1
|
Lipowsky R. Multiscale remodeling of biomembranes and vesicles. Methods Enzymol 2024; 701:175-236. [PMID: 39025572 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Biomembranes and vesicles cover a wide range of length scales. Indeed, small nanovesicles have a diameter of a few tens of nanometers whereas giant vesicles can have diameters up to hundreds of micrometers. The remodeling of giant vesicles on the micron scale can be observed by light microscopy and understood by the theory of curvature elasticity, which represents a top-down approach. The theory predicts the formation of multispherical shapes as recently observed experimentally. On the nanometer scale, much insight has been obtained via coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of nanovesicles, which provides a bottom-up approach based on the lipid numbers assembled in the two bilayer leaflets and the resulting leaflet tensions. The remodeling processes discussed here include the shape transformations of vesicles, their morphological responses to the adhesion of condensate droplets, the instabilities of lipid bilayers and nanovesicles, as well as the topological transformations of vesicles by membrane fission and fusion. The latter processes determine the complex topology of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Lipowsky
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kushram P, Majumdar U, Bose S. Hydroxyapatite coated titanium with curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate for orthopedic and dental applications. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 155:213667. [PMID: 37979438 PMCID: PMC11132588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Titanium and its alloy are clinically used as an implant material for load-bearing applications to treat bone defects. However, the lack of biological interaction between bone tissue and implant and the risk of infection are still critical challenges in clinical orthopedics. In the current work, we have developed a novel approach by first 1) modifying the implant surface using hydroxyapatite (HA) coating to enhance bioactivity and 2) integrating curcumin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in the coating that would induce chemopreventive and osteogenic potential and impart antibacterial properties to the implant. The study shows that curcumin and EGCG exhibit controlled and sustained release profiles in acidic and physiological environments. Curcumin and EGCG also show in vitro cytotoxicity toward osteosarcoma cells after 11 days, and the dual system shows a ~94 % reduction in bacterial growth, indicating their in vitro chemopreventive potential and antibacterial efficacy. The release of both curcumin and EGCG was found to be compatible with osteoblast cells and further promotes their growth. It shows a 3-fold enhancement in cellular viability in the dual drug-loaded implant compared to the untreated samples. These findings suggest that multifunctional HA-coated Ti6Al4V implants integrated with curcumin and EGCG could be a promising strategy for osteosarcoma inhibition and osteoblast cell growth while preventing infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kushram
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Ujjayan Majumdar
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bose S, Sarkar N, Majumdar U. Micelle encapsulated curcumin and piperine-laden 3D printed calcium phosphate scaffolds enhance in vitro biological properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 231:113563. [PMID: 37832173 PMCID: PMC11164291 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Limitations in the current clinical management of critical-sized osseous defects have driven the need for multifunctional bone constructs. The ideal bone scaffold should possess advanced microarchitecture, well-defined pore interconnectivity, and supply biological signals, which actively guide and control tissue regeneration while simultaneously preventing post-implantation complications. Here, a natural medicine-based localized drug delivery from 3D printed scaffold is presented, which offers controlled release of curcumin, piperine from nano-sized polymeric micelles, and burst release of antibacterial carvacrol from the coating endowing the scaffold with their distinct, individual biological properties. This functionalized scaffold exhibits improved osteoblast (hFOB) cell attachment, 4-folds higher hFOB proliferation, and 73% increased hFOB differentiation while simultaneously providing cytotoxicity towards osteosarcoma cells with 61% lesser viability compared to control. In vitro, early tube formation (p < 0.001) indicates that the scaffolds can modulate the endothelial cellular network, critical for faster wound healing. The scaffold also exhibits 94% enhanced antibacterial efficacy (p < 0.001) against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, the main causative bacteria for osteomyelitis. Together, the multifunctional scaffolds provide controlled delivery of natural biomolecules from the nano-sized micelle-loaded 3D printed matrix for significant improvement in osteoblast proliferation, endothelial formation, osteosarcoma, and bacterial inhibition, guiding better bone regeneration for post-traumatic defect repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
| | - Naboneeta Sarkar
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| | - Ujjayan Majumdar
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vashistha H, Jammal-Touma J, Singh K, Rabin Y, Salman H. Bacterial cell-size changes resulting from altering the relative expression of Min proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5710. [PMID: 37714867 PMCID: PMC10504268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of cell division, and thus cell size in bacteria, is determined in part by the accumulation dynamics of the protein FtsZ, which forms the septal ring. FtsZ localization depends on membrane-associated Min proteins, which inhibit FtsZ binding to the cell pole membrane. Changes in the relative concentrations of Min proteins can disrupt FtsZ binding to the membrane, which in turn can delay cell division until a certain cell size is reached, in which the dynamics of Min proteins frees the cell membrane long enough to allow FtsZ ring formation. Here, we study the effect of Min proteins relative expression on the dynamics of FtsZ ring formation and cell size in individual Escherichia coli bacteria. Upon inducing overexpression of minE, cell size increases gradually to a new steady-state value. Concurrently, the time required to initiate FtsZ ring formation grows as the size approaches the new steady-state, at which point the ring formation initiates as early as before induction. These results highlight the contribution of Min proteins to cell size control, which may be partially responsible for the size fluctuations observed in bacterial populations, and may clarify how the size difference acquired during asymmetric cell division is offset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Vashistha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joanna Jammal-Touma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kulveer Singh
- Department of Physics and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Rabin
- Department of Physics and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hanna Salman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The archaeal Cdv cell division system. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:601-615. [PMID: 36658033 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Cdv system is the protein machinery that performs cell division and other membrane-deforming processes in a subset of archaea. Evolutionarily, the system is closely related to the eukaryotic ESCRT machinery, with which it shares many structural and functional similarities. Since its first description 15 years ago, the understanding of the Cdv system progressed rather slowly, but recent discoveries sparked renewed interest and insights. The emerging physical picture appears to be that CdvA acts as a membrane anchor, CdvB as a scaffold that localizes division to the mid-cell position, CdvB1 and CvdB2 as the actual constriction machinery, and CdvC as the ATPase that detaches Cdv proteins from the membrane. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the research done on Cdv and explains how this relatively understudied machinery acts to perform its cell-division function. Understanding of the Cdv system helps to better grasp the biophysics and evolution of archaea, and furthermore provides new opportunities for the bottom-up building of a divisome for synthetic cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Giorgi F, Curran JM, Patterson EA. Real-time monitoring of the dynamics and interactions of bacteria and the early-stage formation of biofilms. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18146. [PMID: 36307497 PMCID: PMC9616909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are complex colonies of bacteria adhered to a static surface and/or one to another. Bacterial biofilms exhibit high resistance to antimicrobial agents and can cause life-threatening nosocomial infections. Despite the effort of the scientific community investigating the formation and growth of bacterial biofilms, the preliminary interaction of bacteria with a surface and the subsequent early-stage formation of biofilms is still unclear. In this study, we present real-time, label-free monitoring of the interaction of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria with untreated glass control surfaces and surfaces treated with benzalkonium chloride, a chemical compound known for its antimicrobial properties. The proof of principle investigation has been performed in a standard inverted optical microscope exploiting the optical phenomenon of caustics as a tool for monitoring bacterial diffusion and early adhesion and associated viability. The enhanced resolving power of the optical set-up allowed the monitoring and characterization of the dynamics of the bacteria, which provided evidence for the relationship between bacterial adhesion dynamics and viability, as well as the ability to form a biofilm. Viable bacteria adhered to the surface exhibited noticeable sliding or rotary dynamics while bacteria killed by surface contact remained static once adhered to the surface. This difference in dynamics allowed the early detection of biofilm formation and offers the potential to quantify the efficiency of antimicrobial surfaces and coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giorgi
