as an effector in T. horrida-host interactions.
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10
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Vogel G, Giles G, Robbins KR, Gore MA, Smart CD. Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Interactions in the Pepper- Phytophthora capsici Pathosystem. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:1018-1033. [PMID: 35914305 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-21-0307-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of pepper cultivars with durable resistance to the oomycete Phytophthora capsici has been challenging due to differential interactions between the species that allow certain pathogen isolates to cause disease on otherwise resistant host genotypes. Currently, little is known about the pathogen genes involved in these interactions. To investigate the genetic basis of P. capsici virulence on individual pepper genotypes, we inoculated sixteen pepper accessions, representing commercial varieties, sources of resistance, and host differentials, with 117 isolates of P. capsici, for a total of 1,864 host-pathogen combinations. Analysis of disease outcomes revealed a significant effect of inter-species genotype-by-genotype interactions, although these interactions were quantitative rather than qualitative in scale. Isolates were classified into five pathogen subpopulations, as determined by their genotypes at over 60,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). While absolute virulence levels on certain pepper accessions significantly differed between subpopulations, a multivariate phenotype reflecting relative virulence levels on certain pepper genotypes compared with others showed the strongest association with pathogen subpopulation. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified four pathogen loci significantly associated with virulence, two of which colocalized with putative RXLR effector genes and another with a polygalacturonase gene cluster. All four loci appeared to represent broad-spectrum virulence genes, as significant SNPs demonstrated consistent effects regardless of the host genotype tested. Host genotype-specific virulence variants in P. capsici may be difficult to map via GWAS with all but excessively large sample sizes, perhaps controlled by genes of small effect or by multiple allelic variants that have arisen independently. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Vogel
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Garrett Giles
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
| | - Kelly R Robbins
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Michael A Gore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Christine D Smart
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, U.S.A
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11
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Andronis CE, Jacques S, Lipscombe R, Tan KC. Comparative sub-cellular proteome analyses reveals metabolic differentiation and production of effector-like molecules in the dieback phytopathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. J Proteomics 2022; 269:104725. [PMID: 36096432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic oomycetes pose a significant threat to global biodiversity and food security. The proteomes of these oomycetes likely contain important factors that contribute to their pathogenic success, making their discovery crucial for elucidating pathogenicity. Phytophthora cinnamomi is a root pathogen that causes dieback in a wide variety of crops and native vegetation world-wide. Virulence proteins produced by P. cinnamomi are not well defined and a large-scale approach to understand the biochemistry of this pathogen has not been documented. Soluble mycelial, zoospore and secreted proteomes were obtained and label-free quantitative proteomics was used to compare the composition of the three sub-proteomes. A total of 4635 proteins were identified, validating 17.7% of the predicted gene set. The mycelia were abundant in transporters for nutrient acquisition, metabolism and cellular proliferation. The zoospores had less metabolic related ontologies but were abundant in energy generating, motility and signalling associated proteins. Virulence-associated proteins were identified in the secretome such as candidate effector and effector-like proteins, which interfere with the host immune system. These include hydrolases, cell wall degrading enzymes, putative necrosis-inducing proteins and elicitins. The secretome elicited a hypersensitive response on the roots of a model host and thus suggests evidence of effector activity. SIGNIFICANCE: Phytophthora cinnamomi is a phytopathogenic oomycete that causes dieback disease in native vegetation and several horticultural crops such as avocado, pineapple and macadamia. Whilst this pathogen has significance world-wide, its pathogenicity and virulence have not been described in depth. We carried out comparative label-free proteomics of the mycelia, zoospores and secretome of P. cinnamomi. This study highlights the differential metabolism and cellular processes between the sub-proteomes. Proteins associated with metabolism, nutrient transport and cellular proliferation were over represented in the mycelia. The zoospores have a specialised proteome showing increased energy generation geared towards motility. Candidate effectors and effector-like secreted proteins were also identified, which can be exploited for genetic resistance. This demonstrates a better understanding of the biology and pathogenicity of P. cinnamomi infection that can subsequently be used to develop effective methods of disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Andronis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Proteomics International, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | - Silke Jacques
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Kar-Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
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12
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Kobayashi M, Utsushi H, Fujisaki K, Takeda T, Yamashita T, Terauchi R. A jacalin-like lectin domain-containing protein of Sclerospora graminicola acts as an apoplastic virulence effector in plant-oomycete interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:845-854. [PMID: 35257477 PMCID: PMC9104248 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant extracellular space, including the apoplast and plasma membrane, is the initial site of plant-pathogen interactions. Pathogens deliver numerous secreted proteins, called effectors, into this region to suppress plant immunity and establish infection. Downy mildew caused by the oomycete pathogen Sclerospora graminicola (Sg) is an economically important disease of Poaceae crops including foxtail millet (Setaria italica). We previously reported the genome sequence of Sg and showed that the jacalin-related lectin (JRL) gene family has significantly expanded in this lineage. However, the biological functions of JRL proteins remained unknown. Here, we show that JRL from Sg (SgJRL) functions as an apoplastic virulence effector. We identified eight SgJRLs by protein mass spectrometry analysis of extracellular fluid from Sg-inoculated foxtail millet leaves. SgJRLs consist of a jacalin-like lectin domain and an N-terminal putative secretion signal; SgJRL expression is induced by Sg infection. Heterologous expression of three SgJRLs with N-terminal secretion signal peptides in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced the virulence of the pathogen Phytophthora palmivora inoculated onto the same leaves. Of the three SgJRLs, SG06536 fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) localized to the apoplastic space in N. benthamiana leaves. INF1-mediated induction of defence-related genes was suppressed by co-expression of SG06536-GFP. These findings suggest that JRLs are novel apoplastic effectors that contribute to pathogenicity by suppressing plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michie Kobayashi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research CenterKitakamiIwateJapan
- Present address:
Institute of Agrobiological SciencesNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Hiroe Utsushi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research CenterKitakamiIwateJapan
| | - Koki Fujisaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research CenterKitakamiIwateJapan
| | - Takumi Takeda
- Iwate Biotechnology Research CenterKitakamiIwateJapan
| | | | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research CenterKitakamiIwateJapan
- Laboratory of Crop EvolutionGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityMukoKyotoJapan
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13
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Rafiqi M, Jelonek L, Diouf AM, Mbaye A, Rep M, Diarra A. Profile of the in silico secretome of the palm dieback pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, a fungus that puts natural oases at risk. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260830. [PMID: 35617325 PMCID: PMC9135196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding biotic changes that occur alongside climate change constitute a research priority of global significance. Here, we address a plant pathogen that poses a serious threat to life on natural oases, where climate change is already taking a toll and severely impacting human subsistence. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis is a pathogen that causes dieback disease on date palms, a tree that provides several critical ecosystem services in natural oases; and consequently, of major importance in this vulnerable habitat. Here, we assess the current state of global pathogen spread, we annotate the genome of a sequenced pathogen strain isolated from the native range and we analyse its in silico secretome. The palm dieback pathogen secretes a large arsenal of effector candidates including a variety of toxins, a distinguished profile of secreted in xylem proteins (SIX) as well as an expanded protein family with an N-terminal conserved motif [SG]PC[KR]P that could be involved in interactions with host membranes. Using agrobiodiversity as a strategy to decrease pathogen infectivity, while providing short term resilient solutions, seems to be widely overcome by the pathogen. Hence, the urgent need for future mechanistic research on the palm dieback disease and a better understanding of pathogen genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rafiqi
- Plant Pathology Program, Agrobiosciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
- * E-mail:
| | - Lukas Jelonek
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Aliou Moussa Diouf
- Plant Pathology Program, Agrobiosciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - AbdouLahat Mbaye
- Plant Pathology Program, Agrobiosciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Martijn Rep
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alhousseine Diarra
- Digital 4 Research Labs, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
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14
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Zhou Y, Yang K, Yan Q, Wang X, Cheng M, Si J, Xue X, Shen D, Jing M, Tyler BM, Dou D. Targeting of anti-microbial proteins to the hyphal surface amplifies protection of crop plants against Phytophthora pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1391-1403. [PMID: 33965632 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora pathogens are a persistent threat to the world's commercially important agricultural crops, including potato and soybean. Current strategies aim at reducing crop losses rely mostly on disease-resistance breeding and chemical pesticides, which can be frequently overcome by the rapid adaptive evolution of pathogens. Transgenic crops with intrinsic disease resistance offer a promising alternative and continue to be developed. Here, we explored Phytophthora-derived PI3P (phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate) as a novel control target, using proteins that bind this lipid to direct secreted anti-microbial peptides and proteins (AMPs) to the surface of Phytophthora pathogens. In transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana, soybean, and potato plants, significantly enhanced resistance to different pathogen isolates was achieved by expression of two AMPs (GAFP1 or GAFP3 from the Chinese medicinal herb Gastrodia elata) fused with a PI3P-specific binding domain (FYVE). Using the soybean pathogen P. sojae as an example, we demonstrated that the FYVE domain could boost the activities of GAFPs in multiple independent assays, including those performed in vitro, in vivo, and in planta. Mutational analysis of P. sojae PI3K1 and PI3K2 genes of this pathogen confirmed that the enhanced activities of the targeted GAFPs were correlated with PI3P levels in the pathogen. Collectively, our study provides a new strategy that could be used to confer resistance not only to Phytophthora pathogens in many plants but also potentially to many other kinds of plant pathogens with unique targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jierui Si
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xue Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Daolong Dou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100091, China.
