1
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Beltrán JF, Herrera-Belén L, Parraguez-Contreras F, Farías JG, Machuca-Sepúlveda J, Short S. MultiToxPred 1.0: a novel comprehensive tool for predicting 27 classes of protein toxins using an ensemble machine learning approach. BMC Bioinformatics 2024; 25:148. [PMID: 38609877 PMCID: PMC11010298 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-024-05748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein toxins are defense mechanisms and adaptations found in various organisms and microorganisms, and their use in scientific research as therapeutic candidates is gaining relevance due to their effectiveness and specificity against cellular targets. However, discovering these toxins is time-consuming and expensive. In silico tools, particularly those based on machine learning and deep learning, have emerged as valuable resources to address this challenge. Existing tools primarily focus on binary classification, determining whether a protein is a toxin or not, and occasionally identifying specific types of toxins. For the first time, we propose a novel approach capable of classifying protein toxins into 27 distinct categories based on their mode of action within cells. To accomplish this, we assessed multiple machine learning techniques and found that an ensemble model incorporating the Light Gradient Boosting Machine and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis algorithms exhibited the best performance. During the tenfold cross-validation on the training dataset, our model exhibited notable metrics: 0.840 accuracy, 0.827 F1 score, 0.836 precision, 0.840 sensitivity, and 0.989 AUC. In the testing stage, using an independent dataset, the model achieved 0.846 accuracy, 0.838 F1 score, 0.847 precision, 0.849 sensitivity, and 0.991 AUC. These results present a powerful next-generation tool called MultiToxPred 1.0, accessible through a web application. We believe that MultiToxPred 1.0 has the potential to become an indispensable resource for researchers, facilitating the efficient identification of protein toxins. By leveraging this tool, scientists can accelerate their search for these toxins and advance their understanding of their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F Beltrán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Lisandra Herrera-Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Temuco, Chile
| | - Fernanda Parraguez-Contreras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge G Farías
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge Machuca-Sepúlveda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Stefania Short
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar, 01145, Temuco, Chile
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2
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di Leandro L, Colasante M, Pitari G, Ippoliti R. Hosts and Heterologous Expression Strategies of Recombinant Toxins for Therapeutic Purposes. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:699. [PMID: 38133203 PMCID: PMC10748335 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of therapeutic recombinant toxins requires careful host cell selection. Bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells are common choices, but no universal solution exists. Achieving the delicate balance in toxin production is crucial due to potential self-intoxication. Recombinant toxins from various sources find applications in antimicrobials, biotechnology, cancer drugs, and vaccines. "Toxin-based therapy" targets diseased cells using three strategies. Targeted cancer therapy, like antibody-toxin conjugates, fusion toxins, or "suicide gene therapy", can selectively eliminate cancer cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. Notable toxins from various biological sources may be used as full-length toxins, as plant (saporin) or animal (melittin) toxins, or as isolated domains that are typical of bacterial toxins, including Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE) and diphtheria toxin (DT). This paper outlines toxin expression methods and system advantages and disadvantages, emphasizing host cell selection's critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.d.L.); (M.C.); (G.P.)
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3
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Wei M, Chen A, Zhang J, Ren Y. Novel Oxygen-Dependent Degradable Immunotoxin Regulated by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Reduces Nonspecific Cytotoxicity. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:90-100. [PMID: 36305716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of bacterial toxins as antitumor agents has received considerable attention. Immunotoxins based on antigen recognition of single-chain antibodies have been widely explored for cancer therapy. Despite their impressive killing effect on tumor cells, immunotoxins still display unspecific toxicity with undesired side effects. High levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) are well-known indicators of hypoxia in cancer cells. In this study, different linkers were employed to fuse the immunotoxin DAB389-4D5 scFv (DS) with the oxygen-dependent degradation domain (ODDD) of HIF-1α, a domain selectively facilitating the accumulation of HIF-1α under hypoxia, to construct the oxygen-dependent degradable immunotoxin DS-ODDD (DSO). The engineered fusion protein DSO-2 containing a linker (G4S)3 possesses the best killing effect on cancer cells under hypoxia and displayed considerably reduced nonspecific toxicity to normal cells under normoxic conditions. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that DSO-2 was degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway regulated by the oxygen-sensitive mechanism. Western blot analysis indicated that the degradation of DSO-2 significantly decreased the activation of apoptosis-related molecules in normal cells. The engineered immunotoxin with oxygen-sensing properties developed herein is a potential therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Anxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuhong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Khirehgesh MR, Sharifi J, Akbari B, Mansouri K, Safari F, Soleymani B, Yari K. Design and construction a novel humanized biparatopic nanobody-based immunotoxin against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Barazesh M, Mohammadi S, Jalili S, Kavousipour S, Faraji SN, Mokarram P, Pirhadi S. Design and characterization of a recombinant immunotoxin for targeted therapy of breast cancer cells: In vitro and in silico analyses. Life Sci 2020; 265:118866. [PMID: 33301810 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS GnRH-DFF40 (gonadotropin releasing hormone-DNA fragmentation factor 40) humanized recombinant immunotoxin serves as a prospective candidate for targeted therapy of malignancies with over-expressed gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR). In this study, we attempted to generate a GnRH-based chimeric protein composed of human DFF40 fused with GnRH which encodes an apoptotic nuclease and specifically targets cancer cells displaying GnRH receptor overexpression. MATERIALS AND METHODS A codon optimized, synthetic GnRH-DFF40 fusion gene and its single counterpart (DFF40) were constructed in pET28a expression vector. Cytotoxicity of these expressed proteins were evaluated on three breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB231, and SKBR3). The stability and biological activity of the recombinant proteins were investigated in the treated cell line and cell-free system. Also, the ability of this fusion and its single form in inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting metastasis and migration were evaluated by flow cytometry, migration assay and wound healing analysis, respectively. In silico analyses were also done to understand the specific interactions between GnRH and its receptor. KEY FINDINGS GnRH-DFF40 fusion protein and DFF40 were successfully expressed. The purified chimeric protein showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against all three cell lines. The recombinant fusion protein was biologically active with nucleolytic functionality and apoptosis induction ability. Moreover, the fusion could inhibit the invasion property of MDA-MB-231 cells. In silico analysis also showed that four residues from GnRH domain and 11 GnRHR residues had the most interaction sites for specific targeted delivery of the immunotoxin in cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE Fusion construct could be a prospective candidate for targeted therapy of cancers upregulating GnRH receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Barazesh