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK
| | - Judith M. Curran
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK
| | - Eann A. Patterson
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3BX UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lyu Z, Yahashiri A, Yang X, McCausland JW, Kaus GM, McQuillen R, Weiss DS, Xiao J. FtsN maintains active septal cell wall synthesis by forming a processive complex with the septum-specific peptidoglycan synthases in E. coli. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5751. [PMID: 36180460 PMCID: PMC9525312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FtsN plays an essential role in promoting the inward synthesis of septal peptidoglycan (sPG) by the FtsWI complex during bacterial cell division. How it achieves this role is unclear. Here we use single-molecule tracking to investigate FtsN's dynamics during sPG synthesis in E. coli. We show that septal FtsN molecules move processively at ~9 nm s-1, the same as FtsWI molecules engaged in sPG synthesis (termed sPG-track), but much slower than the ~30 nm s-1 speed of inactive FtsWI molecules coupled to FtsZ's treadmilling dynamics (termed FtsZ-track). Importantly, processive movement of FtsN is exclusively coupled to sPG synthesis and is required to maintain active sPG synthesis by FtsWI. Our findings indicate that FtsN is part of the FtsWI sPG synthesis complex, and that while FtsN is often described as a "trigger" for the initiation for cell wall constriction, it must remain part of the processive FtsWI complex to maintain sPG synthesis activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lyu
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Atsushi Yahashiri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Xinxing Yang
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Joshua W McCausland
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Gabriela M Kaus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Ryan McQuillen
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - David S Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Imai M, Sakuma Y, Kurisu M, Walde P. From vesicles toward protocells and minimal cells. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4823-4849. [PMID: 35722879 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01695d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to ordinary condensed matter systems, "living systems" are unique. They are based on molecular compartments that reproduce themselves through (i) an uptake of ingredients and energy from the environment, and (ii) spatially and timely coordinated internal chemical transformations. These occur on the basis of instructions encoded in information molecules (DNAs). Life originated on Earth about 4 billion years ago as self-organised systems of inorganic compounds and organic molecules including macromolecules (e.g. nucleic acids and proteins) and low molar mass amphiphiles (lipids). Before the first living systems emerged from non-living forms of matter, functional molecules and dynamic molecular assemblies must have been formed as prebiotic soft matter systems. These hypothetical cell-like compartment systems often are called "protocells". Other systems that are considered as bridging units between non-living and living systems are called "minimal cells". They are synthetic, autonomous and sustainable reproducing compartment systems, but their constituents are not limited to prebiotic substances. In this review, we focus on both membrane-bounded (vesicular) protocells and minimal cells, and provide a membrane physics background which helps to understand how morphological transformations of vesicle systems might have happened and how vesicle reproduction might be coupled with metabolic reactions and information molecules. This research, which bridges matter and life, is a great challenge in which soft matter physics, systems chemistry, and synthetic biology must take joined efforts to better understand how the transformation of protocells into living systems might have occurred at the origin of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Imai
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Yuka Sakuma
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Minoru Kurisu
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Peter Walde
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vélez M. How Does the Spatial Confinement of FtsZ to a Membrane Surface Affect Its Polymerization Properties and Function? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:757711. [PMID: 35592002 PMCID: PMC9111741 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.757711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
FtsZ is the cytoskeletal protein that organizes the formation of the septal ring and orchestrates bacterial cell division. Its association to the membrane is essential for its function. In this mini-review I will address the question of how this association can interfere with the structure and dynamic properties of the filaments and argue that its dynamics could also remodel the underlying lipid membrane through its activity. Thus, lipid rearrangement might need to be considered when trying to understand FtsZ’s function. This new element could help understand how FtsZ assembly coordinates positioning and recruitment of the proteins forming the septal ring inside the cell with the activity of the machinery involved in peptidoglycan synthesis located in the periplasmic space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisela Vélez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang W, Cui K, Tong Q, Ma S, Sun Y, He G, Li D, Lin L, Blazekovic B, Chevalier S, Wang Y, Wei Q, Wang Y. Traditional Chinese Medicine Tanreqing Targets Both Cell Division and Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:884045. [PMID: 35573768 PMCID: PMC9093593 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.884045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has been recognized as an important human pathogen and poses a serious health threat worldwide. With the advent of antibiotic resistance, such as the increased number of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutical agents. In this study, Chinese traditional medicine Tanreqing (TRQ) has been used as an alternative treating agent against MRSA and we aim to unravel the mode of action of TRQ underlying MRSA inhibition. TRQ treatment affected numerous gene expression as revealed by RNA-seq analysis. Meanwhile, TRQ targeted cell division to inhibit cell growth as shown by illumination microscopy. Besides, we confirmed that TRQ downregulates the expression of virulence factors such as hemolysin and autolysin. Finally, we used a murine model to demonstrate that TRQ efficiently reduces bacterial virulence. Altogether, we have proved TRQ formula to be an effective agent against S. aureus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Yang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyu Cui
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Tong
- School of Biological Engineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhua Ma
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gaiying He
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongying Li
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Biljana Blazekovic
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sylvie Chevalier
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, Normandy University, University of Rouen Normandy, Evreux, France
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Wei, ; Yi Wang,
| | - Yi Wang
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Wei, ; Yi Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gurnani M, Chauhan A, Ranjan A, Tuli HS, Alkhanani MF, Haque S, Dhama K, Lal R, Jindal T. Filamentous Thermosensitive Mutant Z: An Appealing Target for Emerging Pathogens and a Trek on Its Natural Inhibitors. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:624. [PMID: 35625352 PMCID: PMC9138142 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major emerging issue in the health care sector, as highlighted by the WHO. Filamentous Thermosensitive mutant Z (Fts-Z) is gaining significant attention in the scientific community as a potential anti-bacterial target for fighting antibiotic resistance among several pathogenic bacteria. The Fts-Z plays a key role in bacterial cell division by allowing Z ring formation. Several in vitro and in silico experiments have demonstrated that inhibition of Fts-Z can lead to filamentous growth of the cells, and finally, cell death occurs. Many natural compounds that have successfully inhibited Fts-Z are also studied. This review article intended to highlight the structural-functional aspect of Fts-Z that leads to Z-ring formation and its contribution to the biochemistry and physiology of cells. The current trend of natural inhibitors of Fts-Z protein is also covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Gurnani
- Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity University, Noida 201301, India;
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida 201303, India;
| | - Anuj Ranjan
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala 133207, India;
| | - Mustfa F. Alkhanani
- Emergency Service Department, College of Applied Sciences, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Görükle Campus, Bursa Uludağ University, Nilüfer, Bursa 16059, Turkey
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR—Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, India;
| | - Rup Lal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110021, India;
| | - Tanu Jindal