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15
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Chen S, Ma T, Song S, Li X, Fu P, Wu W, Liu J, Gao Y, Ye W, Dry IB, Lu J. Arabidopsis downy mildew effector HaRxLL470 suppresses plant immunity by attenuating the DNA-binding activity of bZIP transcription factor HY5. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1562-1577. [PMID: 33586184 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis delivers diverse effector proteins into host plant cells to suppress the plant's innate immunity. In this study, we investigate the mechanism of action of a conserved RxLR effector, HaRxLL470, in suppressing plant immunity. Genomic, molecular and biochemical analyses were performed to investigate the function of HaRxLL470 and the mechanism of the interaction between HaRxLL470 and the target host protein during H. arabidopsidis infection. We report that HaRxLL470 enhances plant susceptibility to H. arabidopsidis isolate Noco2 by interacting with the host photomorphogenesis regulator protein HY5. Our results demonstrate that HY5 is not only an important component in the regulation of light signalling, but also positively regulates host plant immunity against H. arabidopsidis by transcriptional activation of defense-related genes. We show that the interaction between HaRxLL470 and HY5 compromises the function of HY5 as a transcription factor by attenuating its DNA-binding activity. The present study demonstrates that HY5 positively regulates host plant defense against H. arabidopsidis whereas HaRxLL470, a conserved RxLR effector across oomycete pathogens, enhances pathogenicity by interacting with HY5 and suppressing transcriptional activation of defense-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Chen
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shiren Song
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinlong Li
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Peining Fu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ian B Dry
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Urrbrae, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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16
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Liu J, Chen S, Ma T, Gao Y, Song S, Ye W, Lu J. Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR53 suppresses innate immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1846927. [PMID: 33210976 PMCID: PMC7849728 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1846927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, the casual oomycete of grapevine downy mildew, could cause yield loss and compromise berry quantity. Previously, we have identified several PvRXLR effectors that could suppress plant immunity to promote infection and disease development. In this study, the role of effector, PvRXLR53, in plant-microbe interaction was investigated. PvRXLR53 has several orthologs in other oomycetes and contains a functional signal peptide. Expression level of PvRXLR53 was already detected upon inoculation, further induced in the early stage after P. viticola inoculation and decreased to low level in the late infection stage in grapevine (Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon'). PvRXLR53 is localized in both nucleus and cytoplasm. When transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, PvRXLR53 suppressed oomycete elicitor INF1-triggered programmed cell death and defense gene expression, and Phytophthora capsici-induced reactive oxygen species production (ROS) and eventually resistance to P. capsici. In summary, these findings suggest that P. viticola secretes PvRXLR53 to suppress host immunity from the very early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyun Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiren Song
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Phytopathogenic oomycetes: a review focusing on Phytophthora cinnamomi and biotechnological approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9179-9188. [PMID: 33068230 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Phytophthora genus is composed, mainly, of plant pathogens. This genus belongs to the Oomycete class, also known as "pseudo-fungi", within the Chromista Kingdom. Phytophthora spp. is highlighted due to the significant plant diseases that they cause, which represents some of the most economically and cultural losses, such as European chestnut ink disease, which is caused by P. cinnamomi. Currently, there have been four genome assemblies placed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), although the progress to understand and elucidate the pathogenic process of P. cinnamomi by its genome is progressing slowly. In this review paper, we aim to report and discuss the recent findings related to P. cinnamomi and its genomic information. Our research is based on paper databases that reported probable functions to P. cinnamomi proteins using sequence alignments, bioinformatics, and biotechnology approaches. Some of these proteins studied have functions that are proposed to be involved in the asexual sporulation and zoosporogenesis leading to the host colonization and consequently associated with pathogenicity. Some remarkable genes and proteins discussed here are related to oospore development, inhibition of sporangium formation and cleavage, inhibition of flagellar assembly, blockage of cyst germination and hyphal extension, and biofilm proteins. Lastly, we report some biotechnological approaches using biological control, studies with genome sequencing of P. cinnamomi resistant plants, and gene silencing through RNA interference (iRNA).
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18
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Jaswal R, Kiran K, Rajarammohan S, Dubey H, Singh PK, Sharma Y, Deshmukh R, Sonah H, Gupta N, Sharma TR. Effector Biology of Biotrophic Plant Fungal Pathogens: Current Advances and Future Prospects. Microbiol Res 2020; 241:126567. [PMID: 33080488 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of fungal pathogens with their host requires a novel invading mechanism and the presence of various virulence-associated components responsible for promoting the infection. The small secretory proteins, explicitly known as effector proteins, are one of the prime mechanisms of host manipulation utilized by the pathogen to disarm the host. Several effector proteins are known to translocate from fungus to the plant cell for host manipulation. Many fungal effectors have been identified using genomic, transcriptomic, and bioinformatics approaches. Most of the effector proteins are devoid of any conserved signatures, and their prediction based on sequence homology is very challenging, therefore by combining the sequence consensus based upon machine learning features, multiple tools have also been developed for predicting apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors. Various post-genomics approaches like transcriptomics of virulent isolates have also been utilized for identifying active consortia of effectors. Significant progress has been made in understanding biotrophic effectors; however, most of it is underway due to their complex interaction with host and complicated recognition and signaling networks. This review discusses advances, and challenges in effector identification and highlighted various features of the potential effector proteins and approaches for understanding their genetics and strategies for regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Jaswal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India; Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, 160014, India
| | - Kanti Kiran
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Himanshu Dubey
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Naveen Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, 160014, India.
