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Michaelis L, Berg L, Maier L. Confounder or Confederate? The Interactions Between Drugs and the Gut Microbiome in Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:361-369. [PMID: 37331548 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is emerging as an important factor in signaling along the gut-brain axis. The intimate physiological connection between the gut and the brain allows perturbations in the microbiome to be directly transmitted to the central nervous system and thereby contribute to psychiatric and neurological diseases. Common microbiome perturbations result from the ingestion of xenobiotic compounds including pharmaceuticals such as psychotropic drugs. In recent years, a variety of interactions between these drug classes and the gut microbiome have been reported, ranging from direct inhibitory effects on gut bacteria to microbiome-mediated drug degradation or sequestration. Consequently, the microbiome may play a critical role in influencing the intensity, duration, and onset of therapeutic effects, as well as in influencing the side effects that patients may experience. Furthermore, because the composition of the microbiome varies from person to person, the microbiome may contribute to the frequently observed interpersonal differences in the response to these drugs. In this review, we first summarize the known interactions between xenobiotics and the gut microbiome. Then, for psychopharmaceuticals, we address the question of whether these interactions with gut bacteria are irrelevant for the host (i.e., merely confounding factors in metagenomic analyses) or whether they may even have therapeutic or adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Michaelis
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and the Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 (Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lara Berg
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and the Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 (Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Maier
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and the Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124 (Controlling Microbes to Fight Infections), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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2
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Abstract
Biogeography is the study of species distribution and diversity within an ecosystem and is at the core of how we understand ecosystem dynamics and interactions at the macroscale. In gut microbial communities, a historical reliance on bulk sequencing to probe community composition and dynamics has overlooked critical processes whereby microscale interactions affect systems-level microbiota function and the relationship with the host. In recent years, higher-resolution sequencing and novel single-cell level data have uncovered an incredible heterogeneity in microbial composition and have enabled a more nuanced spatial understanding of the gut microbiota. In an era when spatial transcriptomics and single-cell imaging and analysis have become key tools in mammalian cell and tissue biology, many of these techniques are now being applied to the microbiota. This fresh approach to intestinal biogeography has given important insights that span temporal and spatial scales, from the discovery of mucus encapsulation of the microbiota to the quantification of bacterial species throughout the gut. In this Review, we highlight emerging knowledge surrounding gut biogeography enabled by the observation and quantification of heterogeneity across multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle McCallum
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carolina Tropini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Fanfan D, Mulligan CJ, Groer M, Mai V, Weaver M, Huffman F, Lyon DE. The intersection of social determinants of health, the microbiome, and health outcomes in immigrants: A scoping review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:3-19. [PMID: 37737631 PMCID: PMC11185843 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In the present scoping review, we explore whether existing evidence supports the premise that social determinants of health (SDoH) affect immigrant health outcomes through their effects on the microbiome. We adapt the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities' research framework to propose a conceptual model that considers the intersection of SDoH, the microbiome, and health outcomes in immigrants. We use this conceptual model as a lens through which to explore recent research about SDoH, biological factors associated with changes to immigrants' microbiomes, and long-term health outcomes. In the 17 articles reviewed, dietary acculturation, physical activity, ethnicity, birthplace, age at migration and length of time in the host country, socioeconomic status, and social/linguistic acculturation were important determinants of postmigration microbiome-related transformations. These factors are associated with progressive shifts in microbiome profile with time in host country, increasing the risks for cardiometabolic, mental, immune, and inflammatory disorders and antibiotic resistance. The evidence thus supports the premise that SDoH influence immigrants' health postmigration, at least in part, through their effects on the microbiome. Omission of important postmigration social-ecological variables (e.g., stress, racism, social/family relationships, and environment), limited research among minoritized subgroups of immigrants, complexity and inter- and intra-individual differences in the microbiome, and limited interdisciplinary and biosocial collaboration restrict our understanding of this area of study. To identify potential microbiome-based interventions and promote immigrants' well-being, more research is necessary to understand the intersections of immigrant health with factors from the biological, behavioral/psychosocial, physical/built environment, and sociocultural environment domains at all social-ecological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Fanfan
- College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Connie J. Mulligan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maureen Groer
- College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Volker Mai