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida 201303, India;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Antibacterial action and target mechanisms of zinc oxide nanoparticles against bacterial pathogens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2658. [PMID: 35173244 PMCID: PMC8850488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are one of the most widely used nanoparticulate materials due to their antimicrobial properties, but their main mechanism of action (MOA) has not been fully elucidated. This study characterized ZnO NPs by using X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs against the clinically relevant bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Gram-positive model Bacillus subtilis was evaluated by performing resazurin microtiter assay (REMA) after exposure to the ZnO NPs at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 1.4 mM. Sensitivity was observed at 0.6 mM for the Gram-negative and 1.0 mM for the Gram-positive cells. Fluorescence microscopy was used to examine the interference of ZnO NPs on the membrane and the cell division apparatus of B. subtilis (amy::pspac-ftsZ-gfpmut1) expressing FtsZ-GFP. The results showed that ZnO NPs did not interfere with the assembly of the divisional Z-ring. However, 70% of the cells exhibited damage in the cytoplasmic membrane after 15 min of exposure to the ZnO NPs. Electrostatic forces, production of Zn2+ ions and the generation of reactive oxygen species were described as possible pathways of the bactericidal action of ZnO. Therefore, understanding the bactericidal MOA of ZnO NPs can potentially help in the construction of predictive models to fight bacterial resistance.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The SUP05 clade of gammaproteobacteria (Thioglobaceae) comprises both primary producers and primary consumers of organic carbon in the oceans. Host-associated autotrophs are a principal source of carbon and other nutrients for deep-sea eukaryotes at hydrothermal vents, and their free-living relatives are a primary source of organic matter in seawater at vents and in marine oxygen minimum zones. Similar to other abundant marine heterotrophs, such as SAR11 and Roseobacter, heterotrophic Thioglobaceae use the dilute pool of osmolytes produced by phytoplankton for growth, including methylated amines and sulfonates. Heterotrophic members are common throughout the ocean, and autotrophic members are abundant at hydrothermal vents and in anoxic waters; combined, they can account for more than 50% of the total bacterial community. Studies of both cultured and uncultured representatives from this diverse family are providing novel insights into the shifting biogeochemical roles of autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria that cross oxic-anoxic boundary layers in the ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Morris
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
| | - Rachel L Spietz
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lipowsky R. Remodeling of Membrane Shape and Topology by Curvature Elasticity and Membrane Tension. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 6:e2101020. [PMID: 34859961 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular membranes exhibit a fascinating variety of different morphologies, which are continuously remodeled by transformations of membrane shape and topology. This remodeling is essential for important biological processes (cell division, intracellular vesicle trafficking, endocytosis) and can be elucidated in a systematic and quantitative manner using synthetic membrane systems. Here, recent insights obtained from such synthetic systems are reviewed, integrating experimental observations and molecular dynamics simulations with the theory of membrane elasticity. The study starts from the polymorphism of biomembranes as observed for giant vesicles by optical microscopy and small nanovesicles in simulations. This polymorphism reflects the unusual elasticity of fluid membranes and includes the formation of membrane necks or fluid 'worm holes'. The proliferation of membrane necks generates stable multi-spherical shapes, which can form tubules and tubular junctions. Membrane necks are also essential for the remodeling of membrane topology via membrane fission and fusion. Neck fission can be induced by fine-tuning of membrane curvature, which leads to the controlled division of giant vesicles, and by adhesion-induced membrane tension as observed for small nanovesicles. Challenges for future research include the interplay of curvature elasticity and membrane tension during membrane fusion and the localization of fission and fusion processes within intramembrane domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Lipowsky
- Theory & Biosystems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Most bacteria are surrounded by a peptidoglycan cell wall that defines their shape and protects them from osmotic lysis. The expansion and division of this structure therefore plays an integral role in bacterial growth and division. Additionally, the biogenesis of the peptidoglycan layer is the target of many of our most effective antibiotics. Thus, a better understanding of how the cell wall is built will enable the development of new therapies to combat the rise of drug-resistant bacterial infections. This review covers recent advances in defining the mechanisms involved in assembling the peptidoglycan layer with an emphasis on discoveries related to the function and regulation of the cell elongation and division machineries in the model organisms Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D A Rohs
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Current affiliation: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Thomas G Bernhardt
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Söderström B, Ruda A, Widmalm G, Daley DO. An OregonGreen488-labelled d-amino acid for visualizing peptidoglycan by super-resolution STED nanoscopy. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2020; 166:1129-1135. [PMID: 33237852 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent d-amino acids (FDAAs) are molecular probes that are widely used for labelling the peptidoglycan layer of bacteria. When added to growing cells they are incorporated into the stem peptide by a transpeptidase reaction, allowing the timing and localization of peptidoglycan synthesis to be determined by fluorescence microscopy. Herein we describe the chemical synthesis of an OregonGreen488-labelled FDAA (OGDA). We also demonstrate that OGDA can be efficiently incorporated into the PG of Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria, and imaged by super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy at a resolution well below 100 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bill Söderström
- Structural Cellular Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan.,The iThree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Alessandro Ruda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Daniel O Daley
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ganzinger KA, Merino‐Salomón A, García‐Soriano DA, Butterfield AN, Litschel T, Siedler F, Schwille P. FtsZ Reorganization Facilitates Deformation of Giant Vesicles in Microfluidic Traps**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Ganzinger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
- Living Matter AMOLF P.O. Box 41883-1009 DB Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Adrián Merino‐Salomón
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Daniela A. García‐Soriano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - A. Nelson Butterfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Thomas Litschel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Frank Siedler
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Am Klopferspitz 18 82152 Martinsried Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ganzinger KA, Merino‐Salomón A, García‐Soriano DA, Butterfield AN, Litschel T, Siedler F, Schwille P. FtsZ Reorganization Facilitates Deformation of Giant Vesicles in Microfluidic Traps*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21372-21376. [PMID: 32735732 PMCID: PMC7756778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The geometry of reaction compartments can affect the local outcome of interface-restricted reactions. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are commonly used to generate cell-sized, membrane-bound reaction compartments, which are, however, always spherical. Herein, we report the development of a microfluidic chip to trap and reversibly deform GUVs into cigar-like shapes. When trapping and elongating GUVs that contain the primary protein of the bacterial Z ring, FtsZ, we find that membrane-bound FtsZ filaments align preferentially with the short GUV axis. When GUVs are released from this confinement and membrane tension is relaxed, FtsZ reorganizes reversibly from filaments into dynamic rings that stabilize membrane protrusions; a process that allows reversible GUV deformation. We conclude that microfluidic traps are useful for manipulating both geometry and tension of GUVs, and for investigating how both affect the outcome of spatially-sensitive reactions inside them, such as that of protein self-organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Ganzinger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
- Living MatterAMOLFP.O. Box 41883-1009 DBAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Adrián Merino‐Salomón
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Daniela A. García‐Soriano
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - A. Nelson Butterfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Thomas Litschel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Frank Siedler
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryAm Klopferspitz 1882152MartinsriedGermany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Paul A, Warszawik EM, Loznik M, Boersma AJ, Herrmann A. Modular and Versatile Trans‐Encoded Genetic Switches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Paul
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Eliza M. Warszawik
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mark Loznik
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Paul A, Warszawik EM, Loznik M, Boersma AJ, Herrmann A. Modular and Versatile Trans-Encoded Genetic Switches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20328-20332. [PMID: 32352201 PMCID: PMC7689881 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Current bacterial RNA switches suffer from lack of versatile inputs and are difficult to engineer. We present versatile and modular RNA switches that are trans-encoded and based on tRNA-mimicking structures (TMSs). These switches provide a high degree of freedom for reengineering and can thus be designed to accept a wide range of inputs, including RNA, small molecules, and proteins. This powerful approach enables control of the translation of protein expression from plasmid and genome DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Paul