- School of Paramedical, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Shiva Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sajad Jalili
- Department of Orthopaedic, School of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Kavousipour
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Seyed Nooreddin Faraji
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Pirhadi
- Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Mobilizing Toxins for Cancer Treatment: Historical Perspectives and Current Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060416. [PMID: 32585926 PMCID: PMC7354444 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Goleij Z, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Sedighian H, Behzadi E, Halabian R, Sorouri R, Imani Fooladi AA. Breast cancer targeted/ therapeutic with double and triple fusion Immunotoxins. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 200:105651. [PMID: 32147458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Target-specific transport of therapeutic agents holds promise to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment by decreasing injury to normal tissues and post treatment problems. HER2 is a tumor cell surface marker that is expressed in 25-30 % of breast cancer patients. The significant role of HER2 in cancer development and its biological feature makes it a highly appealing goal for the therapeutic treatment of cancer targeted therapy using HER2 monoclonal antibody. This approach is currently used as a special treatment against breast cancer in some research. In the present study, HER2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), (Herceptin) fused to PE38 by recombinant DNA technology and a new recombinant IT was developed. The scFv(Herceptin)-PE-STXA and scFv(Herceptin)-PE fusions cloned in pET28a and recombinant protein expression was carried out and then the proteins were purified. MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells were used as HER2-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity of its evaluated using MTT assay. The cell ELISA was used to determine the binding ability of immunotoxins (ITs) to the cell receptor and internalization and apoptosis were also assessed. The results revealed that cell cytotoxicity occurred in SKBR-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner but not in MCF-7 cells. It is possible that this ITs can attach to HER2-positive breast cancer cells and then, internalize and eradicate cancer cells by apoptosis. Here, we concluded that the recombinant ITs have therapeutic potential against HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoleikha Goleij
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sedighian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahim Sorouri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Metaxakis A, Petratou D, Tavernarakis N. Molecular Interventions towards Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10050299. [PMID: 32429225 PMCID: PMC7287961 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune life-threatening disease, afflicting millions of people worldwide. Although the disease is non-curable, considerable therapeutic advances have been achieved through molecular immunotherapeutic approaches, such as peptides vaccination, administration of monoclonal antibodies, and immunogenic copolymers. The main aims of these therapeutic strategies are to shift the MS-related autoimmune response towards a non-inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) cells response, inactivate or ameliorate cytotoxic autoreactive T cells, induce secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and inhibit recruitment of autoreactive lymphocytes to the central nervous system (CNS). These approaches can efficiently treat autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an essential system to study MS in animals, but they can only partially inhibit disease progress in humans. Nevertheless, modern immunotherapeutic techniques remain the most promising tools for the development of safe MS treatments, specifically targeting the cellular factors that trigger the initiation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Metaxakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Dionysia Petratou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (D.P.)
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (D.P.)
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-391066
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9
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Critical Issues in the Development of Immunotoxins for Anticancer Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:104-115. [PMID: 31669121 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs) are attractive anticancer modalities aimed at cancer-specific delivery of highly potent cytotoxic protein toxins. An IT consists of a targeting domain (an antibody, cytokine, or another cell-binding protein) chemically conjugated or recombinantly fused to a highly cytotoxic payload (a bacterial and plant toxin or human cytotoxic protein). The mode of action of ITs is killing designated cancer cells through the effector function of toxins in the cytosol after cellular internalization via the targeted cell-specific receptor-mediated endocytosis. Although numerous ITs of diverse structures have been tested in the past decades, only 3 ITs-denileukin diftitox, tagraxofusp, and moxetumomab pasudotox-have been clinically approved for treating hematological cancers. No ITs against solid tumors have been approved for clinical use. In this review, we discuss critical research and development issues associated with ITs that limit their clinical success as well as strategies to overcome these obstacles. The issues include off-target and on-target toxicities, immunogenicity, human cytotoxic proteins, antigen target selection, cytosolic delivery efficacy, solid-tumor targeting, and developability. To realize the therapeutic promise of ITs, novel strategies for safe and effective cytosolic delivery into designated tumors, including solid tumors, are urgently needed.
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10
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Ruiz-de-la-Herrán J, Tomé-Amat J, Lázaro-Gorines R, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Inclusion of a Furin Cleavage Site Enhances Antitumor Efficacy against Colorectal Cancer Cells of Ribotoxin α-Sarcin- or RNase T1-Based Immunotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E593. [PMID: 31614771 PMCID: PMC6832446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric molecules that combine the specificity of an antibody to recognize and bind tumor antigens with the potency of the enzymatic activity of a toxin, thus, promoting the death of target cells. Among them, RNases-based immunotoxins have arisen as promising antitumor therapeutic agents. In this work, we describe the production and purification of two new immunoconjugates, based on RNase T1 and the fungal ribotoxin α-sarcin, with optimized properties for tumor treatment due to the inclusion of a furin cleavage site. Circular dichroism spectroscopy, ribonucleolytic activity studies, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and cell viability assays were carried out for structural and in vitro functional characterization. Our results confirm the enhanced antitumor efficiency showed by these furin-immunotoxin variants as a result of an improved release of their toxic domain to the cytosol, favoring the accessibility of both ribonucleases to their substrates. Overall, these results represent a step forward in the design of immunotoxins with optimized properties for potential therapeutic application in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ruiz-de-la-Herrán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid 28223, Spain.