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Weaver
- College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fatma Huffman
- College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Debra E. Lyon
- College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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4
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Elechi JOG, Sirianni R, Conforti FL, Cione E, Pellegrino M. Food System Transformation and Gut Microbiota Transition: Evidence on Advancing Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Cancers-A Narrative Review. Foods 2023; 12:2286. [PMID: 37372497 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Food, a vital component of our daily life, is fundamental to our health and well-being, and the knowledge and practices relating to food have been passed down from countless generations of ancestors. Systems may be used to describe this extremely extensive and varied body of agricultural and gastronomic knowledge that has been gathered via evolutionary processes. The gut microbiota also underwent changes as the food system did, and these alterations had a variety of effects on human health. In recent decades, the gut microbiome has gained attention due to its health benefits as well as its pathological effects on human health. Many studies have shown that a person's gut microbiota partially determines the nutritional value of food and that diet, in turn, shapes both the microbiota and the microbiome. The current narrative review aims to explain how changes in the food system over time affect the makeup and evolution of the gut microbiota, advancing obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer. After a brief discussion of the food system's variety and the gut microbiota's functions, we concentrate on the relationship between the evolution of food system transformation and gut microbiota system transition linked to the increase of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Finally, we also describe sustainable food system transformation strategies to ensure healthy microbiota composition recovery and maintain the host gut barrier and immune functions to reverse advancing NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Francesca Luisa Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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5
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Sanders JG, Sprockett DD, Li Y, Mjungu D, Lonsdorf EV, Ndjango JBN, Georgiev AV, Hart JA, Sanz CM, Morgan DB, Peeters M, Hahn BH, Moeller AH. Widespread extinctions of co-diversified primate gut bacterial symbionts from humans. Nat Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41564-023-01388-w. [PMID: 37169918 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01388-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans and other primates harbour complex gut bacterial communities that influence health and disease, but the evolutionary histories of these symbioses remain unclear. This is partly due to limited information about the microbiota of ancestral primates. Here, using phylogenetic analyses of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), we show that hundreds of gut bacterial clades diversified in parallel (that is, co-diversified) with primate species over millions of years, but that humans have experienced widespread losses of these ancestral symbionts. Analyses of 9,460 human and non-human primate MAGs, including newly generated MAGs from chimpanzees and bonobos, revealed significant co-diversification within ten gut bacterial phyla, including Firmicutes, Actinobacteriota and Bacteroidota. Strikingly, ~44% of the co-diversifying clades detected in African apes were absent from available metagenomic data from humans and ~54% were absent from industrialized human populations. In contrast, only ~3% of non-co-diversifying clades detected in African apes were absent from humans. Co-diversifying clades present in both humans and chimpanzees displayed consistent genomic signatures of natural selection between the two host species but differed in functional content from co-diversifying clades lost from humans, consistent with selection against certain functions. This study discovers host-species-specific bacterial symbionts that predate hominid diversification, many of which have undergone accelerated extinctions from human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon G Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Daniel D Sprockett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yingying Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deus Mjungu
- Gombe Stream Research Center, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Elizabeth V Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology and Biological Foundations of Behavior Program, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jean-Bosco N Ndjango
- Department of Ecology and Management of Plant and Animal Resources, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alexander V Georgiev
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - John A Hart
- Lukuru Wildlife Research Foundation, Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba Project, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Crickette M Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - David B Morgan
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martine Peeters
- Recherche Translationnelle Appliquée au VIH et aux Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew H Moeller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Labenz J, Borkenstein DP, Heil FJ, Madisch A, Tappe U, Schmidt H, Terjung B, Klymiuk I, Horvath A, Gross M, Stadlbauer V. Application of a multispecies probiotic reduces gastro-intestinal discomfort and induces microbial changes after colonoscopy. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1078315. [PMID: 36698396 PMCID: PMC9870247 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1078315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Even after decades of research and pharmaceutical development, cancer is still one of the most common causes of death in the western population and the management of cancer will remain a major challenge of medical research. One of the most common types of cancer is colorectal cancer (CRC). Prevention by detection of early-stage precursors is the most reliable method to prevent CRC development. In dependence of age, familial predisposition, and other risk factors the preventative routine screening for CRC by colonoscopy should be performed at least twice in intervals of about ten years. Although colonoscopy is a life-saving clinical examination reducing both incidence and mortality of CRC significantly, it has still a bad reputation in the population as an uncomfortable procedure with unpleasant side effects lasting sometimes over days to weeks. These effects are most likely caused by the bowel preparation before colonoscopy, which is crucial for a successful colonoscopy with high quality. Beside pain, bleeding and other rare but severe complications of colonoscopy, cleaning of the intestinal mucosa alters the gut microbiome significantly and consistently. Abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, nausea, bloating, and constipation are common adverse events which can continue to affect patients for days or even weeks after the procedure. In this multicenter, placebo controlled, double blind clinical trial, we investigated the effect of an intervention with a multispecies probiotic formulation for 30 days on the adverse events due to bowel preparation. We show that the treatment of participants with the multispecies probiotic formulation decreases the number of days with constipation significantly, and reduced pain, bloating, diarrhea, and general discomfort. 16S based amplicon analyses reveal recovery of administered probiotic strains from stool samples and differences in alpha diversity dynamics with higher variability in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group. In conclusion, the probiotic ameliorates the side effects after colonoscopy and might be an important supplement to increase acceptance of this life-saving preventative examination. Further, we present here for the first time that probiotic intervention of only 30 days affects alpha diversity parameters in stool samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Labenz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonie Klinikum Jung-Stilling, Siegen, Germany
| | | | | | - Ahmed Madisch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Hospital Clinic Siloah, Hannover, Germany
- Centrum Gastroenterologie Bethanien, Agaplesion Krankenhaus Bethanien, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tappe
- Gastropraxis an der St. Barbara Klinik, Hamm, Germany
| | - Harald Schmidt
- Praxis für Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie Dr. H. Schmidt, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ingeborg Klymiuk
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Horvath
- Division for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Area 3 Microbiome Modulation for Precision Medicine, Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
| | - Manfred Gross
- Department of Internal medicine, Internistisches Klinikum München Süd, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Stadlbauer
- Division for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Area 3 Microbiome Modulation for Precision Medicine, Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
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7
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Ang L, Vinderola G, Endo A, Kantanen J, Jingfeng C, Binetti A, Burns P, Qingmiao S, Suying D, Zujiang Y, Rios-Covian D, Mantziari A, Beasley S, Gomez-Gallego C, Gueimonde M, Salminen S. Gut Microbiome Characteristics in feral and domesticated horses from different geographic locations. Commun Biol 2022; 5:172. [PMID: 35217713 PMCID: PMC8881449 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Domesticated horses live under different conditions compared with their extinct wild ancestors. While housed, medicated and kept on a restricted source of feed, the microbiota of domesticated horses is hypothesized to be altered. We assessed the fecal microbiome of 57 domestic and feral horses from different locations on three continents, observing geographical differences. A higher abundance of eukaryota (p < 0.05) and viruses (p < 0.05) and lower of archaea (p < 0.05) were found in feral animals when compared with domestic ones. The abundance of genes coding for microbe-produced enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in feral animals regardless of the geographic origin. Differences in the fecal resistomes between both groups of animals were also noted. The domestic/captive horse microbiomes were enriched in genes conferring resistance to tetracycline, likely reflecting the use of this antibiotic in the management of these animals. Our data showed an impoverishment of the fecal microbiome in domestic horses with diet, antibiotic exposure and hygiene being likely drivers. The results offer a view of the intestinal microbiome of horses and the impact of domestication or captivity, which may uncover novel targets for modulating the microbiome of horses to enhance animal health and well-being. Li Ang et al. present an investigation of feral and domesticated horse gut microbiomes across three continents. Their results provide new insight into how changes in horse lifestyle are reflected in the resident gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ang
- Health Management Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Henan Gene Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Infection Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Juha Kantanen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Chen Jingfeng
- Health Management Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ana Binetti
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Patricia Burns
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Shi Qingmiao
- Department of Henan Gene Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Infection Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ding Suying
- Health Management Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Zujiang
- Department of Henan Gene Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Infection Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - David Rios-Covian
- Department and Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
| | - Anastasia Mantziari
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Shea Beasley
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Carlos Gomez-Gallego
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department and Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain.