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Eliza M. Warszawik
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mark Loznik
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 252074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Velappan AB, Datta D, Ma R, Rana S, Ghosh KS, Hari N, Franzblau SG, Debnath J. 2-Aryl benzazole derived new class of anti-tubercular compounds: Endowed to eradicate mycobacterium tuberculosis in replicating and non-replicating forms. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104170. [PMID: 32890990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The high mortality rate and the increasing prevalence of Mtb resistance are the major concerns for the Tuberculosis (TB) treatment in this century. To counteract the prevalence of Mtb resistance, we have synthesized 2-aryl benzazole based dual targeted molecules. Compound 9m and 9n were found to be equally active against replicating and non-replicating form of Mtb (MIC(MABA) 1.98 and 1.66 μg/ml; MIC(LORA) 2.06 and 1.59 μg/ml respectively). They arrested the cell division (replicating Mtb) by inhibiting the GTPase activity of FtsZ with IC50 values 45 and 64 μM respectively. They were also capable of kill Mtb in non-replicating form by inhibiting the biosynthesis of menaquinone which was substantiated by the MenG inhibition (IC50 = 11.62 and 7.49 μM respectively) followed by the Vit-K2 rescue study and ATP production assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Babu Velappan
- Department of Chemistry, SCBT, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Dhrubajyoti Datta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shiwani Rana
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India
| | - Kalyan Sundar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh 177005, India
| | - Natarajan Hari
- NMR Laboratory, SCBT, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Tamilnadu 613401, India
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joy Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, SCBT, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Tamilnadu 613401, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Darnell CL, Zheng J, Wilson S, Bertoli RM, Bisson-Filho AW, Garner EC, Schmid AK. The Ribbon-Helix-Helix Domain Protein CdrS Regulates the Tubulin Homolog ftsZ2 To Control Cell Division in Archaea. mBio 2020; 11:e01007-20. [PMID: 32788376 PMCID: PMC7439475 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01007-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise control of the cell cycle is central to the physiology of all cells. In prior work we demonstrated that archaeal cells maintain a constant size; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the cell cycle remain unexplored in this domain of life. Here, we use genetics, functional genomics, and quantitative imaging to identify and characterize the novel CdrSL gene regulatory network in a model species of archaea. We demonstrate the central role of these ribbon-helix-helix family transcription factors in the regulation of cell division through specific transcriptional control of the gene encoding FtsZ2, a putative tubulin homolog. Using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy in live cells cultivated in microfluidics devices, we further demonstrate that FtsZ2 is required for cell division but not elongation. The cdrS-ftsZ2 locus is highly conserved throughout the archaeal domain, and the central function of CdrS in regulating cell division is conserved across hypersaline adapted archaea. We propose that the CdrSL-FtsZ2 transcriptional network coordinates cell division timing with cell growth in archaea.IMPORTANCE Healthy cell growth and division are critical for individual organism survival and species long-term viability. However, it remains unknown how cells of the domain Archaea maintain a healthy cell cycle. Understanding the archaeal cell cycle is of paramount evolutionary importance given that an archaeal cell was the host of the endosymbiotic event that gave rise to eukaryotes. Here, we identify and characterize novel molecular players needed for regulating cell division in archaea. These molecules dictate the timing of cell septation but are dispensable for growth between divisions. Timing is accomplished through transcriptional control of the cell division ring. Our results shed light on mechanisms underlying the archaeal cell cycle, which has thus far remained elusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan M Bertoli
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandre W Bisson-Filho
- Department of Biology, Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ethan C Garner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy K Schmid
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
It is widely believed that cleavage-furrow formation during cytokinesis is driven by the contraction of a ring containing F-actin and type-II myosin. However, even in cells that have such rings, they are not always essential for furrow formation. Moreover, many taxonomically diverse eukaryotic cells divide by furrowing but have no type-II myosin, making it unlikely that an actomyosin ring drives furrowing. To explore this issue further, we have used one such organism, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii We found that although F-actin is associated with the furrow region, none of the three myosins (of types VIII and XI) is localized there. Moreover, when F-actin was eliminated through a combination of a mutation and a drug, furrows still formed and the cells divided, although somewhat less efficiently than normal. Unexpectedly, division of the large Chlamydomonas chloroplast was delayed in the cells lacking F-actin; as this organelle lies directly in the path of the cleavage furrow, this delay may explain, at least in part, the delay in cytokinesis itself. Earlier studies had shown an association of microtubules with the cleavage furrow, and we used a fluorescently tagged EB1 protein to show that microtubules are still associated with the furrows in the absence of F-actin, consistent with the possibility that the microtubules are important for furrow formation. We suggest that the actomyosin ring evolved as one way to improve the efficiency of a core process for furrow formation that was already present in ancestral eukaryotes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Swain A, Anil Kumar AV. A stochastic model for dynamics of FtsZ filaments and the formation of Z -ring. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2020; 43:43. [PMID: 32617695 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2020-11967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the formation and growth of FtsZ polymers and their subsequent formation of the Z -ring is important for gaining insight into the cell division in prokaryotic cells. In this work, we present a minimal stochastic model that qualitatively reproduces in vitro observations of polymerization, formation of dynamic contractile ring that is stable for a long time and depolymerization shown by FtsZ polymer filaments. In this stochastic model, we explore different mechanisms for ring breaking and hydrolysis. In addition to hydrolysis, which is known to regulate the dynamics of other tubulin polymers like microtubules, we find that the presence of the ring allows for an additional mechanism for regulating the dynamics of FtsZ polymers. Ring breaking dynamics in the presence of hydrolysis naturally induce rescue and catastrophe events in this model irrespective of the mechanism of hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arabind Swain
- School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, 752050, Jatni, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, 400094, Mumbai, India
| | - A V Anil Kumar
- School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, 752050, Jatni, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, 400094, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Morozumi A, Kamiya M, Uno SN, Umezawa K, Kojima R, Yoshihara T, Tobita S, Urano Y. Spontaneously Blinking Fluorophores Based on Nucleophilic Addition/Dissociation of Intracellular Glutathione for Live-Cell Super-resolution Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9625-9633. [PMID: 32343567 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) allows the reconstruction of super-resolution images but generally requires prior intense laser irradiation and in some cases additives to induce blinking of conventional fluorophores. We previously introduced a spontaneously blinking rhodamine fluorophore based on an intramolecular spirocyclization reaction for live-cell SMLM under physiological conditions. Here, we report a novel principle of spontaneous blinking in living cells, which utilizes reversible ground-state nucleophilic attack of intracellular glutathione (GSH) upon a xanthene fluorophore. Structural optimization afforded two pyronine fluorophores with different colors, both of which exhibit equilibrium (between the fluorescent dissociated form and the nonfluorescent GSH adduct form) and blinking kinetics that enable SMLM of microtubules or mitochondria in living cells. Furthermore, by using spontaneously blinking fluorophores working in the near-infrared (NIR) and green ranges, we succeeded in dual-color live-cell SMLM without the need for optimization of the imaging medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mako Kamiya
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | | | | | - Ryosuke Kojima
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toshitada Yoshihara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Seiji Tobita
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu-shi, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Urano