| | - Rodrigo Lázaro-Gorines
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - José G Gavilanes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Zarkar N, Nasiri Khalili MA, Khodadadi S, Zeinoddini M, Ahmadpour F. Expression and purification of soluble and functional fusion protein DAB 389 IL-2 into the E. coli strain Rosetta-gami (DE3). Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 67:206-212. [PMID: 31600001 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DAB389 IL-2 (Denileukin diftitox) is considered an immunotoxin, and it is the first immunotoxin approved by Food and Drug Administration. It is used for the treatment of a cutaneous form of T-cell lymphoma. This fusion protein has two disulfide bonds in its structure that play an essential role in toxicity and functionality of the immunotoxin. Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain BL21 (DE3) is not capable of making disulfide bonds in its reductive cytoplasm, but the E. coli strain Rosetta-gami (DE3) is a proper strain for the correct expression of the protein due to mutations in glutaredoxin reductase and thioredoxin reductase. In this study, a pET21a vector with the His6-tag fused at the N-terminus of DAB389 IL-2 was used to express the soluble immunotoxin in E. coli Rosetta-gami (DE3). After the purification of the soluble protein by two-step column chromatographies, the structure of DAB389 IL-2 was analyzed using the Native-PAGE and circular dichroism methods. In the following, the nuclease activity of soluble DAB389 IL-2 and its cytotoxicity activity were determined. It is concluded that the soluble recombinant protein expressed in the E. coli Rosetta-gami (DE3) has an intact structure and also functional; hence, this form of immunotoxin could be competitive with its commercial counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fathollah Ahmadpour
- Trauma Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Hosts for Hostile Protein Production: The Challenge of Recombinant Immunotoxin Expression. Biomedicines 2019; 7:biomedicines7020038. [PMID: 31108917 PMCID: PMC6630761 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For the recombinant expression of toxin-based drugs, a crucial step lies not only in the choice of the production host(s) but also in the accurate design of the protein chimera. These issues are particularly important since such products may be toxic to the expressing host itself. To avoid or limit the toxicity to productive cells while obtaining a consistent yield in chimeric protein, several systems from bacterial to mammalian host cells have been employed. In this review, we will discuss the development of immunotoxin (IT) expression, placing special emphasis on advantages and on potential drawbacks, as one single perfect host for every chimeric protein toxin or ligand does not exist.
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13
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Sokolova EA, Shilova ON, Kiseleva DV, Schulga AA, Balalaeva IV, Deyev SM. HER2-Specific Targeted Toxin DARPin-LoPE: Immunogenicity and Antitumor Effect on Intraperitoneal Ovarian Cancer Xenograft Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2399. [PMID: 31096563 PMCID: PMC6567818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High immunogenicity and systemic toxicity are the main obstacles limiting the clinical use of the therapeutic agents based on Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. In this work, we studied the immunogenicity, general toxicity and antitumor effect of the targeted toxin DARPin-LoPE composed of HER2-specific DARPin and a low immunogenic exotoxin A fragment lacking immunodominant human B lymphocyte epitopes. The targeted toxin has been shown to effectively inhibit the growth of HER2-positive human ovarian carcinoma xenografts, while exhibiting low non-specific toxicity and side effects, such as vascular leak syndrome and liver tissue degradation, as well as low immunogenicity, as was shown by specific antibody titer. This represents prospects for its use as an agent for targeted therapy of HER2-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A Sokolova
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Olga N Shilova
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Daria V Kiseleva
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Alexey A Schulga
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Irina V Balalaeva
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin ave., Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergey M Deyev
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow 119991, Russia.
- Research Nuclear Reactor Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin ave., Tomsk 634050, Russia.
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine (PhysBio), National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", 31 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115409, Russia.
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14
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Zarkar N, Khalili MAN, Ahmadpour F, Khodadadi S, Zeinoddini M. In Silico and in Vitro Evaluation of Deamidation Effects on the Stability of the Fusion Toxin DAB389IL-2. CURR PROTEOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164616666190131150033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:
DAB389IL-2 (Denileukin diftitox) as an immunotoxin is a targeted pharmaceutical
protein and is the first immunotoxin approved by FDA. It is used for the treatment of various
kinds of cancer such as CTCL lymphoma, melanoma, and Leukemia but among all of these, treatment
of CTCL has special importance. DAB389IL-2 consists of two distinct parts; the catalytic domain of
Diphtheria Toxin (DT) that genetically fused to the whole IL-2. Deamidation is the most important reaction
for chemical instability of proteins occurs during manufacture and storage. Deamidation of asparagine
residues occurs at a higher rate than glutamine residues. The structure of proteins, temperature
and pH are the most important factors that influence the rate of deamidation.
Methods:
Since there is not any information about deamidation of DAB389IL-2, we studied in silico
deamidation by Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations using GROMACS software. The 3D model of
fusion protein DAB389IL-2 was used as a template for deamidation. Then, the stability of deamidated
and native form of the drug was calculated.
Results:
The results of MD simulations were showed that the deamidated form of DAB389IL-2 is more
unstable than the normal form. Also, deamidation was carried by incubating DAB389IL-2, 0.3 mg/ml in
ammonium hydrogen carbonate for 24 h at 37o C in order to in vitro experiment.
Conclusion:
The results of in vitro experiment were confirmed outcomes of in silico study. In silico
and in vitro experiments were demonstrated that DAB389IL-2 is unstable in deamidated form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Zarkar
- Department of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fathollah Ahmadpour
- Trauma Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirus Khodadadi
- Department of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zeinoddini
- Department of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Reduction of non-specific toxicity of immunotoxin by intein mediated reconstitution on target cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 66:288-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Deng C, Xiong J, Gu X, Chen X, Wu S, Wang Z, Wang D, Tu J, Xie J. Novel recombinant immunotoxin of EGFR specific nanobody fused with cucurmosin, construction and antitumor efficiency in vitro. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38568-38580. [PMID: 28445134 PMCID: PMC5503554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression is related to the increased aggressiveness, metastases, and poor prognosis in various cancers. In this study, we successfully constructed a new EGFR nanobody-based immunotoxin rE/CUS containing cucurmosin (CUS), The immunotoxin was expressed by prokaryotic system and we obtained a yield of 5 mg protein per liter expression medium. The percentage of it's binding ability totumor cell lines A549, HepG2, SW116, which highly expressed EGFR was 55.6%, 79.6% and 97.1%, respectively, but SW620 was only 4.45%. rE/CUS has the ability to bind A549, HepG2, SW116 cells specifically, and the antigen binding capability was not affected because of extra part of CUS component. The rE/CUS significantly inhibited the cell viability against EGFR over expression tumor cell lines in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Moreover, rE/CUS also induced apoptosis of HepG2 and A549 mightily. Our results demonstrate that rE/CUS is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating EGFR-positive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuimin Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiani Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaofan Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical Science, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shuifa Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, The 180th Hospital of PLA, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Duanduan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jinjin Tu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jieming Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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17