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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8
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Gogarten JF. Roles for non-human primate-associated phage diversity in improving medicine and public health. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:123-129. [PMID: 35273804 PMCID: PMC8903135 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals harbor trillions of microorganisms and understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes structuring these ecosystems may provide insights relevant to public health and medicine. Comparative studies with our closest living relatives, non-human primates, have provided first insights into their rich bacteriophage communities. Here, I discuss how this phage diversity can be useful for combatting antibiotic-resistant infections and understanding disease emergence risk. For example, some primate-associated phages show a pattern suggesting a long-term co-divergence with their primate superhosts—co-diverging phages may be more likely to exhibit a narrow host range and thus less useful for phage therapy. Captive primates lose their natural phageome, which is replaced by human-associated phages making phages an exciting tool for studying rates of microorganism transmission at human–wildlife interfaces. This commentary tackles avenues for selecting phages for therapeutic interventions based on their ecological and evolutionary history, while discussing frameworks to allow primate-associated phages to be incorporated into the arsenal of clinicians. Evidence suggests that mammals harbor trillions of microorganisms on and in their bodies. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes structuring these ecosystems has the potential to provide insights relevant to public health and medicine, some of which are explored here. Specifically, I examine ways in which the phage diversity of non-human primates could be useful for combatting antibiotic-resistant infections and understanding disease emergence risk. This includes an exploration of ways to select phages for therapeutic interventions based on their ecological and evolutionary history, as well as how phages might be useful for studying rates of microorganism transmission at human–wildlife interfaces. The hope is that these frameworks may allow primate-associated phages to be incorporated into the arsenal of clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Gogarten
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, University of Greifswald, Loitzer Str. 26 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Scannapieco FA, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Dysbiosis revisited: Understanding the role of the oral microbiome in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis: A critical assessment. J Periodontol 2021; 92:1071-1078. [PMID: 33902163 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This commentary provides background, historical context, and a critical assessment of the concept that microbial dysbiosis drives the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. It is long known that periodontal pathogenesis is dependent on tooth-borne microbial biofilms (dental plaque) that trigger host inflammation resulting in periodontal destruction and tooth loss in some patients. Ecological principles governing plaque biofilm development, along with localized host responses, are both rooted in evolution. Interpretation of available evidence suggests that, in most patients, alveolar bone loss results from interactions of a highly diverse commensal microbiota with the host, and not from "overgrowth" of a few "pathobionts" that results in a "dysbiosis." Most previously described dysbiotic chronic diseases, for example, inflammatory bowel diseases and dermatitis, are characterized by decreased microbial diversity (likely due to frank overgrowth of one or a few microbial taxa). Most common forms of periodontitis do not appear to conform to this general principle, and the associated microbiome in fact almost always shows increased bacterial diversity compared with periodontal health. This diversity is driven by interactions of genetic and environmental factors working in concert within specific windows of time. Periodontal pathogenesis is likely the result of "personalized pathology," insofar as each patient likely has a variable constellation of microbes and host risk factors influencing specific tissue sites where disease activity occurs, and during a limited window of time (a tissue-destructive "burst"). The concept of cooperative virulence of higher abundance commensals in periodontal pathogenesis, which does not conform to the model of dysbiosis observed for other diseases, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Periodontology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT
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10
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Gogarten JF, Rühlemann M, Archie E, Tung J, Akoua-Koffi C, Bang C, Deschner T, Muyembe-Tamfun JJ, Robbins MM, Schubert G, Surbeck M, Wittig RM, Zuberbühler K, Baines JF, Franke A, Leendertz FH, Calvignac-Spencer S. Primate phageomes are structured by superhost phylogeny and environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2013535118. [PMID: 33876746 PMCID: PMC8053973 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013535118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans harbor diverse communities of microorganisms, the majority of which are bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. These gut bacterial communities in turn host diverse bacteriophage (hereafter phage) communities that have a major impact on their structure, function, and, ultimately, human health. However, the evolutionary and ecological origins of these human-associated phage communities are poorly understood. To address this question, we examined fecal phageomes of 23 wild nonhuman primate taxa, including multiple representatives of all the major primate radiations. We find relatives of the majority of human-associated phages in wild primates. Primate taxa have distinct phageome compositions that exhibit a clear phylosymbiotic signal, and phage-superhost codivergence is often detected for individual phages. Within species, neighboring social groups harbor compositionally and evolutionarily distinct phageomes, which are structured by superhost social behavior. Captive nonhuman primate phageome composition is intermediate between that of their wild counterparts and humans. Phage phylogenies reveal replacement of wild great ape-associated phages with human-associated ones in captivity and, surprisingly, show no signal for the persistence of wild-associated phages in captivity. Together, our results suggest that potentially labile primate-phage associations have persisted across millions of years of evolution. Across primates, these phylosymbiotic and sometimes codiverging phage communities are shaped by transmission between groupmates through grooming and are dramatically modified when primates are moved into captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Gogarten