| | - T R Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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Lee Y, Cho KS, Seo JH, Sohn KH, Prokchorchik M. Improved Genome Sequence and Gene Annotation Resource for the Potato Late Blight Pathogen Phytophthora infestans. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:1025-1028. [PMID: 32310703 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-20-0023-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans is a devastating pathogen causing potato late blight (Solanum tuberosum). Here we report the sequencing, assembly and genome annotation for two Phytophthora infestans isolates sampled in Republic of Korea. Genome sequencing was carried out using long read (Oxford Nanopore) and short read (Illumina Nextseq) sequencing technologies that significantly improved the contiguity and quality of P. infestans genome assembly. Our resources would help researchers better understand the molecular mechanisms by which P. infestans causes late blight disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonyoung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Cho
- Potato Research Team, Highland Agriculture Research Institute, Rural Development Administration, Gangwon 25342, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Seo
- Potato Research Team, Highland Agriculture Research Institute, Rural Development Administration, Gangwon 25342, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Maxim Prokchorchik
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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20
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Independent Whole-Genome Duplications Define the Architecture of the Genomes of the Devastating West African Cacao Black Pod Pathogen Phytophthora megakarya and Its Close Relative Phytophthora palmivora. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:2241-2255. [PMID: 32354704 PMCID: PMC7341134 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora megakarya and P. palmivora are oomycete pathogens that cause black pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao), the most economically important disease on cacao globally. While P. palmivora is a cosmopolitan pathogen, P. megakarya, which is more aggressive on cacao than P. palmivora, has been reported only in West and Central Africa where it has been spreading and devastating cacao farms since the 1950s. In this study, we reconstructed the complete diploid genomes of multiple isolates of both species using single-molecule real-time sequencing. Thirty-one additional genotypes were sequenced to analyze inter- and intra-species genomic diversity. The P. megakarya genome is exceptionally large (222 Mbp) and nearly twice the size of P. palmivora (135 Mbp) and most known Phytophthora species (∼100 Mbp on average). Previous reports pointed toward a whole-genome duplication (WGD) in P. palmivora In this study, we demonstrate that both species underwent independent and relatively recent WGD events. In P. megakarya we identified a unique combination of WGD and large-scale transposable element driven genome expansion, which places this genome in the upper range of Phytophthora genome sizes, as well as effector pools with 1,382 predicted RxLR effectors. Finally, this study provides evidence of adaptive evolution of effectors like RxLRs and Crinklers, and discusses the implications of effector expansion and diversification.
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Wei M, Wang A, Liu Y, Ma L, Niu X, Zheng A. Identification of the Novel Effector RsIA_NP8 in Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA That Induces Cell Death and Triggers Defense Responses in Non-Host Plants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1115. [PMID: 32595615 PMCID: PMC7303267 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA is a necrotrophic fungus that causes rice sheath blight, one of the most significant rice diseases in the world. However, little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms and functions of effectors in R. solani AG1 IA. We performed functional studies on effectors in R. solani AG1 IA and found that, of 11 putative effectors tested, only RsIA_NP8 caused necrosis in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The predicted signal peptide of this protein was required to induce cell death, whereas predicted N-glycosylation sites were not required. RsIA_NP8 was upregulated during early infection, and the encoded protein was secreted. Furthermore, the ability of RsIA_NP8 to trigger cell death in N. benthamiana depended on suppressor of G2 allele of Skp1 (SGT1) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), but not on Mla12 resistance (RAR1) and somatic embryogenesis receptor-like kinase (SERK3). A natural variation that prevents the triggering of cell death in N. benthamiana was found in RsIA_NP8 in 25 R. solani AG1 IA strains. It is important to note that RsIA_NP8 induced the immune response in N. benthamiana leaves. Collectively, these results show that RsIA_NP8 is a possible effector that plays a key role in R. solani AG1 IA–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianyu Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Maximo HJ, Dalio RJD, Dias RO, Litholdo CG, Felizatti HL, Machado MA. PpCRN7 and PpCRN20 of Phythophthora parasitica regulate plant cell death leading to enhancement of host susceptibility. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:544. [PMID: 31810451 PMCID: PMC6896422 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora species secrete cytoplasmic effectors from a family named Crinkler (CRN), which are characterised by the presence of conserved specific domains in the N- and C-terminal regions. P. parasitica causes disease in a wide range of host plants, however the role of CRN effectors in these interactions remains unclear. Here, we aimed to: (i) identify candidate CRN encoding genes in P. parasitica genomes; (ii) evaluate the transcriptional expression of PpCRN (Phytophthora parasitica Crinkler candidate) during the P. parasitica interaction with Citrus sunki (high susceptible) and Poncirus trifoliata (resistant); and (iii) functionally characterize two PpCRNs in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. RESULTS Our in silico analyses identified 80 putative PpCRN effectors in the genome of P. parasitica isolate 'IAC 01/95.1'. Transcriptional analysis revealed differential gene expression of 20 PpCRN candidates during the interaction with the susceptible Citrus sunki and the resistant Poncirus trifoliata. We have also found that P. parasitica is able to recognize different citrus hosts and accordingly modulates PpCRNs expression. Additionally, two PpCRN effectors, namely PpCRN7 and PpCRN20, were further characterized via transient gene expression in N. benthamiana leaves. The elicitin INF-1-induced Hypersensitivity Response (HR) was increased by an additive effect driven by PpCRN7 expression, whereas PpCRN20 expression suppressed HR response in N. benthamiana leaves. Despite contrasting functions related to HR, both effectors increased the susceptibility of plants to P. parasitica. CONCLUSIONS PpCRN7 and PpCRN20 have the ability to increase P. parasitica pathogenicity and may play important roles at different stages of infection. These PpCRN-associated mechanisms are now targets of biotechnological studies aiming to break pathogen's virulence and to promote plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heros J. Maximo
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP Brazil
| | - Ronaldo J. D. Dalio
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP Brazil
| | - Renata O. Dias
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Celso G. Litholdo
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP Brazil
| | - Henrique L. Felizatti
- Instituto de Matemática, Física e Computação Científica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Machado
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Cordeirópolis, SP Brazil
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23
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Lei X, Lan X, Ye W, Liu Y, Song S, Lu J. Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR159 suppresses immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1682220. [PMID: 31647363 PMCID: PMC6866704 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1682220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, the causal oomycete of grapevine downy mildew disease, secrets a series of RXLR effectors to manipulate host immunity. In this study, we characterized the role of a RXLR effector of P. viticola, PvRXLR159, in plant-microbe interaction. Transcription of PvRXLR159 in P. viticola was induced in the early stage of infection in grapevine (Vitis vinifera 'Thomson Seedless'). Further results revealed that PvRXLR159 contains a functional signal peptide and its C terminus was essential to inhibit cell death by elicitors, INF1 and BAX, in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of PvRXLR159 suppressed N. benthamiana resistance to a pathogenic oomycete, Phytophthora capsici. Taken together, we propose that PvRXLR159 is induced and secreted by P. viticola to suppress host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Lei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Lan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxiao Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiren Song
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Clarke CR, Timko MP, Yoder JI, Axtell MJ, Westwood JH. Molecular Dialog Between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:279-299. [PMID: 31226021 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants steal sugars, water, and other nutrients from host plants through a haustorial connection. Several species of parasitic plants such as witchweeds (Striga spp.) and broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) are major biotic constraints to agricultural production. Parasitic plants are understudied compared with other major classes of plant pathogens, but the recent availability of genomic and transcriptomic data has accelerated the rate of discovery of the molecular mechanisms underpinning plant parasitism. Here, we review the current body of knowledge of how parasitic plants sense host plants, germinate, form parasitic haustorial connections, and suppress host plant immune responses. Additionally, we assess whether parasitic plants fit within the current paradigms used to understand the molecular mechanisms of microbial plant-pathogen interactions. Finally, we discuss challenges facing parasitic plant research and propose the most urgent questions that need to be answered to advance our understanding of plant parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Clarke
- Genetic Improvement for Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - John I Yoder
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Michael J Axtell
- Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - James H Westwood
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA;
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25