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The FtsZ protein is a highly conserved bacterial tubulin homolog. In vivo, the functional form of FtsZ is the polymeric, ring-like structure (Z-ring) assembled at the future division site during cell division. While it is clear that the Z-ring plays an essential role in orchestrating cytokinesis, precisely what its functions are and how these functions are achieved remain elusive. In this article, we review what we have learned during the past decade about the Z-ring's structure, function, and dynamics, with a particular focus on insights generated by recent high-resolution imaging and single-molecule analyses. We suggest that the major function of the Z-ring is to govern nascent cell pole morphogenesis by directing the spatiotemporal distribution of septal cell wall remodeling enzymes through the Z-ring's GTP hydrolysis-dependent treadmilling dynamics. In this role, FtsZ functions in cell division as the counterpart of the cell shape-determining actin homolog MreB in cell elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McQuillen
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bottomley AL, Peterson E, Iosifidis G, Yong AMH, Hartley-Tassell LE, Ansari S, McKenzie C, Burke C, Duggin IG, Kline KA, Harry EJ. The novel E. coli cell division protein, YtfB, plays a role in eukaryotic cell adhesion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6745. [PMID: 32317661 PMCID: PMC7174318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterisation of protein function based solely on homology searches may overlook functions under specific environmental conditions, or the possibility of a protein having multiple roles. In this study we investigated the role of YtfB, a protein originally identified in a genome-wide screen to cause inhibition of cell division, and has demonstrated to localise to the Escherichia coli division site with some degree of glycan specificity. Interestingly, YtfB also shows homology to the virulence factor OapA from Haemophilus influenzae, which is important for adherence to epithelial cells, indicating the potential of additional function(s) for YtfB. Here we show that E. coli YtfB binds to N’acetylglucosamine and mannobiose glycans with high affinity. The loss of ytfB results in a reduction in the ability of the uropathogenic E. coli strain UTI89 to adhere to human kidney cells, but not to bladder cells, suggesting a specific role in the initial adherence stage of ascending urinary tract infections. Taken together, our results suggest a role for YtfB in adhesion to specific eukaryotic cells, which may be additional, or complementary, to its role in cell division. This study highlights the importance of understanding the possible multiple functions of proteins based on homology, which may be specific to different environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Bottomley
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth Peterson
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory Iosifidis
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adeline Mei Hui Yong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | | | - Shirin Ansari
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris McKenzie
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catherine Burke
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Sydney, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Sydney, Australia
| | - Iain G Duggin
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kimberly A Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE) and the School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth J Harry
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Essential dynamic interdependence of FtsZ and SepF for Z-ring and septum formation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1641. [PMID: 32242019 PMCID: PMC7118173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of Z-ring assembly and regulation in bacteria are poorly understood, particularly in non-model organisms. Actinobacteria, a large bacterial phylum that includes the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lack the canonical FtsZ-membrane anchors and Z-ring regulators described for E. coli. Here we investigate the physiological function of Corynebacterium glutamicum SepF, the only cell division-associated protein from Actinobacteria known to interact with the conserved C-terminal tail of FtsZ. We show an essential interdependence of FtsZ and SepF for formation of a functional Z-ring in C. glutamicum. The crystal structure of the SepF–FtsZ complex reveals a hydrophobic FtsZ-binding pocket, which defines the SepF homodimer as the functional unit, and suggests a reversible oligomerization interface. FtsZ filaments and lipid membranes have opposing effects on SepF polymerization, indicating that SepF has multiple roles at the cell division site, involving FtsZ bundling, Z-ring tethering and membrane reshaping activities that are needed for proper Z-ring assembly and function. The mechanisms of Z-ring assembly and regulation in bacteria are poorly understood, particularly in non-model organisms. Here, Sogues et al. study the interaction between FtsZ and SepF in Corynebacterium glutamicum, showing an essential interdependence of these proteins for formation of a functional Z-ring.
Collapse
|
29
|
Yakhnina AA, Bernhardt TG. The Tol-Pal system is required for peptidoglycan-cleaving enzymes to complete bacterial cell division. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6777-6783. [PMID: 32152098 PMCID: PMC7104345 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919267117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tol-Pal is a multiprotein system present in the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. Inactivation of this widely conserved machinery compromises the outer membrane (OM) layer of these organisms, resulting in hypersensitivity to many antibiotics. Mutants in the tol-pal locus fail to complete division and form cell chains. This phenotype along with the localization of Tol-Pal components to the cytokinetic ring in Escherichia coli has led to the proposal that the primary function of the system is to promote OM constriction during division. Accordingly, a poorly constricted OM is believed to link the cell chains formed upon Tol-Pal inactivation. However, we show here that cell chains of E. coli tol-pal mutants are connected by an incompletely processed peptidoglycan (PG) layer. Genetic suppressors of this defect were isolated and found to overproduce OM lipoproteins capable of cleaving the glycan strands of PG. Among the factors promoting cell separation in mutant cells was a protein of previously unknown function (YddW), which we have identified as a divisome-localized glycosyl hydrolase that cleaves peptide-free PG glycans. Overall, our results indicate that the cell chaining defect of Tol-Pal mutants cannot simply be interpreted as a defect in OM constriction. Rather, the complex also appears to be required for the activity of several OM-localized enzymes with cell wall remodeling activity. Thus, the Tol-Pal system may play a more general role in coordinating OM invagination with PG remodeling at the division site than previously appreciated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas G Bernhardt
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Controlled division of cell-sized vesicles by low densities of membrane-bound proteins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:905. [PMID: 32060284 PMCID: PMC7021675 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of life on earth is based on the ability of single cells to divide into two daughter cells. During cell division, the plasma membrane undergoes a series of morphological transformations which ultimately lead to membrane fission. Here, we show that analogous remodeling processes can be induced by low densities of proteins bound to the membranes of cell-sized lipid vesicles. Using His-tagged fluorescent proteins, we are able to precisely control the spontaneous curvature of the vesicle membranes. By fine-tuning this curvature, we obtain dumbbell-shaped vesicles with closed membrane necks as well as neck fission and complete vesicle division. Our results demonstrate that the spontaneous curvature generates constriction forces around the membrane necks and that these forces can easily cover the force range found in vivo. Our approach involves only one species of membrane-bound proteins at low densities, thereby providing a simple and extendible module for bottom-up synthetic biology. Membrane fission of a cell into two daughters is a core ability of cell-based life. Here the authors show that in artificial cells division can be controlled by regulating membrane curvature using low protein density.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rivas-Marin E, Peeters SH, Claret Fernández L, Jogler C, van Niftrik L, Wiegand S, Devos DP. Non-essentiality of canonical cell division genes in the planctomycete Planctopirus limnophila. Sci Rep 2020; 10:66. [PMID: 31919386 PMCID: PMC6952346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56978-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bacteria divide by binary fission using an FtsZ-based mechanism that relies on a multi-protein complex, the divisome. In the majority of non-spherical bacteria another multi-protein complex, the elongasome, is also required for the maintenance of cell shape. Components of these multi-protein assemblies are conserved and essential in most bacteria. Here, we provide evidence that at least three proteins of these two complexes are not essential in the FtsZ-less ovoid planctomycete bacterium Planctopirus limnophila which divides by budding. We attempted to construct P. limnophila knock-out mutants of the genes coding for the divisome proteins FtsI, FtsK, FtsW and the elongasome protein MreB. Surprisingly, ftsI, ftsW and mreB could be deleted without affecting the growth rate. On the other hand, the conserved ftsK appeared to be essential in this bacterium. In conclusion, the canonical bacterial cell division machinery is not essential in P. limnophila and this bacterium divides via budding using an unknown mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rivas-Marin
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD)-CSIC, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Stijn H Peeters
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Claret Fernández
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD)-CSIC, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Jogler
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Interactions, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Wiegand
- Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Damien P Devos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD)-CSIC, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Beltrán-Heredia E, Monroy F, Cao-García FJ. Mechanical conditions for stable symmetric cell constriction. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:052408. [PMID: 31869912 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.052408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cell constriction is a decisive step for division in many cells. However, its physical pathway remains poorly understood, calling for a quantitative analysis of the forces required in different cytokinetic scenarios. Using a model cell composed by a flexible membrane (actin cortex and cell membrane) that encloses the cytoplasm, we study the mechanical conditions necessary for stable symmetric constriction under radial equatorial forces using analytical and numerical methods. We deduce that stable symmetric constriction requires positive effective spontaneous curvature, while spontaneous constriction requires a spontaneous curvature higher than the characteristic inverse cell size. Surface tension reduction (for example by actin cortex growth and membrane trafficking) increases the stability and spontaneity of cellular constriction. A reduction of external pressure also increases stability and spontaneity. Cells with prolate lobes (elongated cells) require lower stabilization forces than oblate-shaped cells (discocytes). We also show that the stability and spontaneity of symmetric constriction increase as constriction progresses. Our quantitative results settle the physical requirements for stable cytokinesis, defining a quantitative framework to analyze the mechanical role of the different constriction machinery and cytokinetic pathways found in real cells, so contributing to a deeper quantitative understanding of the physical mechanism of the cell division process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Beltrán-Heredia
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica, y Electrónica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Unit of Translational Biophysics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Cordoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Cao-García
- Departamento de Estructura de la Materia, Física Térmica, y Electrónica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ciencias 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA Nanociencia, Calle Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Noirot-Gros MF, Forrester S, Malato G, Larsen PE, Noirot P. CRISPR interference to interrogate genes that control biofilm formation in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15954. [PMID: 31685917 PMCID: PMC6828691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm formation involves signaling and regulatory pathways that control the transition from motile to sessile lifestyle, production of extracellular polymeric matrix, and maturation of the biofilm 3D structure. Biofilms are extensively studied because of their importance in biomedical, ecological and industrial settings. Gene inactivation is a powerful approach for functional studies but it is often labor intensive, limiting systematic gene surveys to the most tractable bacterial hosts. Here, we adapted the CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system for use in diverse strain isolates of P. fluorescens, SBW25, WH6 and Pf0-1. We found that CRISPRi is applicable to study complex phenotypes such as cell morphology, motility and biofilm formation over extended periods of time. In SBW25, CRISPRi-mediated silencing of genes encoding the GacA/S two-component system and regulatory proteins associated with the cylic di-GMP signaling messenger produced swarming and biofilm phenotypes similar to those obtained after gene inactivation. Combined with detailed confocal microscopy of biofilms, our study also revealed novel phenotypes associated with extracellular matrix biosynthesis as well as the potent inhibition of SBW25 biofilm formation mediated by the PFLU1114 operon. We conclude that CRISPRi is a reliable and scalable approach to investigate gene networks in the diverse P. fluorescens group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Forrester
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439, United States
| | - Grace Malato
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439, United States
| | - Peter E Larsen
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL60607, United States
| | - Philippe Noirot
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
In this Guest Editorial, Heidi McBride introduces our special issue on membranes with a discussion of the contribution of mitochondria to the emergence of the endomembrane system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M McBride
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Alqahtany M, Khadka P, Niyonshuti I, Krishnamurthi VR, Sadoon AA, Challapalli SD, Chen J, Wang Y. Nanoscale reorganizations of histone-like nucleoid structuring proteins in Escherichia coli are caused by silver nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:385101. [PMID: 31212266 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab2a9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and ions (Ag+) have recently gained broad attention due to their antimicrobial effects against bacteria and other microbes. In this work, we demonstrate the use of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy for investigating and quantifying the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs at the molecular level. We found that subjecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria to AgNPs led to nanoscale reorganization of histone-like nucleoid structuring (H-NS) proteins, an essential nucleoid associated protein in bacteria. We observed that H-NS proteins formed denser and larger clusters at the center of the bacteria after exposure to AgNPs. We quantified the spatial reorganizations of H-NS proteins by examining the changes of various spatial parameters, including the inter-molecular distances and molecular densities. Clustering analysis based on Voronoi-tessellation were also performed to characterize the change of H-NS proteins' clustering behavior. We found that AgNP-treatment led to an increase in the fraction of H-NS proteins forming clusters. Similar effects were observed for bacteria exposed to Ag+ ions, suggesting that the release of Ag+ ions plays an important role in the toxicity of AgNPs. On the other hand, we observed that AgNPs with two surface coatings showed difference in the nanoscale reorganization of H-NS proteins, indicating that particle-specific effects also contribute to the antimicrobial activities of AgNPs. Our results suggested that H-NS proteins were significantly affected by AgNPs and Ag+ ions, which has been overlooked previously. In addition, we examined the dynamic motion of AgNPs that were attached to the surface of bacteria. We expect that the current methodology can be readily applied to broadly and quantitatively study the spatial reorganization of biological macromolecules at the scale of nanometers caused by metal nanoparticles, which are expected to shed new light on the antimicrobial mechanism of metal nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meaad Alqahtany
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America. Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xiang Z, Li Z, Ren Z, Zeng J, Peng X, Li Y, Li J. EzrA, a cell shape regulator contributing to biofilm formation and competitiveness in Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 34:194-208. [PMID: 31287946 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell division is initiated by tubulin homologue FtsZ that assembles into a ring structure at mid-cell to facilitate cytokinesis. EzrA has been identified to be implicated in FtsZ-ring dynamics and cell wall biosynthesis during cell division of Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, the model rod and cocci. However, its role in pathogenic streptococci remains largely unknown. Here, the role of EzrA was investigated in Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of human dental caries, by constructing an ezrA in-frame deletion mutant. Our data showed that the ezrA mutant was slow-growing with a shortened length and extended width round cell shape compared to the wild type, indicating a delay in cell division with abnormalities of peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Additionally, FtsZ irregularly localized in dividing ezrA mutant cells forming angled division planes, potentially contributing to an aberrant cell shape. Furthermore, investigation using single-species cariogenic biofilm model revealed that deletion of ezrA resulted in defective biofilm formation with less extracellular polysaccharides and altered three-dimensional biofilm architecture. Unexpectedly, in a dual-species ecological model, the ezrA mutant exhibited substantially lower tolerance for H2 O2 and reduced competitiveness against one commensal species, Streptococcus sanguinis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that EzrA plays a key role in regulating cell division and maintaining a normal morphology in S. mutans and is required for its robust biofilm formation/interspecies competition. Therefore, EzrA protein represents a potential therapeutic target in the development of drugs controlling dental caries and other biofilm-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zongbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.,Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jumei Zeng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile genetics has rapidly advanced in recent years thanks to the development of tools for allelic replacement and transposon mutagenesis. In this Journal of Bacteriology issue, Müh et al extend the genetics toolbox by developing a CRISPRi strategy for gene silencing in C. difficile (U.Müh, A. G. Pannullo, D. S. Weiss, and C. D. Ellermeier, 2019, J Bacteriol 201:e00711-18. . https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00711-18). The authors demonstrate the tunability and robustness of their CRISPRi system, highlight its utility in studying essential gene function, and discuss exciting new possibilities for dissecting C. difficile physiology.