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Merriam D, Chen C, Méndez-Lagares G, Rogers KA, Michaels AJ, Yan J, Casaz P, Reimann KA, Villinger F, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ. Depletion of Gut-Resident CCR5 + Cells for HIV Cure Strategies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:S70-S80. [PMID: 28918646 PMCID: PMC5684671 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV reservoir forming at the earliest stages of infection is likely composed of CCR5+ cells, because these cells are the targets of transmissible virus. Restriction of the CCR5+ reservoir, particularly in the gut, may be needed for subsequent cure attempts. Strategies for killing or depleting CCR5+ cells have been described, but none have been tested in vivo in nonhuman primates, and the extent of achievable depletion from tissues is not known. In this study we investigate the efficacy of two novel cytotoxic treatments for targeting and eliminating CCR5+ cells in young rhesus macaques. The first, an immunotoxin consisting of the endogenous CCR5 ligand RANTES fused with Pseudomonas exotoxin (RANTES-PE38), killed CCR5+ lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) ex vivo, but had no detectable effect on CCR5+ LPLs in vivo. The second, a primatized bispecific antibody for CCR5 and CD3, depleted all CCR5+ cells from blood and the vast majority of such cells from the colonic mucosa (up to 96% of CD4+CCR5+). Absence of CCR5-expressing cells from blood endured for at least 1 week, while CCR5+ cells in colon were substantially replenished over the same time span. These data open an avenue to investigation of combined early ART treatment and CCR5+ reservoir depletion for cure of HIV-infected infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Merriam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Connie Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Gema Méndez-Lagares
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana
| | - Anthony J. Michaels
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiangli Yan
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Casaz
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Keith A. Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - François Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana
| | - Dennis J. Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
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18
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The Use of Plant-Derived Ribosome Inactivating Proteins in Immunotoxin Development: Past, Present and Future Generations. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9110344. [PMID: 29076988 PMCID: PMC5705959 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) form a class of toxins that was identified over a century ago. They continue to fascinate scientists and the public due to their very high activity and long-term stability which might find useful applications in the therapeutic killing of unwanted cells but can also be used in acts of terror. We will focus our review on the canonical plant-derived RIPs which display ribosomal RNA N-glycosidase activity and irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis by cleaving the 28S ribosomal RNA of the large 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. We will place particular emphasis on therapeutic applications and the generation of immunotoxins by coupling antibodies to RIPs in an attempt to target specific cells. Several generations of immunotoxins have been developed and we will review their optimisation as well as their use and limitations in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Finally, we endeavour to provide a perspective on potential future developments for the therapeutic use of immunotoxins.
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19
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Recombinant Immunotoxin Therapy of Glioblastoma: Smart Design, Key Findings, and Specific Challenges. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7929286. [PMID: 28752098 PMCID: PMC5511670 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7929286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) refer to a group of recombinant protein-based therapeutics, which consists of two components: an antibody variable fragment or a specific ligand that allows RITs to bind specifically to target cells and an engineered toxin fragment that kills the target cells upon internalization. To date, over 1,000 RITs have been generated and significant success has been achieved in the therapy of hematological malignancies. However, the immunogenicity and off-target toxicities of RITs remain as significant barriers for their application to solid tumor therapy. A group of RITs have also been generated for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, and some have demonstrated evidence of tumor response and an acceptable profile of toxicity and safety in early clinical trials. Different from other solid tumors, how to efficiently deliver the RITs to intracranial tumors is more critical and needs to be solved urgently. In this article, we first review the design and expression of RITs, then summarize the key findings in the preclinical and clinical development of RIT therapy of glioblastoma multiforme, and lastly discuss the specific issues that still remain to forward RIT therapy to clinical practice.
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20
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Two Saporin-Containing Immunotoxins Specific for CD20 and CD22 Show Different Behavior in Killing Lymphoma Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060182. [PMID: 28556822 PMCID: PMC5488032 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins (ITs) are hybrid proteins combining the binding specificity of antibodies with the cytocidal properties of toxins. They represent a promising approach to lymphoma therapy. The cytotoxicity of two immunotoxins obtained by chemical conjugation of the plant toxin saporin-S6 with the anti-CD20 chimeric antibody rituximab and the anti-CD22 murine antibody OM124 were evaluated on the CD20-/CD22-positive cell line Raji. Both ITs showed strong cytotoxicity for Raji cells, but the anti-CD22 IT was two logs more efficient in killing, probably because of its faster internalization. The anti-CD22 IT gave slower but greater caspase activation than the anti-CD20 IT. The cytotoxic effect of both immunotoxins can be partially prevented by either the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD or the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1. Oxidative stress seems to be involved in the cell killing activity of anti-CD20 IT, as demonstrated by the protective role of the H2O2 scavenger catalase, but not in that of anti-CD22 IT. Moreover, the IT toxicity can be augmented by the contemporary administration of other chemotherapeutic drugs, such as PS-341, MG-132, and fludarabine. These results contribute to the understanding of the immunotoxin mechanism of action that is required for their clinical use, either alone or in combination with other drugs.
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21
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Xie LY, Piao HL, Fan M, Zhang Z, Wang C, Bigner DD, Bao XH. Immunotoxin Therapy for Lung Cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:607-612. [PMID: 28229994 PMCID: PMC5339936 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.200540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yi Xie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hai-Lan Piao
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Min Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Darell D Bigner
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xu-Hui Bao
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Allahyari H, Heidari S, Ghamgosha M, Saffarian P, Amani J. Immunotoxin: A new tool for cancer therapy. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692226. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main reasons of death in the most countries and in Iran. Immunotherapy quickly became one of the best methods of cancer treatment, along with chemotherapy and radiation. “Immunotoxin Therapy” is a promising way of cancer therapy that is mentioned in this field. Immunotoxins are made from a toxin attaching to an antibody target proteins present on cancer cells. The first-generation immunotoxins were made of a full-length toxin attached to whole monoclonal antibodies. But, these immunotoxins could bind to normal cells. DAB389IL2 was the first immunotoxin approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Current trends and researches are ongoing on finding proteins that in combination with immunotoxins have minimal immunogenicity and the most potency for target cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Allahyari
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Heidari
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghamgosha
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Saffarian
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Preparation and Characterization of Gelonin-Melittin Fusion Biotoxin for Synergistically Enhanced Anti-Tumor Activity. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2218-2228. [PMID: 27251414 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1959-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the applicability of fusion biotoxins combining pore-forming toxins (PFTs) and ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) for the anti-cancer treatment. METHODS Membrane active PFTs tend to destabilize cell membranes of tumor cells, but lack a warhead inducing significant cause of cell death. Cell-impermeable RIPs possess a powerful warhead, yet not able to enter the tumor cells. To address these challenges for anti-tumor effects, we introduced a fusion strategy of conjugating melittin (a PFT) and gelonin (a type 1 RIP) via chemical and recombinant methods, followed by in vitro assays and in vivo animal studies. RESULTS In vitro characterization results confirmed that the chimeric gelonin-melittin fusion proteins retained equivalent intrinsic activity to that of unmodified gelonin in inhibiting protein translation. However, chemically conjugated gelonin-melittin (cGel-Mel) and recombinant chimeric gelonin-melittin fusion (rGel-Mel) exhibited greater cell uptake, yielding a significantly enhanced cytotoxic activity over treatment of gelonin, melittin or physical mixture of gelonin and melittin. Remarkably, cGel-Mel and rGel-Mel displayed 32- and 10-fold lower IC50 than gelonin in the cell lines. The superior anti-tumor efficacy of multivalent cGel-Mel to monovalent rGel-Mel suggested that valency could be a crucial factor for the extent of melittin-mediated cell uptake. Tumoricidal effects observed from animal studies were in good accordance with our findings from the cellular assays. CONCLUSIONS This study successfully demonstrated that fusion of biotoxins could provide a simple yet effective way to synergistically augment their anti-tumor activity.