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Malte Rühlemann
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Jenny Tung
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Duke University Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Chantal Akoua-Koffi
- Unité de Formation et Recherche des Sciences Médicales, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouake, BP V1801 Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Corinna Bang
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfun
- National Institute for Biomedical Research, National Laboratory of Public Health, BP 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Martha M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Grit Schubert
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Surbeck
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Tai Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, BP 1301, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - John F Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrecht-University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Organisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Reese AT, Chadaideh KS, Diggins CE, Schell LD, Beckel M, Callahan P, Ryan R, Emery Thompson M, Carmody RN. Effects of domestication on the gut microbiota parallel those of human industrialization. eLife 2021; 10:60197. [PMID: 33755015 PMCID: PMC7987347 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Domesticated animals experienced profound changes in diet, environment, and social interactions that likely shaped their gut microbiota and were potentially analogous to ecological changes experienced by humans during industrialization. Comparing the gut microbiota of wild and domesticated mammals plus chimpanzees and humans, we found a strong signal of domestication in overall gut microbial community composition and similar changes in composition with domestication and industrialization. Reciprocal diet switches within mouse and canid dyads demonstrated the critical role of diet in shaping the domesticated gut microbiota. Notably, we succeeded in recovering wild-like microbiota in domesticated mice through experimental colonization. Although fundamentally different processes, we conclude that domestication and industrialization have impacted the gut microbiota in related ways, likely through shared ecological change. Our findings highlight the utility, and limitations, of domesticated animal models for human research and the importance of studying wild animals and non-industrialized humans for interrogating signals of host-microbial coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspen T Reese
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Katia S Chadaideh
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Caroline E Diggins
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Laura D Schell
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mark Beckel
- Wildlife Science Center, Stacy, MN, United States
| | | | - Roberta Ryan
- Wildlife Science Center, Stacy, MN, United States
| | | | - Rachel N Carmody
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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12
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Pfefferle PI, Keber CU, Cohen RM, Garn H. The Hygiene Hypothesis - Learning From but Not Living in the Past. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635935. [PMID: 33796103 PMCID: PMC8007786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postulated by Strachan more than 30 years ago, the Hygiene Hypothesis has undergone many revisions and adaptations. This review journeys back to the beginnings of the Hygiene Hypothesis and describes the most important landmarks in its development considering the many aspects that have refined and generalized the Hygiene Hypothesis over time. From an epidemiological perspective, the Hygiene Hypothesis advanced to a comprehensive concept expanding beyond the initial focus on allergies. The Hygiene Hypothesis comprise immunological, microbiological and evolutionary aspects. Thus, the original postulate developed into a holistic model that explains the impact of post-modern life-style on humans, who initially evolved in close proximity to a more natural environment. Focusing on diet and the microbiome as the most prominent exogenous influences we describe these discrepancies and the resulting health outcomes and point to potential solutions to reestablish the immunological homeostasis that frequently have been lost in people living in developed societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra I Pfefferle
- Comprehensive Biobank Marburg, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, Comprehensive Biobank Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.,German Biobank Alliance, Marburg, Germany
| | - Corinna U Keber
- Comprehensive Biobank Marburg, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, Comprehensive Biobank Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,German Biobank Alliance, Marburg, Germany.,Institute for Pathology, Medical Faculty, Institute for Pathology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert M Cohen
- Comprehensive Biobank Marburg, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, Comprehensive Biobank Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Holger Garn
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.,Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Medical Faculty, Biochemical Pharmacological Center, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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13