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Wang A, Pan L, Niu X, Shu X, Yi X, Yamamoto N, Li S, Deng Q, Zhu J, Liang Y, Wang L, Li P, Zheng A. Comparative secretome analysis of different smut fungi and identification of plant cell death-inducing secreted proteins from Tilletia horrida. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:360. [PMID: 31419944 PMCID: PMC6697988 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tilletia horrida is a basidiomycete fungus that causes rice kernel smut, one of the most important rice diseases in hybrid rice growing areas worldwide. However, little is known about its mechanisms of pathogenicity. We previously reported the genome of T. horrida, and 597 genes that encoded secreted proteins were annotated. Among these were some important effector genes related to pathogenicity. RESULTS A secretome analysis suggested that five Tilletia fungi shared more gene families than were found in other smuts, and there was high conservation between them. Furthermore, we screened 597 secreted proteins from the T. horrida genome, some of which induced expression in host-pathogen interaction processes. Through transient expression, we demonstrated that two putative effectors could induce necrosis phenotypes in Nicotiana benthamiana. These two encoded genes were up-regulated during early infection, and the encoded proteins were confirmed to be secreted using a yeast secretion system. For the putative effector gene smut_5844, a signal peptide was required to induce non-host cell death, whereas ribonuclease catalytic active sites were required for smut_2965. Moreover, both putative effectors could induce an immune response in N. benthamiana leaves. Interestingly, one of the identified potential host interactors of smut_5844 was laccase-10 protein (OsLAC10), which has been predicted to be involved in plant lignification and iron metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study identified two secreted proteins in T. horrida that induce cell death or are involved in defense machinery in non-host plants. This research provides a useful foundation for understanding the interaction between rice and T. horrida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Linxiu Pan
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianyu Niu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Xinyue Shu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Xiaoqun Yi
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Shuangcheng Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Qiming Deng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Yueyang Liang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Lingxia Wang
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Sichuan Crop Major Disease, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Southwest Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
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26
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Rahman A, Góngora-Castillo E, Bowman MJ, Childs KL, Gent DH, Martin FN, Quesada-Ocampo LM. Genome Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis of the Hop Downy Mildew Pathogen Pseudoperonospora humuli Reveal Species-Specific Genes for Molecular Detection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1354-1366. [PMID: 30939079 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-18-0431-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoperonospora humuli is an obligate oomycete pathogen of hop (Humulus lupulus) that causes downy mildew, an important disease in most production regions in the Northern Hemisphere. The pathogen can cause a systemic infection in hop, overwinter in the root system, and infect propagation material. Substantial yield loss may occur owing to P. humuli infection of strobiles (seed cones), shoots, and cone-bearing branches. Fungicide application and cultural practices are the primary methods to manage hop downy mildew. However, effective, sustainable, and cost-effective management of downy mildew can be improved by developing early detection systems to inform on disease risk and timely fungicide application. However, no species-specific diagnostic assays or genomic resources are available for P. humuli. The genome of the P. humuli OR502AA isolate was partially sequenced using Illumina technology and assembled with ABySS. The assembly had a minimum scaffold length of 500 bp and an N50 (median scaffold length of the assembled genome) of 19.2 kbp. A total number of 18,656 genes were identified using MAKER standard gene predictions. Additionally, transcriptome assemblies were generated using RNA-seq and Trinity for seven additional P. humuli isolates. Bioinformatics analyses of next generation sequencing reads of P. humuli and P. cubensis (a closely related sister species) identified 242 candidate species-specific P. humuli genes that could be used as diagnostic molecular markers. These candidate genes were validated using polymerase chain reaction against a diverse collection of isolates from P. humuli, P. cubensis, and other oomycetes. Overall, four diagnostic markers were found to be uniquely present in P. humuli. These candidate markers identified through comparative genomics can be used for pathogen diagnostics in propagation material, such as rhizomes and vegetative cuttings, or adapted for biosurveillance of airborne sporangia, an important source of inoculum in hop downy mildew epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rahman
- 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, U.S.A
| | - E Góngora-Castillo
- 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, U.S.A
- 2Department of Biotechnology, Yucatan Center for Scientific Research, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - M J Bowman
- 3Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, U.S.A
| | - K L Childs
- 3Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, U.S.A
| | - D H Gent
- 4Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, OR, U.S.A
| | - F N Martin
- 5Crop Improvement and Protection Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905, U.S.A
| | - L M Quesada-Ocampo
- 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, U.S.A
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Lou Y. PRRs and NB-LRRs: From Signal Perception to Activation of Plant Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081882. [PMID: 30995767 PMCID: PMC6514886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To ward off pathogens and pests, plants use a sophisticated immune system. They use pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), as well as nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) domains, for detecting nonindigenous molecular signatures from pathogens. Plant PRRs induce local and systemic immunity. Plasma-membrane-localized PRRs are the main components of multiprotein complexes having additional transmembrane and cytosolic kinases. Topical research involving proteins and their interactive partners, along with transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, has extended our understanding of R-gene-mediated plant immunity. The unique LRR domain conformation helps in the best utilization of a surface area and essentially mediates protein–protein interactions. Genome-wide analyses of inter- and intraspecies PRRs and NB-LRRs offer innovative information about their working and evolution. We reviewed plant immune responses with relevance to PRRs and NB-LRRs. This article focuses on the significant functional diversity, pathogen-recognition mechanisms, and subcellular compartmentalization of plant PRRs and NB-LRRs. We highlight the potential biotechnological application of PRRs and NB-LRRs to enhance broad-spectrum disease resistance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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28
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Masonbrink R, Maier TR, Muppirala U, Seetharam AS, Lord E, Juvale PS, Schmutz J, Johnson NT, Korkin D, Mitchum MG, Mimee B, den Akker SEV, Hudson M, Severin AJ, Baum TJ. The genome of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) reveals complex patterns of duplications involved in the evolution of parasitism genes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:119. [PMID: 30732586 PMCID: PMC6367775 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterodera glycines, commonly referred to as the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), is an obligatory and sedentary plant parasite that causes over a billion-dollar yield loss to soybean production annually. Although there are genetic determinants that render soybean plants resistant to certain nematode genotypes, resistant soybean cultivars are increasingly ineffective because their multi-year usage has selected for virulent H. glycines populations. The parasitic success of H. glycines relies on the comprehensive re-engineering of an infection site into a syncytium, as well as the long-term suppression of host defense to ensure syncytial viability. At the forefront of these complex molecular interactions are effectors, the proteins secreted by H. glycines into host root tissues. The mechanisms of effector acquisition, diversification, and selection need to be understood before effective control strategies can be developed, but the lack of an annotated genome has been a major roadblock. RESULTS Here, we use PacBio long-read technology to assemble a H. glycines genome of 738 contigs into 123 Mb with annotations for 29,769 genes. The genome contains significant numbers of repeats (34%), tandem duplicates (18.7 Mb), and horizontal gene transfer events (151 genes). A large number of putative effectors (431 genes) were identified in the genome, many of which were found in transposons. CONCLUSIONS This advance provides a glimpse into the host and parasite interplay by revealing a diversity of mechanisms that give rise to virulence genes in the soybean cyst nematode, including: tandem duplications containing over a fifth of the total gene count, virulence genes hitchhiking in transposons, and 107 horizontal gene transfers not reported in other plant parasitic nematodes thus far. Through extensive characterization of the H. glycines genome, we provide new insights into H. glycines biology and shed light onto the mystery underlying complex host-parasite interactions. This genome sequence is an important prerequisite to enable work towards generating new resistance or control measures against H. glycines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Masonbrink
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Tom R. Maier
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Usha Muppirala
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Arun S. Seetharam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
| | - Etienne Lord
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC Canada
| | | | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Nathan T. Johnson
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Dmitry Korkin
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA USA
- Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA USA
| | | | - Benjamin Mimee
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC Canada
| | | | - Matthew Hudson
- Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois, Urbana, IL USA
| | | | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
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29