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24
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Madhumathi J, Devilakshmi S, Sridevi S, Verma RS. Immunotoxin therapy for hematologic malignancies: where are we heading? Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:325-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Niesen J, Stein C, Brehm H, Hehmann-Titt G, Fendel R, Melmer G, Fischer R, Barth S. Novel EGFR-specific immunotoxins based on panitumumab and cetuximab show in vitro and ex vivo activity against different tumor entities. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:2079-95. [PMID: 25899161 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in many solid tumors. EGFR-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as cetuximab and panitumumab, have been approved for the treatment of colorectal and head and neck cancer. To increase tissue penetration, we constructed single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies derived from these mAbs and evaluated their potential for targeted cancer therapy. The resulting scFv-based EGFR-specific immunotoxins (ITs) combine target specificity of the full-size mAb with the cell-killing activity of a toxic effector domain, a truncated version of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (ETA'). METHODS The ITs and corresponding imaging probes were tested in vitro against four solid tumor entities (rhabdomyosarcoma, breast, prostate and pancreatic cancer). Specific binding and internalization of the ITs scFv2112-ETA' (from cetuximab) and scFv1711-ETA' (from panitumumab) were demonstrated by flow cytometry and for the scFv-SNAP-tag imaging probes by live cell imaging. Cytotoxic potential of the ITs was analyzed in cell viability and apoptosis assays. Binding of the ITs was proofed ex vivo on rhabdomyosarcoma, prostate and breast cancer formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies. RESULTS Both novel ITs showed significant pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects toward the target cells, achieving IC50 values of 4 pM (high EGFR expression) to 460 pM (moderate EGFR expression). Additionally, rapid internalization and specific in vitro and ex vivo binding on patient tissue were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the potent therapeutic activity of two novel EGFR-specific ETA'-based ITs. Both molecules are promising candidates for further development toward clinical use in the treatment of various solid tumors to supplement the existing therapeutic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Niesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Stein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannes Brehm
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Fendel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (Biology VII), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Barth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstrasse 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
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26
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Fang J, Xiao L, Joo KI, Liu Y, Zhang C, Liu S, Conti PS, Li Z, Wang P. A potent immunotoxin targeting fibroblast activation protein for treatment of breast cancer in mice. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1013-23. [PMID: 26334777 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is highly expressed in the tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) of most human epithelial cancers. FAP plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, which makes it a promising target for novel anticancer therapy. However, mere abrogation of FAP enzymatic activity by small molecules is not very effective in inhibiting tumor growth. In this study, we have evaluated a novel immune-based approach to specifically deplete FAP-expressing TAFs in a mouse 4T1 metastatic breast cancer model. Depletion of FAP-positive stromal cells by FAP-targeting immunotoxin αFAP-PE38 altered levels of various growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases, decreased the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and suppressed tumor growth. In addition, combined treatment with αFAP-PE38 and paclitaxel potently inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Our findings highlight the potential use of immunotoxin αFAP-PE38 to deplete FAP-expressing TAFs and thus provide a rationale for the use of this immunotoxin in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxu Fang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Liang Xiao
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kye-Il Joo
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yarong Liu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chupei Zhang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Shuanglong Liu
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peter S Conti
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zibo Li
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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27
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Tomé-Amat J, Olombrada M, Ruiz-de-la-Herrán J, Pérez-Gómez E, Andradas C, Sánchez C, Martínez L, Martínez-Del-Pozo Á, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Efficient in vivo antitumor effect of an immunotoxin based on ribotoxin α-sarcin in nude mice bearing human colorectal cancer xenografts. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:168. [PMID: 25883890 PMCID: PMC4393403 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tagging of RNases, such as the ribotoxin α-sarcin, with the variable domains of antibodies directed to surface antigens that are selectively expressed on tumor cells endows cellular specificity to their cytotoxic action. A recombinant single-chain immunotoxin based on the ribotoxin α-sarcin (IMTXA33αS), produced in the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) yeast Pichia pastoris, has been recently described as a promising candidate for the treatment of colorectal cancer cells expressing the glycoprotein A33 (GPA33) antigen, due to its high specific and effective cytotoxic effect on in vitro assays against targeted cells. Here we report the in vivo antitumor effectiveness of this immunotoxin on nude mice bearing GPA33-positive human colon cancer xenografts. Two sets of independent assays were performed, including three experimental groups: control (PBS) and treatment with two different doses of immunotoxin (50 or 100 μg/ injection) (n = 8). Intraperitoneal administration of IMTXA33αS resulted in significant dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition. In addition, the remaining tumors excised from immunotoxin-treated mice showed absence of the GPA33 antigen and a clear inhibition of angiogenesis and proliferative capacity. No signs of immunotoxin-induced pathological changes were observed from specimens tissues. Overall these results show efficient and selective cytotoxic action on tumor xenografts, combined with the lack of severe side effects, suggesting that IMTXA33αS is a potential therapeutic agent against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain ; Present address: Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Miriam Olombrada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-de-la-Herrán
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, 28041 Spain
| | - Clara Andradas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, 28041 Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, 28041 Spain
| | | | - Álvaro Martínez-Del-Pozo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain
| | - José G Gavilanes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Madrid, 28040 Spain