Collapse
|
38
|
A Xylose-Inducible Expression System and a CRISPR Interference Plasmid for Targeted Knockdown of Gene Expression in Clostridioides difficile. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00711-18. [PMID: 30745377 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00711-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we introduce plasmids for xylose-regulated expression and repression of genes in Clostridioides difficile The xylose-inducible expression vector allows for ∼100-fold induction of an mCherryOpt reporter gene. Induction is titratable and uniform from cell to cell. The gene repression plasmid is a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system based on a nuclease-defective, codon-optimized allele of the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 protein (dCas9) that is targeted to a gene of interest by a constitutively expressed single guide RNA (sgRNA). Expression of dCas9 is induced by xylose, allowing investigators to control the timing and extent of gene silencing, as demonstrated here by dose-dependent repression of a chromosomal gene for a red fluorescent protein (maximum repression, ∼100-fold). To validate the utility of CRISPRi for deciphering gene function in C. difficile, we knocked down the expression of three genes involved in the biogenesis of the cell envelope: the cell division gene ftsZ, the S-layer protein gene slpA, and the peptidoglycan synthase gene pbp-0712 CRISPRi confirmed known or expected phenotypes associated with the loss of FtsZ and SlpA and revealed that the previously uncharacterized peptidoglycan synthase PBP-0712 is needed for proper elongation, cell division, and protection against lysis.IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile has become the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in developed countries. A better understanding of the basic biology of this devastating pathogen might lead to novel approaches for preventing or treating C. difficile infections. Here we introduce new plasmid vectors that allow for titratable induction (P xyl ) or knockdown (CRISPRi) of gene expression. The CRISPRi plasmid allows for easy depletion of target proteins in C. difficile Besides bypassing the lengthy process of mutant construction, CRISPRi can be used to study the function of essential genes, which are particularly important targets for antibiotic development.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Division of amoebas, fungi, and animal cells into two daughter cells at the end of the cell cycle depends on a common set of ancient proteins, principally actin filaments and myosin-II motors. Anillin, formins, IQGAPs, and many other proteins regulate the assembly of the actin filaments into a contractile ring positioned between the daughter nuclei by different mechanisms in fungi and animal cells. Interactions of myosin-II with actin filaments produce force to assemble and then constrict the contractile ring to form a cleavage furrow. Contractile rings disassemble as they constrict. In some cases, knowledge about the numbers of participating proteins and their biochemical mechanisms has made it possible to formulate molecularly explicit mathematical models that reproduce the observed physical events during cytokinesis by computer simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
| | - Ben O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Division of amoebas, fungi, and animal cells into two daughter cells at the end of the cell cycle depends on a common set of ancient proteins, principally actin filaments and myosin-II motors. Anillin, formins, IQGAPs, and many other proteins regulate the assembly of the actin filaments into a contractile ring positioned between the daughter nuclei by different mechanisms in fungi and animal cells. Interactions of myosin-II with actin filaments produce force to assemble and then constrict the contractile ring to form a cleavage furrow. Contractile rings disassemble as they constrict. In some cases, knowledge about the numbers of participating proteins and their biochemical mechanisms has made it possible to formulate molecularly explicit mathematical models that reproduce the observed physical events during cytokinesis by computer simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
| | - Ben O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kretschmer S, Ganzinger KA, Franquelim HG, Schwille P. Synthetic cell division via membrane-transforming molecular assemblies. BMC Biol 2019; 17:43. [PMID: 31126285 PMCID: PMC6533746 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproduction, i.e. the ability to produce new individuals from a parent organism, is a hallmark of living matter. Even the simplest forms of reproduction require cell division: attempts to create a designer cell therefore should include a synthetic cell division machinery. In this review, we will illustrate how nature solves this task, describing membrane remodelling processes in general and focusing on bacterial cell division in particular. We discuss recent progress made in their in vitro reconstitution, identify open challenges, and suggest how purely synthetic building blocks could provide an additional and attractive route to creating artificial cell division machineries.
Collapse
|
42
|
Sen BC, Wasserstrom S, Findlay K, Söderholm N, Sandblad L, von Wachenfeldt C, Flärdh K. Specific amino acid substitutions in β strand S2 of FtsZ cause spiraling septation and impair assembly cooperativity in Streptomyces spp. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:184-198. [PMID: 31002418 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell division is orchestrated by the Z ring, which is formed by single-stranded treadmilling protofilaments of FtsZ. In Streptomyces, during sporulation, multiple Z rings are assembled and lead to formation of septa that divide a filamentous hyphal cell into tens of prespore compartments. We describe here mutant alleles of ftsZ in Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces venezuelae that perturb cell division in such a way that constriction is initiated along irregular spiral-shaped paths rather than as regular septa perpendicular to the cell length axis. This conspicuous phenotype is caused by amino acid substitutions F37I and F37R in β strand S2 of FtsZ. The F37I mutation leads, instead of regular Z rings, to formation of relatively stable spiral-shaped FtsZ structures that are capable of initiating cell constriction. Further, we show that the F37 mutations affect the polymerization properties and impair the cooperativity of FtsZ assembly in vitro. The results suggest that specific residues in β strand S2 of FtsZ affect the conformational switch in FtsZ that underlies assembly cooperativity and enable treadmilling of protofilaments, and that these features are required for formation of regular Z rings. However, the data also indicate FtsZ-directed cell constriction is not dependent on assembly cooperativity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beer Chakra Sen
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | | | - Kim Findlay
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Niklas Söderholm
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Linda Sandblad
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden
| | | | - Klas Flärdh
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Araújo‐Bazán L, Huecas S, Valle J, Andreu D, Andreu JM. Synthetic developmental regulator MciZ targets FtsZ across
Bacillus
species and inhibits bacterial division. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:965-980. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Huecas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Valle
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Beroual W, Biondi EG. A new factor controlling cell envelope integrity in Alphaproteobacteria in the context of cell cycle, stress response and infection. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:553-555. [PMID: 30657614 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial envelope is a remarkable and complex compartment of the prokaryotic cell in which many essential functions take place. The article by Herrou and collaborators (Herrou et al., in press), by a clever combination of structural analysis, genetics and functional characterization in free-living bacterial cells and during infection in animal models, elucidates a new factor, named EipA, that plays a major role in Brucella spp envelope biogenesis and cell division. The authors demonstrate a genetic connection between eipA and lipopolysaccharide synthesis, specifically genes involved in the synthesis of the O-antigen portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Beyond its crucial role in Brucella physiology, the conservation of EipA in the class Alphaproteobacteria urges microbiologists to pursue future investigation of its homologs in other species belonging to this important group of bacteria.