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Liu L, Xu L, Jia Q, Pan R, Oelmüller R, Zhang W, Wu C. Arms race: diverse effector proteins with conserved motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1557008. [PMID: 30621489 PMCID: PMC6351098 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1557008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effector proteins play important roles in the infection by pathogenic oomycetes and fungi or the colonization by endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi. They are either translocated into the host plant cells via specific translocation mechanisms and function in the host's cytoplasm or nucleus, or they reside in the apoplast of the plant cells and act at the extracellular host-microbe interface. Many effector proteins possess conserved motifs (such as the RXLR, CRN, LysM, RGD, DELD, EAR, RYWT, Y/F/WXC or CFEM motifs) localized in their N- or C-terminal regions. Analysis of the functions of effector proteins, especially so-called "core effectors", is crucial for the understanding of pathogenicity/symbiosis mechanisms and plant defense strategies, and helps to develop breeding strategies for pathogen-resistant cultivars, and to increase crop yield and quality as well as abiotic stress resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge about these effector proteins with the conversed motifs and their involvement in pathogenic or mutualistic plant/fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qie Jia
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- CONTACT Wenying Zhang Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Chu Wu College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Ecology and Environmental Restoration, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Zhao L, Zhang X, Zhang X, Song W, Li X, Feng R, Yang C, Huang Z, Zhu C. Crystal structure of the RxLR effector PcRxLR12 from Phytophthora capsici. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:1830-1835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhang Y, Huang J, Ochola SO, Dong S. Functional Analysis of PsAvr3c Effector Family From Phytophthora Provides Probes to Dissect SKRP Mediated Plant Susceptibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1105. [PMID: 30090111 PMCID: PMC6069499 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PsAvr3c is an effector identified from oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae that causes soybean root and stem rot disease. Earlier studies have demonstrated that PsAvr3c binds to a novel soybean spliceosomal complex protein, GmSKRP, to reprogram the splicing of hundreds of pre-mRNAs and consequently subvert host immunity. PsAvr3c family genes are present in some other Phytophthora species, but their function remains unknown. Here, we characterized the functions of PsAvh27b (PsAvr3c paralog from P. sojae), ProbiAvh89 and PparvAvh214 (orthologs from P. cinnamomi var. robiniae and Phytophthora parvispora, respectively). The study reveals that both PsAvh27b and ProbiAvh89 interact with GmSKRPs in vitro, and stabilize GmSKRP1 in vivo. However, PparvAvh214 cannot interact with GmSKRPs proteins. The qRT-PCR result illustrates that the alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs of several soybean defense-related genes are altered in PsAvh27b and ProbiAvh89 when over-expressed on soybean hairy roots. Moreover, PsAvr3c family members display differences in promoting Phytophthora infection in a SKRP-dependent manner. Overall, this study highlights that the effector-mediated host pre-mRNA alternative splicing occurs in other pathosystems, thus providing new probes to further dissect SKRP-mediated plant susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sylvans O. Ochola
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Chxsina
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Carella P, Gogleva A, Tomaselli M, Alfs C, Schornack S. Phytophthora palmivora establishes tissue-specific intracellular infection structures in the earliest divergent land plant lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3846-E3855. [PMID: 29615512 DOI: 10.1101/188912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The expansion of plants onto land was a formative event that brought forth profound changes to the earth's geochemistry and biota. Filamentous eukaryotic microbes developed the ability to colonize plant tissues early during the evolution of land plants, as demonstrated by intimate, symbiosis-like associations in >400 million-year-old fossils. However, the degree to which filamentous microbes establish pathogenic interactions with early divergent land plants is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the broad host-range oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora colonizes liverworts, the earliest divergent land plant lineage. We show that P. palmivora establishes a complex tissue-specific interaction with Marchantia polymorpha, where it completes a full infection cycle within air chambers of the dorsal photosynthetic layer. Remarkably, P. palmivora invaginates M. polymorpha cells with haustoria-like structures that accumulate host cellular trafficking machinery and the membrane syntaxin MpSYP13B, but not the related MpSYP13A. Our results indicate that the intracellular accommodation of filamentous microbes is an ancient plant trait that is successfully exploited by pathogens like P. palmivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Carella
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Gogleva
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Tomaselli
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carolin Alfs
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Phytophthora palmivora establishes tissue-specific intracellular infection structures in the earliest divergent land plant lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3846-E3855. [PMID: 29615512 PMCID: PMC5910834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of liverworts as the earliest diverging land plant lineage to support fungal symbiosis, it is unknown whether filamentous pathogens can establish intracellular interactions within living cells of these nonvascular plants. Here, we demonstrate that an oomycete pathogen invades Marchantia polymorpha and related liverworts to form intracellular infection structures inside cells of the photosynthetic layer. Plants lacking this tissue layer display enhanced resistance to infection, revealing an architectural susceptibility factor in complex thalloid liverworts. Moreover, we show that dedicated host cellular trafficking proteins are recruited to pathogen interfaces within liverwort cells, supporting the idea that intracellular responses to microbial invasion originated in nonvascular plants. The expansion of plants onto land was a formative event that brought forth profound changes to the earth’s geochemistry and biota. Filamentous eukaryotic microbes developed the ability to colonize plant tissues early during the evolution of land plants, as demonstrated by intimate, symbiosis-like associations in >400 million-year-old fossils. However, the degree to which filamentous microbes establish pathogenic interactions with early divergent land plants is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the broad host-range oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora colonizes liverworts, the earliest divergent land plant lineage. We show that P. palmivora establishes a complex tissue-specific interaction with Marchantia polymorpha, where it completes a full infection cycle within air chambers of the dorsal photosynthetic layer. Remarkably, P. palmivora invaginates M. polymorpha cells with haustoria-like structures that accumulate host cellular trafficking machinery and the membrane syntaxin MpSYP13B, but not the related MpSYP13A. Our results indicate that the intracellular accommodation of filamentous microbes is an ancient plant trait that is successfully exploited by pathogens like P. palmivora.
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Chen PH, Chen RY, Chou JY. Screening and Evaluation of Yeast Antagonists for Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea on Strawberry Fruits. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:33-46. [PMID: 29998031 PMCID: PMC6037076 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1454013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is one of the most common diseases of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) worldwide. Although many chemical fungicides are used for controlling the growth of B. cinerea, the risk of the fungus developing chemical resistance together with consumer demand for reducing the use of chemical fungicides have necessitated an alternative method to control this pathogen. Various naturally occurring microbes aggressively attack plant pathogens and benefit plants by suppressing diseases; these microbes are referred to as biocontrol agents. However, screening of potent biocontrol agents is essential for their further development and commercialization. In this study, 24 strains of yeast with antagonistic ability against gray mold were isolated, and the antifungal activity of the volatile and diffusible metabolites was evaluated. Putative mechanisms of action associated with the biocontrol capacity of yeast strains against B. cinerea were studied through in vitro and in vivo assays. The volatile organic compounds produced by the Galactomyces candidum JYC1146 could be useful in the biological control of plant pathogens and therefore are potential alternative fungicides with low environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Chen
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Yun Chen
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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Kobayashi M, Hiraka Y, Abe A, Yaegashi H, Natsume S, Kikuchi H, Takagi H, Saitoh H, Win J, Kamoun S, Terauchi R. Genome analysis of the foxtail millet pathogen Sclerospora graminicola reveals the complex effector repertoire of graminicolous downy mildews. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:897. [PMID: 29166857 PMCID: PMC5700566 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete pathogen Sclerospora graminicola, is an economically important disease of Gramineae crops including foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Plants infected with S. graminicola are generally stunted and often undergo a transformation of flower organs into leaves (phyllody or witches’ broom), resulting in serious yield loss. To establish the molecular basis of downy mildew disease in foxtail millet, we carried out whole-genome sequencing and an RNA-seq analysis of S. graminicola. Results Sequence reads were generated from S. graminicola using an Illumina sequencing platform and assembled de novo into a draft genome sequence comprising approximately 360 Mbp. Of this sequence, 73% comprised repetitive elements, and a total of 16,736 genes were predicted from the RNA-seq data. The predicted genes included those encoding effector-like proteins with high sequence similarity to those previously identified in other oomycete pathogens. Genes encoding jacalin-like lectin-domain-containing secreted proteins were enriched in S. graminicola compared to other oomycetes. Of a total of 1220 genes encoding putative secreted proteins, 91 significantly changed their expression levels during the infection of plant tissues compared to the sporangia and zoospore stages of the S. graminicola lifecycle. Conclusions We established the draft genome sequence of a downy mildew pathogen that infects Gramineae plants. Based on this sequence and our transcriptome analysis, we generated a catalog of in planta-induced candidate effector genes, providing a solid foundation from which to identify the effectors causing phyllody. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4296-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yukie Hiraka
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate, Japan