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28
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Tomé-Amat J, Herrero-Galán E, Oñaderra M, Martínez-Del-Pozo Á, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Preparation of an engineered safer immunotoxin against colon carcinoma based on the ribotoxin hirsutellin A. FEBS J 2015; 282:2131-41. [PMID: 25752204 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric proteins composed of an antibody domain that specifically directs the action of the toxic domain, resulting in the death of the targeted cells. Over recent years, immunotoxins have been widely studied and the number of different constructions has increased exponentially. Protein engineering has allowed the design of optimized versions of immunotoxins with an improved tumor binding affinity, stability or cytotoxic efficacy, although sometimes this has compromised the safety of the patient in terms of undesirable adverse secondary reactions. A triple mutant at three Trp residues (HtA3ΔW) of the ribotoxin hirsutellin A retains its specific ribonucleolytic activity, although cell internalization capacity is lacking. This toxin variant has been fused to the single chain variable fragment A33 (scFvA33). This immunoconjugate (IMTXA33HtA3ΔW) was produced in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and purified using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Both target and toxic domains were characterized. The immunotoxin showed an exquisite specific binding against GPA33-positive culture cells, which results in the death of the targeted cells because of specific ribonucleolytic activity against ribosomes of the engineered hirsutellin A variant. IMTXA33HtA3ΔW represents a promising structure in the search for an improved immunotoxin without compromising the safety of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elías Herrero-Galán
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Oñaderra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José G Gavilanes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Weigel KJ, Shen L, Thomas CL, Alber D, Drapalik L, Schafer ZT, Lee SW. Design and evaluation of a peptide-based immunotoxin for breast cancer therapeutics. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:202-8. [PMID: 25853036 PMCID: PMC4382514 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric proteins comprising a specific cellular targeting domain linked to a cytotoxic factor. Here we describe the design and use of a novel, peptide-based immunotoxin that can initiate selective cytotoxicity on ErbB2-positive cells. ErbB2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in the tumor cells of approximately 30% of breast cancer patients. Immunotoxin candidates were designed to incorporate a targeting ligand with affinity for ErbB2 along with a membrane lysin-based toxin domain. One particular peptide candidate, NL1.1-PSA, demonstrated selective cytotoxicity towards ErbB2-overexpressing cell lines. We utilized a bioengineering strategy to show that recombinant NL1.1-PSA immunotoxin expression by Escherichia coli also conferred selective cytotoxicity towards ErbB2-overexpressing cells. Our findings hold significant promise for the use of effective immunotoxins in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J Weigel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Luqun Shen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Clayton L Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Daniel Alber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Lauren Drapalik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA ; Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Shaun W Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA ; Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Li D, Liu S, Liu R, Park R, Yu H, Krasnoperov V, Gill PS, Li Z, Shan H, Conti PS. Axl-targeted cancer imaging with humanized antibody h173. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 16:511-8. [PMID: 24424460 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-013-0714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tyrosine kinase receptor Axl is overexpressed in various types of cancer and correlated with cancer malignancy. Selective Axl blockade reduces tumor growth and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the humanized anti-Axl antibody humanized 173 (h173) labeled with near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye Cy5.5 could be applied as a molecular imaging probe for NIRF imaging of Axl expression in tumor models. PROCEDURES NIRF dye Cy5.5 was conjugated to h173 or human normal immunoglobulin G (hIgG) control through amino groups. The resulting probes were evaluated in both A549 (Axl positive) and NCI-H249 (Axl negative) lung cancer xenografts through in vivo NIRF imaging. Ex vivo imaging and probe distribution assay were also carried out to confirm the in vivo imaging results. RESULTS After conjugation, binding activity of h173-Cy5.5 was determined to be 97.75 % ± 2.09 % of the unmodified h173. In vitro fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and fluorescence microscopy analysis validated the specific binding of h173 toward Axl-positive A549 cells. h173-Cy5.5 was then applied to image Axl expression in vivo. In A549 (Axl positive) cancer xenografts, the tumor uptake of h173-Cy5.5 was significantly higher than that of the hIgG-Cy5.5 control (P < 0.05) at late time points (1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days). On the contrary, in NCI-H249 (Axl negative) cancer xenografts, the tumor uptake of both hIgG-Cy5.5 and h173-Cy5.5 was low and showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) at all time points examined. Ex vivo imaging and immunofluorescence staining analysis further validated the in vivo imaging results. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, all in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo data suggested that h173-Cy5.5 could serve as a valid probe for Axl-targeted cancer imaging, which could therefore aid in tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St. CSC103, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
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Jaramillo-Quintero LP, Contis Montes de Oca A, Romero Rojas A, Rojas-Hernández S, Campos-Rodríguez R, Martínez-Ayala AL. Cytotoxic effect of the immunotoxin constructed of the ribosome-inactivating protein curcin and the monoclonal antibody against Her2 receptor on tumor cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:896-906. [PMID: 25704287 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1006572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of the curcin on cancer cells allows to consider this protein as the toxic component of an immunotoxin directed to Her2, which is associated with cancer. Reductive amination was proposed to conjugate curcin and an anti-Her2; the binding was tested using Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, western blot, and immunocytochemistry. The in vitro cytotoxicity of curcin and the immunotoxin was assessed on breast cancer cell lines SK-BR-3 (Her2(+)) and MDA-MB-231 (Her2(-)). IC50 values for curcin were 15.5 ± 8.3 and 18.6 ± 2.4 μg/mL, respectively, statistically equivalent (p < 0.05). While to the immunotoxin was 2.2 ± 0.08 for SK-BR-3 and 147.6 ± 2.5 μg/mL for MDA-MB-231. These values showed that the immunotoxin was seven times more toxic to the SK-BR-3 than curcin and eight times less toxic to the MDA-MB-231. The immunotoxin composed of curcin and an antibody against Her2 and constructed by reductive amination could be a therapeutic candidate against Her2(+) cancer.