Collapse
|
45
|
Mateos-Gil P, Tarazona P, Vélez M. Bacterial cell division: modeling FtsZ assembly and force generation from single filament experimental data. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:73-87. [PMID: 30376053 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cytoskeletal protein FtsZ binds and hydrolyzes GTP, self-aggregates into dynamic filaments and guides the assembly of the septal ring on the inner side of the membrane at midcell. This ring constricts the cell during division and is present in most bacteria. Despite exhaustive studies undertaken in the last 25 years after its discovery, we do not yet know the mechanism by which this GTP-dependent self-aggregating protein exerts force on the underlying membrane. This paper reviews recent experiments and theoretical models proposed to explain FtsZ filament dynamic assembly and force generation. It highlights how recent observations of single filaments on reconstituted model systems and computational modeling are contributing to develop new multiscale models that stress the importance of previously overlooked elements as monomer internal flexibility, filament twist and flexible anchoring to the cell membrane. These elements contribute to understand the rich behavior of these GTP consuming dynamic filaments on surfaces. The aim of this review is 2-fold: (1) to summarize recent multiscale models and their implications to understand the molecular mechanism of FtsZ assembly and force generation and (2) to update theoreticians with recent experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mateos-Gil
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FO.R.T.H, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Pedro Tarazona
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisela Vélez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica CSIC, c/ Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kang JD, Myers CJ, Harris SC, Kakiyama G, Lee IK, Yun BS, Matsuzaki K, Furukawa M, Min HK, Bajaj JS, Zhou H, Hylemon PB. Bile Acid 7α-Dehydroxylating Gut Bacteria Secrete Antibiotics that Inhibit Clostridium difficile: Role of Secondary Bile Acids. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:27-34.e4. [PMID: 30482679 PMCID: PMC6338514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium scindens biotransforms primary bile acids into secondary bile acids, and is correlated with inhibition of Clostridium difficile growth in vivo. The aim of the current study was to determine how C. scindens regulates C. difficile growth in vitro and if these interactions might relate to the regulation of gut microbiome structure in vivo. The bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating gut bacteria, C. scindens and C. sordellii, were found to secrete the tryptophan-derived antibiotics, 1-acetyl-β-carboline and turbomycin A, respectively. Both antibiotics inhibited growth of C. difficile and other gut bacteria. The secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, but not cholic acid, enhanced the inhibitory activity of these antibiotics. These antibiotics appear to inhibit cell division of C. difficile. The results help explain how endogenously synthesized antibiotics and secondary bile acids may regulate C. difficile growth and the structure of the gut microbiome in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Christopher J Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Spencer C Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - In-Kyoung Lee
- NPChem, Co. and Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Sik Yun
- NPChem, Co. and Division of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keiichi Matsuzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Megumi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The peptidoglycan sacculus is a net-like polymer that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane in most bacteria. It is essential to maintain the bacterial cell shape and protect from turgor. The peptidoglycan has a basic composition, common to all bacteria, with species-specific variations that can modify its biophysical properties or the pathogenicity of the bacteria. The synthesis of peptidoglycan starts in the cytoplasm and the precursor lipid II is flipped across the cytoplasmic membrane. The new peptidoglycan strands are synthesised and incorporated into the pre-existing sacculus by the coordinated activities of peptidoglycan synthases and hydrolases. In the model organism Escherichia coli there are two complexes required for the elongation and division. Each of them is regulated by different proteins from both the cytoplasmic and periplasmic sides that ensure the well-coordinated synthesis of new peptidoglycan.
Collapse
|
48
|
Morão LG, Polaquini CR, Kopacz M, Torrezan GS, Ayusso GM, Dilarri G, Cavalca LB, Zielińska A, Scheffers DJ, Regasini LO, Ferreira H. A simplified curcumin targets the membrane of Bacillus subtilis. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00683. [PMID: 30051597 PMCID: PMC6460283 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is the main constituent of turmeric, a seasoning popularized around the world with Indian cuisine. Among the benefits attributed to curcumin are anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumoral, and chemopreventive effects. Besides, curcumin inhibits the growth of the gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The anti‐B. subtilis action happens by interference with the division protein FtsZ, an ancestral tubulin widespread in Bacteria. FtsZ forms protofilaments in a GTP‐dependent manner, with the concomitant recruitment of essential factors to operate cell division. By stimulating the GTPase activity of FtsZ, curcumin destabilizes its function. Recently, curcumin was shown to promote membrane permeabilization in B. subtilis. Here, we used molecular simplification to dissect the functionalities of curcumin. A simplified form, in which a monocarbonyl group substituted the β‐diketone moiety, showed antibacterial action against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria of clinical interest. The simplified curcumin also disrupted the divisional septum of B. subtilis; however, subsequent biochemical analysis did not support a direct action on FtsZ. Our results suggest that the simplified curcumin exerted its function mainly through membrane permeabilization, with disruption of the membrane potential necessary for FtsZ intra‐cellular localization. Finally, we show here experimental evidence for the requirement of the β‐diketone group of curcumin for its interaction with FtsZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luana G Morão
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Polaquini
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Malgorzata Kopacz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guilherme S Torrezan
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M Ayusso
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dilarri
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Lúcia B Cavalca
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Aleksandra Zielińska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Scheffers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis O Regasini
- Departamento de Química e Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Holden S. Probing the mechanistic principles of bacterial cell division with super-resolution microscopy. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 43:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
50
|
Collier J. Cell division control in Caulobacter crescentus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1862:685-690. [PMID: 29715525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caulobacter crescentus is a free-living Alphaproteobacterium that thrives in oligotrophic environments. This review focuses on the regulatory network used by this bacterium to control the levels of cell division proteins, their organization inside the cell and their activity as a function of the cell cycle. Strikingly, C. crescentus makes frequent use of master transcriptional regulators and epigenetic signals, most likely to synchronize cell division with other events of the cell cycle. In addition, cellular metabolism and DNA damage sensors emerge as central players regulating cell division in response to changing environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Collier
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Quartier UNIL/Sorge, Lausanne, CH 1015, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|