| | - Akira Abe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Hiromasa Saitoh
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate, Japan.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Iwate, Japan. .,Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Tomada S, Sonego P, Moretto M, Engelen K, Pertot I, Perazzolli M, Puopolo G. Dual RNA-Seq of Lysobacter capsici
AZ78 - Phytophthora infestans
interaction shows the implementation of attack strategies by the bacterium and unsuccessful oomycete defense responses. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4113-4125. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Selena Tomada
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
- Agricultural Science and Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences; University of Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- Department of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment; University of Trento; San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM); San Michele all'Adige Italy
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Kong L, Qiu X, Kang J, Wang Y, Chen H, Huang J, Qiu M, Zhao Y, Kong G, Ma Z, Wang Y, Ye W, Dong S, Ma W, Wang Y. A Phytophthora Effector Manipulates Host Histone Acetylation and Reprograms Defense Gene Expression to Promote Infection. Curr Biol 2017; 27:981-991. [PMID: 28318979 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immune response during pathogen infection requires extensive transcription reprogramming. A fundamental mechanism of transcriptional regulation is histone acetylation. However, how pathogens interfere with this process to promote disease remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic effector PsAvh23 produced by the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae acts as a modulator of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) in plants. PsAvh23 binds to the ADA2 subunit of the HAT complex SAGA and disrupts its assembly by interfering with the association of ADA2 with the catalytic subunit GCN5. As such, PsAvh23 suppresses H3K9 acetylation mediated by the ADA2/GCN5 module and increases plant susceptibility. Expression of PsAvh23 or silencing of GmADA2/GmGCN5 resulted in misregulation of defense-related genes, most likely due to decreased H3K9 acetylation levels at the corresponding loci. This study highlights an effective counter-defense mechanism by which a pathogen effector suppresses the activation of defense genes by interfering with the function of the HAT complex during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xufang Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jiangang Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Wenbo Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; The Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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Dalio RJD, Magalhães DM, Rodrigues CM, Arena GD, Oliveira TS, Souza-Neto RR, Picchi SC, Martins PMM, Santos PJC, Maximo HJ, Pacheco IS, De Souza AA, Machado MA. PAMPs, PRRs, effectors and R-genes associated with citrus-pathogen interactions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:749-774. [PMID: 28065920 PMCID: PMC5571375 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent application of molecular-based technologies has considerably advanced our understanding of complex processes in plant-pathogen interactions and their key components such as PAMPs, PRRs, effectors and R-genes. To develop novel control strategies for disease prevention in citrus, it is essential to expand and consolidate our knowledge of the molecular interaction of citrus plants with their pathogens. SCOPE This review provides an overview of our understanding of citrus plant immunity, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved in the interactions with viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes and vectors related to the following diseases: tristeza, psorosis, citrus variegated chlorosis, citrus canker, huanglongbing, brown spot, post-bloom, anthracnose, gummosis and citrus root rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo J. D. Dalio
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo M. Magalhães
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina M. Rodrigues
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriella D. Arena
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago S. Oliveira
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo R. Souza-Neto
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Simone C. Picchi
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Paula M. M. Martins
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo J. C. Santos
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Heros J. Maximo
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Inaiara S. Pacheco
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A. De Souza
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos A. Machado
- Citrus Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, IAC, Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil
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Fang A, Han Y, Zhang N, Zhang M, Liu L, Li S, Lu F, Sun W. Identification and Characterization of Plant Cell Death-Inducing Secreted Proteins From Ustilaginoidea virens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:405-16. [PMID: 26927000 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-15-0200-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah (telemorph Villosiclava virens) is an ascomycetous fungus that causes rice false smut, one of the most important rice diseases. Fungal effectors often play essential roles in host-pathogen coevolutionary interactions. However, little is known about the functions of U. virens effectors. Here, we performed functional studies on putative effectors in U. virens and demonstrated that 13 of 119 putative effectors caused necrosis or necrosis-like phenotypes in Nicotiana benthamiana. Among them, 11 proteins were confirmed to be secreted, using a yeast secretion system, and the corresponding genes are all highly induced during infection, except UV_44 and UV_4753. Eight secreted proteins were proven to trigger cell death or defenses in rice protoplasts and the secretion signal of these proteins is essential for their cell death-inducing activity. The ability of UV_44 and UV_1423 to trigger cell death is dependent on the predicted serine peptidase and ribonuclease catalytic active sites, respectively. We demonstrated that UV_1423 and UV_6205 are N-glycosylated proteins, which glycosylation has different impacts on their abilities to induce cell death. Collectively, the study identified multiple secreted proteins in U. virens with specific structural motifs that induce cell death or defense machinery in nonhost and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanqing Han
- Department of Plant Pathology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Plant Pathology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fen Lu
- Department of Plant Pathology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology; Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Rolfe SA, Strelkov SE, Links MG, Clarke WE, Robinson SJ, Djavaheri M, Malinowski R, Haddadi P, Kagale S, Parkin IAP, Taheri A, Borhan MH. The compact genome of the plant pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae is adapted to intracellular interactions with host Brassica spp. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:272. [PMID: 27036196 PMCID: PMC4815078 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne pathogen of cruciferous species and the causal agent of clubroot disease of Brassicas including agriculturally important crops such as canola/rapeseed (Brassica napus). P. brassicae has remained an enigmatic plant pathogen and is a rare example of an obligate biotroph that resides entirely inside the host plant cell. The pathogen is the cause of severe yield losses and can render infested fields unsuitable for Brassica crop growth due to the persistence of resting spores in the soil for up to 20 years. RESULTS To provide insight into the biology of the pathogen and its interaction with its primary host B. napus, we produced a draft genome of P. brassicae pathotypes 3 and 6 (Pb3 and Pb6) that differ in their host range. Pb3 is highly virulent on B. napus (but also infects other Brassica species) while Pb6 infects only vegetable Brassica crops. Both the Pb3 and Pb6 genomes are highly compact, each with a total size of 24.2 Mb, and contain less than 2 % repetitive DNA. Clustering of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of Pb3, Pb6 and three additional re-sequenced pathotypes (Pb2, Pb5 and Pb8) shows a high degree of correlation of cluster grouping with host range. The Pb3 genome features significant reduction of intergenic space with multiple examples of overlapping untranslated regions (UTRs). Dependency on the host for essential nutrients is evident from the loss of genes for the biosynthesis of thiamine and some amino acids and the presence of a wide range of transport proteins, including some unique to P. brassicae. The annotated genes of Pb3 include those with a potential role in the regulation of the plant growth hormones cytokinin and auxin. The expression profile of Pb3 genes, including putative effectors, during infection and their potential role in manipulation of host defence is discussed. CONCLUSION The P. brassicae genome sequence reveals a compact genome, a dependency of the pathogen on its host for some essential nutrients and a potential role in the regulation of host plant cytokinin and auxin. Genome annotation supported by RNA sequencing reveals significant reduction in intergenic space which, in addition to low repeat content, has likely contributed to the P. brassicae compact genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Rolfe
- />Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Stephen E. Strelkov
- />Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - Matthew G. Links
- />Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Wayne E. Clarke
- />Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
- />Present address: New York Genome Center, 101 6th Ave, New York, NY 10013 USA
| | - Stephen J. Robinson
- />Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Mohammad Djavaheri
- />Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Robert Malinowski
- />Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Parham Haddadi
- />Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Sateesh Kagale
- />National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - Isobel A. P. Parkin
- />Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Ali Taheri
- />Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
- />Present address: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Human and Natural Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A Merritt Blvd, Nashville, TN 37209 USA
| | - M. Hossein Borhan
- />Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