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Srivastava S, Luqman S. Immune-O-Toxins as the magic bullet for therapeutic purposes. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-015-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tomé-Amat J, Ruiz-de-la-Herrán J, Martínez-del-Pozo Á, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. α-sarcin and RNase T1 based immunoconjugates: the role of intracellular trafficking in cytotoxic efficiency. FEBS J 2014; 282:673-84. [PMID: 25475209 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Toxins have been thoroughly studied for their use as therapeutic agents in search of an improvement in toxic efficiency together with a minimization of their undesired side effects. Different studies have shown how toxins can follow different intracellular pathways which are connected with their cytotoxic action inside the cells. The work herein presented describes the different pathways followed by the ribotoxin α-sarcin and the fungal RNase T1, as toxic domains of immunoconjugates with identical binding domain, the single chain variable fragment of a monoclonal antibody raised against the glycoprotein A33. According to the results obtained both immunoconjugates enter the cells via early endosomes and, while α-sarcin can translocate directly into the cytosol to exert its deathly action, RNase T1 follows a pathway that involves lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus. These facts contribute to explaining the different cytotoxicity observed against their targeted cells, and reveal how the innate properties of the toxic domain, apart from its catalytic features, can be a key factor to be considered for immunotoxin optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Weyergang A, Cheung LH, Rosenblum MG, Mohamedali KA, Peng Q, Waltenberger J, Berg K. Photochemical internalization augments tumor vascular cytotoxicity and specificity of VEGF121/rGel fusion toxin. J Control Release 2014; 180:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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B7-H4 as a potential target for immunotherapy for gynecologic cancers: a closer look. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134:181-189. [PMID: 24657487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.03.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
B7-H4 is a transmembrane protein that binds an unknown receptor on activated T cells resulting in inhibition of T-cell effector function via cell cycle arrest, decreased proliferation, and reduced IL-2 production. B7-H4 is up-regulated on the surface of cancer cells and immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in a variety of human cancers. Notably, B7-H4 expression levels inversely correlate with patient survival in ovarian cancer, making B7-H4 an attractive candidate for therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize the experimental data and methodologies that have revealed B7-H4's mRNA and protein expression and function in both mice and humans since its discovery in 2003, with a specific focus on B7-H4's role in ovarian cancer. We also underscore the discrepancies in published data due to high variability in methodology and use of different antibodies, most of which are not commercially available. Finally, since B7-H4 is expressed on tumor cells and TAMs in various cancer types, directing therapeutics against B7-H4 could have tremendous synergistic outcomes in favorably altering the tumor micro-environment and eliminating cancer cells. We highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting B7-H4, both by comparing other negative immune modulators such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 and by identifying novel methods to target B7-H4 directly or indirectly to overcome B7-H4-mediated T-cell inhibition.
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Tortorella S, Karagiannis TC. Transferrin Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: A Useful Target for Cancer Therapy. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:291-307. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Human Cytolytic Fusion Proteins: Modified Versions of Human Granzyme B and Angiogenin Have the Potential to Replace Bacterial Toxins in Targeted Therapies against CD64+ Diseases. Antibodies (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/antib3010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Repella TL, Ho M, Wilson BA. Determinants of pH-dependent modulation of translocation in dermonecrotic G-protein-deamidating toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1167-79. [PMID: 23888517 PMCID: PMC3717775 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factors from E. coli (CNF1, CNF2) and Yersinia (CNFy) share N-terminal sequence similarity with Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT). This common N-terminal region harbors the receptor-binding and translocation domains that mediate uptake and delivery of the C-terminal catalytic cargo domains into the host cytosol. Subtle variations in the N-terminal ~500 amino acids of CNFs and PMT could allow for selective recognition of cellular receptors and thus, selective target cell specificity. Through studies with cellular inhibitors, we have identified an additional novel function for this region in modulating responses of these toxin proteins to changes in pH during intoxication and delivery of the catalytic cargo domain into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana L Repella
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Saporin-S6: a useful tool in cancer therapy. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1698-722. [PMID: 24105401 PMCID: PMC3813907 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty years ago, the type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) saporin-S6 (also known as saporin) was isolated from Saponaria officinalis L. seeds. Since then, the properties and mechanisms of action of saporin-S6 have been well characterized, and it has been widely employed in the construction of conjugates and immunotoxins for different purposes. These immunotoxins have shown many interesting results when used in cancer therapy, particularly in hematological tumors. The high enzymatic activity, stability and resistance to conjugation procedures and blood proteases make saporin-S6 a very useful tool in cancer therapy. High efficacy has been reported in clinical trials with saporin-S6-containing immunotoxins, at dosages that induced only mild and transient side effects, which were mainly fever, myalgias, hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia and vascular leak syndrome. Moreover, saporin-S6 triggers multiple cell death pathways, rendering impossible the selection of RIP-resistant mutants. In this review, some aspects of saporin-S6, such as the chemico-physical characteristics, the structural properties, its endocytosis, its intracellular routing and the pathogenetic mechanisms of the cell damage, are reported. In addition, the recent progress and developments of saporin-S6-containing immunotoxins in cancer immunotherapy are summarized, including in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.
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Abstract
Nanobodies (Nbs) are small antibody fragments derived from camelid heavy chain antibodies through recombinant gene technology. Their exceptional physicochemical properties, possibility of humanization and unique antigen recognition properties make them excellent candidates for targeted delivery of biologically active components. Several different therapeutic approaches based on the novel camelid Nbs have been developed to treat a wide range of diseases ranging from immune, bone, blood and neurological disorders; infectious diseases and cancer. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the use of camelid-derived Nbs as novel therapeutic agents against multiple diseases.