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Fu SF, Sun PF, Lu HY, Wei JY, Xiao HS, Fang WT, Cheng BY, Chou JY. Plant growth-promoting traits of yeasts isolated from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of Drosera spatulata Lab. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:433-48. [PMID: 26895872 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms can promote plant growth through direct and indirect mechanisms. Compared with the use of bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, the use of yeasts as plant growth-promoting (PGP) agents has not been extensively investigated. In this study, yeast isolates from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of the medicinally important plant Drosera spatulata Lab. were assessed for their PGP traits. All isolates were tested for indole-3-acetic acid-, ammonia-, and polyamine-producing abilities, calcium phosphate and zinc oxide solubilizing ability, and catalase activity. Furthermore, the activities of siderophore, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, and fungal cell wall-degrading enzymes were assessed. The antagonistic action of yeasts against pathogenic Glomerella cingulata was evaluated. The cocultivation of Nicotiana benthamiana with yeast isolates enhanced plant growth, indicating a potential yeast-plant interaction. Our study results highlight the potential use of yeasts as plant biofertilizers under controlled and field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng Fu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Feng Sun
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yu Lu
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Jyuan-Yu Wei
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Su Xiao
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ta Fang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Bai-You Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Resources Management, TransWorld University, Yunlin County 640, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
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Sonah H, Deshmukh RK, Bélanger RR. Computational Prediction of Effector Proteins in Fungi: Opportunities and Challenges. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:126. [PMID: 26904083 PMCID: PMC4751359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Effector proteins are mostly secretory proteins that stimulate plant infection by manipulating the host response. Identifying fungal effector proteins and understanding their function is of great importance in efforts to curb losses to plant diseases. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have facilitated the availability of several fungal genomes and 1000s of transcriptomes. As a result, the growing amount of genomic information has provided great opportunities to identify putative effector proteins in different fungal species. There is little consensus over the annotation and functionality of effector proteins, and mostly small secretory proteins are considered as effector proteins, a concept that tends to overestimate the number of proteins involved in a plant-pathogen interaction. With the characterization of Avr genes, criteria for computational prediction of effector proteins are becoming more efficient. There are 100s of tools available for the identification of conserved motifs, signature sequences and structural features in the proteins. Many pipelines and online servers, which combine several tools, are made available to perform genome-wide identification of effector proteins. In this review, available tools and pipelines, their strength and limitations for effective identification of fungal effector proteins are discussed. We also present an exhaustive list of classically secreted proteins along with their key conserved motifs found in 12 common plant pathogens (11 fungi and one oomycete) through an analytical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard R. Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté des Sciences de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation, Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Université Laval, QuébecQC, Canada
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Dagdas YF, Belhaj K, Maqbool A, Chaparro-Garcia A, Pandey P, Petre B, Tabassum N, Cruz-Mireles N, Hughes RK, Sklenar J, Win J, Menke F, Findlay K, Banfield MJ, Kamoun S, Bozkurt TO. An effector of the Irish potato famine pathogen antagonizes a host autophagy cargo receptor. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 26765567 PMCID: PMC4775223 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants use autophagy to safeguard against infectious diseases. However, how plant pathogens interfere with autophagy-related processes is unknown. Here, we show that PexRD54, an effector from the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans, binds host autophagy protein ATG8CL to stimulate autophagosome formation. PexRD54 depletes the autophagy cargo receptor Joka2 out of ATG8CL complexes and interferes with Joka2's positive effect on pathogen defense. Thus, a plant pathogen effector has evolved to antagonize a host autophagy cargo receptor to counteract host defenses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10856.001 Plants and other living organisms can survive stress and starvation by digesting and recycling parts of their own cells. This process is known as autophagy and it involves engulfing cellular material inside spherical structures called autophagosomes, before delivering it to sites in the cell where digestive enzymes can break the material down. A form of autophagy, known as selective autophagy, can specifically degrade toxic substances such as disease-causing microbes. Selective autophagy works through proteins called autophagy cargo receptors that define which molecules are targeted for degradation. However, it was not clear whether autophagy protects plants from infections, or how much disease-causing microbes interfere with this process for their own benefit. The microbe that causes late blight of potatoes (called Phytophthora infestans) is infamous for triggering widespread famines in Ireland in the 19th century. This disease-causing microbe continues to pose a serious threat to food security today, and parasitizes plant tissues by releasing proteins called effectors that enter the plant’s cells to subvert the plant’s physiology and counteract its defenses. Dagdas, Belhaj et al. now report that an effector from P. infestans, called PexRD54, can bind to autophagy-related protein from potato, called ATG8CL, and stimulate the formation of autophagosomes. Further experiments revealed that the PexRD54 effector could outcompete a plant autophagy cargo receptor that would otherwise bind to ATG8CL. This plant cargo receptor contributes to the plant’s defences, and by preventing it from interacting with ATG8CL, PexRD54 makes the plant more susceptible to infection by P. infestans. These findings show that the PexRD54 effector has evolved to interact with an autophagy-related protein to counteract the plant’s defences. Dagdas, Belhaj et al. suggest that PexRD54 might do this by activating autophagy to selectively eliminate some of the molecules that the plant use to defend itself. Furthermore, P. infestans might also benefit from the nutrients that are released when cellular material is broken down via autophagy. Future work could test these two hypotheses and explore whether other effectors from disease-causing microbes work in a similar way. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10856.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abbas Maqbool
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pooja Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nadra Tabassum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard K Hughes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Findlay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Oliva RF, Cano LM, Raffaele S, Win J, Bozkurt TO, Belhaj K, Oh SK, Thines M, Kamoun S. A Recent Expansion of the RXLR Effector Gene Avrblb2 Is Maintained in Global Populations of Phytophthora infestans Indicating Different Contributions to Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:901-12. [PMID: 25894205 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-14-0393-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The introgression of disease resistance (R) genes encoding immunoreceptors with broad-spectrum recognition into cultivated potato appears to be the most promising approach to achieve sustainable management of late blight caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Rpi-blb2 from Solanum bulbocastanum shows great potential for use in agriculture based on preliminary potato disease trials. Rpi-blb2 confers immunity by recognizing the P. infestans avirulence effector protein AVRblb2 after it is translocated inside the plant cell. This effector belongs to the RXLR class of effectors and is under strong positive selection. Structure-function analyses revealed a key polymorphic amino acid (position 69) in AVRblb2 effector that is critical for activation of Rpi-blb2. In this study, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of the Avrblb2 gene family and further characterized its genetic structure in worldwide populations. Our data indicate that Avrblb2 evolved as a single-copy gene in a putative ancestral species of P. infestans and has recently expanded in the Phytophthora spp. that infect solanaceous hosts. As a consequence, at least four variants of AVRblb2 arose in P. infestans. One of these variants, with a Phe residue at position 69, evades recognition by the cognate resistance gene. Surprisingly, all Avrblb2 variants are maintained in pathogen populations. This suggests a potential benefit for the pathogen in preserving duplicated versions of AVRblb2, possibly because the variants may have different contributions to pathogen fitness in a diversified solanaceous host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F Oliva
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Liliana M Cano
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Win
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Khaoula Belhaj
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sang-Keun Oh
- 2 Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Marco Thines
- 3 Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BiK-F, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- 4 Goethe University, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Siesmayer. 70, D-60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- 5 Senckenberg Gesellschft für Naturforschung, Senckenbergallee 25, D-60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- 1 The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Fu L, Zhu C, Ding X, Yang X, Morris PF, Tyler BM, Zhang X. Characterization of Cell-Death-Inducing Members of the Pectate Lyase Gene Family in Phytophthora capsici and Their Contributions to Infection of Pepper. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:766-75. [PMID: 25775270 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-14-0352-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pectate lyases (PL) play a critical role in pectin degradation. PL have been extensively studied in major bacterial and fungal pathogens of a wide range of plant species. However, the contribution of PL to infection by oomycete pathogens remains largely unknown. Here, we cloned 22 full-length pectate lyase (PcPL) genes from a highly aggressive strain of Phytophthora capsici SD33. Of these, PVX agroinfiltration revealed that 12 PcPL genes were found to be highly induced during infection of pepper by SD33 but the induction level was twofold less in a mildly aggressive strain, YN07. The four genes with the highest transcript levels as measured by by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PcPL1, PcPL15, PcPL16, and PcPL20) also produced a severe cell death response following transient expression in pepper leaves but the other eight PcPL genes did not. Overexpression of these four genes increased the virulence of SD33 on pepper slightly, and increased it more substantially during infection of tobacco. Overexpression of the genes in YN07 restored its aggressiveness to near that of SD33. Gene silencing experiments with the 12 PcPL genes produced diverse patterns of silencing of PcPL genes, from which it could be inferred from regression analysis that PcPL1, PcPL16, and PcPL20 could account for nearly all of the contributions of the PcPL genes to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Chunyuan Zhu
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ding
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Paul F Morris
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403 U.S.A
| | - Brett M Tyler
- 3 Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Xiuguo Zhang
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
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Mafurah JJ, Ma H, Zhang M, Xu J, He F, Ye T, Shen D, Chen Y, Rajput NA, Dou D. A Virulence Essential CRN Effector of Phytophthora capsici Suppresses Host Defense and Induces Cell Death in Plant Nucleus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127965. [PMID: 26011314 PMCID: PMC4444017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici is a soil-borne plant pathogen with a wide range of hosts. The pathogen secretes a large array of effectors during infection of host plants, including Crinkler (CRN) effectors. However, it remains largely unknown on the roles of these effectors in virulence especially in P. capsici. In this study, we identified a cell death-inducing CRN effector PcCRN4 using agroinfiltration approach. Transient expression of PcCRN4 gene induced cell death in N. benthamiana, N. tabacum and Solanum lycopersicum. Overexpression of the gene in N. benthamiana enhanced susceptibility to P. capsici. Subcellular localization results showed that PcCRN4 localized to the plant nucleus, and the localization was required for both of its cell death-inducing activity and virulent function. Silencing PcCRN4 gene in P. capsici significantly reduced pathogen virulence. The expression of the pathogenesis-related gene PR1b in N. benthamiana was significantly induced when plants were inoculated with PcCRN4-silenced P. capsici transformant compared to the wilt-type. Callose deposits were also abundant at sites inoculated with PcCRN4-silenced transformant, indicating that silencing of PcCRN4 in P. capsici reduced the ability of the pathogen to suppress plant defenses. Transcriptions of cell death-related genes were affected when PcCRN4-silenced line were inoculated on Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting that PcCRN4 may induce cell death by manipulating cell death-related genes. Overall, our results demonstrate that PcCRN4 is a virulence essential effector and it needs target to the plant nucleus to suppress plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Juma Mafurah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huifei Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tingyue Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Nasir Ahmed Rajput
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Comparative proteomic analysis of hyphae and germinating cysts of Phytophthora pisi and Phytophthora sojae. J Proteomics 2015; 117:24-40. [PMID: 25613045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The recently described oomycete pathogen Phytophthora pisi causes root rot on pea and faba bean, while the closely related Phytophthora sojae is the causal agent of soybean root and stem rot. Differences in the pathogenicity factor repertoires that enable the two species to have distinct host specificity towards pea and soybean, were studied using tandem mass spectrometry in a global proteome study of hyphae and germinating cysts in P. pisi and P. sojae. In total 2775 proteins from P. pisi and 2891 proteins from P. sojae were identified. Fifty-eight orthologous proteins were more abundant in germinated cysts of both pathogens and thus identified as candidate proteins for the infective stage. Several of these proteins were associated with lipid transport and metabolism, and energy production. Twenty-three orthologous proteins were more abundant in hyphae of both pathogens and thus identified as candidate proteins for vegetative growth. Proteins uniquely present in germinating cysts of either P. pisi or P. sojae were considered as candidates for species-specific pathogenicity factors that may be involved in host specificity. Among these proteins were serine proteases, membrane transporters and a berberine-like protein. These results significantly expand the knowledge of the expressed proteome in P. pisi and P. sojae. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE P. sojae and P. pisi are closely related species that specifically cause root rot on soybean and pea, respectively. The pathogenicity factors contributing to their host specificity remained unknown. We carried out a comparative large-scale proteome analysis of vegetative (hyphae) and infective (germinating cysts) life stages in P. pisi and P. sojae. This study provides knowledge of the common factors and mechanism involved in initiation of infection and species-specific proteins that may contribute to the host specificity of these pathogens. This knowledge will lead to a better understanding of the infection biology of these pathogens, allowing new possibilities towards developing alternative and effective plant protection measures.
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Molecular profiling of the Phytophthora plurivora secretome: a step towards understanding the cross-talk between plant pathogenic oomycetes and their hosts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112317. [PMID: 25372870 PMCID: PMC4221288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying host–pathogen interactions in plant diseases is of crucial importance to gain insights on different virulence strategies of pathogens and unravel their role in plant immunity. Among plant pathogens, Phytophthora species are eliciting a growing interest for their considerable economical and environmental impact. Plant infection by Phytophthora phytopathogens is a complex process coordinated by a plethora of extracellular signals secreted by both host plants and pathogens. The characterization of the repertoire of effectors secreted by oomycetes has become an active area of research for deciphering molecular mechanisms responsible for host plants colonization and infection. Putative secreted proteins by Phytophthora species have been catalogued by applying high-throughput genome-based strategies and bioinformatic approaches. However, a comprehensive analysis of the effective secretome profile of Phytophthora is still lacking. Here, we report the first large-scale profiling of P. plurivora secretome using a shotgun LC-MS/MS strategy. To gain insight on the molecular signals underlying the cross-talk between plant pathogenic oomycetes and their host plants, we also investigate the quantitative changes of secreted protein following interaction of P. plurivora with the root exudate of Fagus sylvatica which is highly susceptible to the root pathogen. We show that besides known effectors, the expression and/or secretion levels of cell-wall-degrading enzymes were altered following the interaction with the host plant root exudate. In addition, a characterization of the F. sylvatica root exudate was performed by NMR and amino acid analysis, allowing the identification of the main released low-molecular weight components, including organic acids and free amino acids. This study provides important insights for deciphering the extracellular network involved in the highly susceptible P. plurivora-F. sylvatica interaction.
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Vega-Arreguín JC, Jalloh A, Bos JI, Moffett P. Recognition of an Avr3a homologue plays a major role in mediating nonhost resistance to Phytophthora capsici in Nicotiana species. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:770-80. [PMID: 24725207 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-14-0014-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonhost resistance is a commonly occurring phenomenon wherein all accessions or cultivars of a plant species are resistant to all strains of a pathogen species and is likely the manifestation of multiple molecular mechanisms. Phytophthora capsici is a soil-borne oomycete that causes Phytophthora blight disease in many solanaceous and cucurbitaceous plants worldwide. Interest in P. capsici has increased considerably with the sequencing of its genome and its increasing occurrence in multiple crops. However, molecular interactions between P. capsici and both its hosts and its nonhosts are poorly defined. We show here that tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) acts like a nonhost for P. capsici and responds to P. capsici infection with a hypersensitive response (HR). Furthermore, we have found that a P. capsici Avr3a-like gene (PcAvr3a1) encoding a putative RXLR effector protein produces a HR upon transient expression in tobacco and several other Nicotiana species. This HR response correlated with resistance in 19 of 23 Nicotiana species and accessions tested, and knock-down of PcAvr3a1 expression by host-induced gene silencing allowed infection of resistant tobacco. Our results suggest that many Nicotiana species have the capacity to recognize PcAvr3a1 via the products of endogenous disease resistance (R) genes and that this R gene-mediated response is a major component of nonhost resistance to P. capsici.
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50
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Segretin ME, Pais M, Franceschetti M, Chaparro-Garcia A, Bos JIB, Banfield MJ, Kamoun S. Single amino acid mutations in the potato immune receptor R3a expand response to Phytophthora effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:624-37. [PMID: 24678835 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-14-0040-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Both plants and animals rely on nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing (NB-LRR or NLR) proteins to respond to invading pathogens and activate immune responses. How plant NB-LRR proteins respond to pathogens is poorly understood. We undertook a gain-of-function random mutagenesis screen of the potato NB-LRR immune receptor R3a to study how this protein responds to the effector protein AVR3a from the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans. R3a response can be extended to the stealthy AVR3aEM isoform of the effector while retaining recognition of AVR3aKI. Each one of eight single amino acid mutations is sufficient to expand the R3a response to AVR3aEM and other AVR3a variants. These mutations occur across the R3a protein, from the N terminus to different regions of the LRR domain. Further characterization of these R3a mutants revealed that at least one of them was sensitized, exhibiting a stronger response than the wild-type R3a protein to AVR3aKI. Remarkably, the N336Y mutation, near the R3a nucleotide-binding pocket, conferred response to the effector protein PcAVR3a4 from the vegetable pathogen P. capsici. This work contributes to understanding how NB-LRR receptor specificity can be modulated. Together with knowledge of pathogen effector diversity, this strategy can be exploited to develop synthetic immune receptors.
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