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Schiffer S, Letzian S, Jost E, Mladenov R, Hristodorov D, Huhn M, Fischer R, Barth S, Thepen T. Granzyme M as a novel effector molecule for human cytolytic fusion proteins: CD64-specific cytotoxicity of Gm-H22(scFv) against leukemic cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:178-85. [PMID: 23973499 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunotoxins are promising targeted therapeutic agents comprising an antibody-based ligand that specifically binds to diseased cells, and a pro-apoptotic protein. Toxic components from bacteria or plants can trigger a neutralizing immune response, so that human effector molecules are more suitable. In this context, the protease granzyme B has been successfully tested in cytotoxicity assays against different cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Our aim here was to introduce granzyme M as an alternative and novel component of human cytolytic fusion proteins. We fused it to the humanized single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) H22 which specifically binds to CD64, an FcγRI receptor overexpressed on activated myeloid cells and leukemic cells. We show that the humanized cytolytic fusion protein Gm-H22(scFv) specifically targets the acute myeloid leukemia cell line HL60 in vitro and is cytotoxic with an IC50 between 1.2 and 6.4 nM. These findings were confirmed ex vivo using leukemic primary cells from patients, which were killed by granzyme M despite the presence of the granzyme B inhibitor serpin B9. In conclusion, granzyme M is a promising new cell-death inducing component for hCFPs because it specifically and efficiently kills target cells when fused to a targeting component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Schiffer
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapy, RWTH Aachen, Institute for Applied Medical Engineering, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Product Development, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Aachen, Germany
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Chacko AM, Li C, Pryma DA, Brem S, Coukos G, Muzykantov V. Targeted delivery of antibody-based therapeutic and imaging agents to CNS tumors: crossing the blood-brain barrier divide. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:907-26. [PMID: 23751126 PMCID: PMC4089357 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.808184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain tumors are inherently difficult to treat in large part due to the cellular blood-brain barriers (BBBs) that limit the delivery of therapeutics to the tumor tissue from the systemic circulation. Virtually no large molecules, including antibody-based proteins, can penetrate the BBB. With antibodies fast becoming attractive ligands for highly specific molecular targeting to tumor antigens, a variety of methods are being investigated to enhance the access of these agents to intracranial tumors for imaging or therapeutic applications. AREAS COVERED This review describes the characteristics of the BBB and the vasculature in brain tumors, described as the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Antibodies targeted to molecular markers of central nervous system (CNS) tumors will be highlighted, and current strategies for enhancing the delivery of antibodies across these cellular barriers into the brain parenchyma to the tumor will be discussed. Noninvasive imaging approaches to assess BBB/BBTB permeability and/or antibody targeting will be presented as a means of guiding the optimal delivery of targeted agents to brain tumors. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical and clinical studies highlight the potential of several approaches in increasing brain tumor delivery across the BBB divide. However, each carries its own risks and challenges. There is tremendous potential in using neuroimaging strategies to assist in understanding and defining the challenges to translating and optimizing molecularly targeted antibody delivery to CNS tumors to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Chacko
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Nuclear Medicine & Clinical Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, 231 S. 34 Street, Room 288, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Production of anti-cancer immunotoxins in algae: Ribosome inactivating proteins as fusion partners. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2826-35. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Alsford S, Field MC, Horn D. Receptor-mediated endocytosis for drug delivery in African trypanosomes: fulfilling Paul Ehrlich's vision of chemotherapy. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:207-12. [PMID: 23601931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bloodstream-form cells of Trypanosoma brucei exhibit massively increased endocytic activity relative to the insect midgut stage, enabling rapid recycling of variant surface glycoprotein and antibody clearance from the surface. In addition, recent advances have identified a role for receptor-mediated endocytosis in the uptake of the antitrypanosomal drug, suramin, via invariant surface glycoprotein 75, and in the uptake of trypanosome lytic factor 1 via haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor. Here, we argue that receptor-mediated endocytosis represents both a validated drug target and a promising route for the delivery of novel therapeutics into trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Alsford
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Pranchevicius MCS, Vieira TR. Production of recombinant immunotherapeutics for anticancer treatment: the role of bioengineering. Bioengineered 2013; 4:305-12. [PMID: 23644447 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.24666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important health problems because many cases are difficult to prevent. Cancer still has unknown mechanisms of pathogenesis, and its capacity to produce temporary or permanent damage, besides death, is very high. Although many anticancer therapies are available, finding a cure for cancer continues to be a difficult task. Thus, many efforts have been made to develop more effective treatments, such as immunotherapy based on a new class of tumor-specific products that are produced using recombinant DNA technology. These recombinant products are used with the main objectives of killing the tumor and stimulating immune cells to respond to the cancer cells. The principal recombinant products in anticancer therapy are immunostimulants, vaccines, antibodies, immunotoxins and fusion proteins. This review focuses on the general aspects of these genetically engineered products, their clinical performance, current advances and future prospects for this type of anticancer therapy.
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Sapra P, Shor B. Monoclonal antibody-based therapies in cancer: advances and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:452-69. [PMID: 23507041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Conventional anticancer therapeutics often suffer from lack of specificity, resulting in toxicities to normal healthy tissues and poor therapeutic index. Antibody-mediated delivery of anticancer drugs or toxins to tumor cells through tumor selective or overexpressed antigens is progressively being recognized as an effective strategy for increasing the therapeutic index of anticancer drugs. In this review we focus on three therapeutic modalities in the field of antibody-mediated targeting, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), immunotoxins (ITs) and immunoliposomes (ILs). Design considerations for development of each of the above therapeutic modalities are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of ADCs, ITs or ILs approved for use in clinical oncology and those currently in clinical development is provided. Challenges encountered by the field of antibody-based targeting are discussed and concepts around development of the next generation of antibody therapeutics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sapra
- Bioconjugates Discovery and Development, Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA.
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Cao Y, Mohamedali KA, Marks JW, Cheung LH, Hittelman WN, Rosenblum MG. Construction and characterization of novel, completely human serine protease therapeutics targeting Her2/neu. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:979-91. [PMID: 23493312 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins containing bacterial or plant toxins have shown promise in cancer-targeted therapy, but their long-term clinical use may be hampered by vascular leak syndrome and immunogenicity of the toxin. We incorporated human granzyme B (GrB) as an effector and generated completely human chimeric fusion proteins containing the humanized anti-Her2/neu single-chain antibody 4D5 (designated GrB/4D5). Introduction of a pH-sensitive fusogenic peptide (designated GrB/4D5/26) resulted in comparatively greater specific cytotoxicity although both constructs showed similar affinity to Her2/neu-positive tumor cells. Compared with GrB/4D5, GrB/4D5/26 showed enhanced and long-lasting cellular uptake and improved delivery of GrB to the cytosol of target cells. Treatment with nanomolar concentrations of GrB/4D5/26 resulted in specific cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, and efficient downregulation of PI3K/Akt and Ras/ERK pathways. The endogenous presence of the GrB proteinase inhibitor 9 did not impact the response of cells to the fusion construct. Surprisingly, tumor cells resistant to lapatinib or Herceptin, and cells expressing MDR-1 resistant to chemotherapeutic agents showed no cross-resistance to the GrB-based fusion proteins. Administration (intravenous, tail vein) of GrB/4D5/26 to mice bearing BT474 M1 breast tumors resulted in significant tumor suppression. In addition, tumor tissue excised from GrB/4D5/26-treated mice showed excellent delivery of GrB to tumors and a dramatic induction of apoptosis compared with saline treatment. This study clearly showed that the completely human, functionalized GrB construct can effectively target Her2/neu-expressing cells and displays impressive in vitro and in vivo activity. This construct should be evaluated further for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Cho J, Kim I, Jeong JS, Jung SP, Kang TB, Kim JB. Cytotoxicity of recombinant immunotoxin containing lectin A chain from Korean mistletoe. Mol Cell Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-013-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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An Old Idea Tackling a New Problem: Targeted Toxins Specific for Cancer Stem Cells. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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50
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Improving the Therapeutic Potential of Human Granzyme B for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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