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Harper A, Vijayakumar V, Ouwehand AC, ter Haar J, Obis D, Espadaler J, Binda S, Desiraju S, Day R. Viral Infections, the Microbiome, and Probiotics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:596166. [PMID: 33643929 PMCID: PMC7907522 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections continue to cause considerable morbidity and mortality around the world. Recent rises in these infections are likely due to complex and multifactorial external drivers, including climate change, the increased mobility of people and goods and rapid demographic change to name but a few. In parallel with these external factors, we are gaining a better understanding of the internal factors associated with viral immunity. Increasingly the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome has been shown to be a significant player in the host immune system, acting as a key regulator of immunity and host defense mechanisms. An increasing body of evidence indicates that disruption of the homeostasis between the GI microbiome and the host immune system can adversely impact viral immunity. This review aims to shed light on our understanding of how host-microbiota interactions shape the immune system, including early life factors, antibiotic exposure, immunosenescence, diet and inflammatory diseases. We also discuss the evidence base for how host commensal organisms and microbiome therapeutics can impact the prevention and/or treatment of viral infections, such as viral gastroenteritis, viral hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papilloma virus (HPV), viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), influenza and SARS CoV-2. The interplay between the gastrointestinal microbiome, invasive viruses and host physiology is complex and yet to be fully characterized, but increasingly the evidence shows that the microbiome can have an impact on viral disease outcomes. While the current evidence base is informative, further well designed human clinical trials will be needed to fully understand the array of immunological mechanisms underlying this intricate relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashton Harper
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Vineetha Vijayakumar
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Vineetha Vijayakumar,
| | - Arthur C. Ouwehand
- Global Health and Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Kantvik, Finland
| | | | - David Obis
- Innovation Science & Nutrition Department, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Sylvie Binda
- Lallemand Health Solutions, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Richard Day
- ADM Health & Wellness, Medical Affairs Department, Somerset, United Kingdom
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14
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Han S, Zhang Q, Ding Y, Chu P, Zhang J, Shi J, Jia S, Yang C, Lu J, Wang Y. One-Week Effects of Antibiotic Treatment on Gut Microbiota of Late Neonates With Pneumonia or Meningitis. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:723617. [PMID: 34676186 PMCID: PMC8525495 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.723617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The neonatal period is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbial community. Antibiotics can change the composition of gut microbiota. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 14 patients with pneumonia and 14 patients with meningitis before and after antibiotic treatment, and fecal samples from five healthy neonates at the 14th and 21st days after birth were collected as well. DNA of fecal samples was extracted, and PCR amplification was performed targeting the V3-V4 variable region of 16S rDNA. After detection by high-throughput sequencing, OTU (operational taxonomic unit) clustering, species annotation, and α diversity analysis were calculated and analyzed statistically. Results: In the healthy control group, the abundance of Bifidobacterium increased significantly from 16.75 to 40.42%, becoming the most dominant bacteria. The results of α diversity analysis suggested that the Sobs indexes of the gut microbiota in the pneumonia and meningitis groups were significantly lower than that in the healthy control group (p < 0.05). PCoA analysis showed that the gut microbiota of pneumonia and meningitis groups clustered distinctly with the control group (Adonis p = 0.001, R 2 = 0.565), and there was no significant change in the diversity of gut microbiota before and after the use of antibiotics. Conclusions: The gut microbiota of neonates with infectious diseases were mainly related to the disease conditions. The initial state of neonatal gut microbiome determines its state after 1-week antibiotic treatment. Antibiotic application with 7 days had little effect on the community richness and some effect on the composition of gut microbiota of neonates with pneumonia or meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoru Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Ding
- Department of Neonatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Ping Chu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Jin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Department of Neonatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
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15
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Coman V, Vodnar DC. Gut microbiota and old age: Modulating factors and interventions for healthy longevity. Exp Gerontol 2020; 141:111095. [PMID: 32979504 PMCID: PMC7510636 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Our gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem with a paramount role in shaping our metabolic and immunological functions. Recent research suggests that aging may negatively affect the composition, diversity, and function of our microbiota mainly due to alterations in diet and immunologic reactivity (i.e. immunosenescence), and increased incidence of certain diseases and, therefore, increased exposure to certain medication (e.g. antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors). In turn, this aging-related gut dysbiosis may contribute to the initiation and/or progress of other metabolic diseases, and consequently, to a decrease in healthy longevity. On the positive side, promising therapeutic interventions, such as diet supplementation with prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation, aimed to counteract these aging-related deleterious consequences, could improve our health, and extend our healthy lifespan. In this context, the current review aims to assess the latest progress in identifying the key elements affecting the gut microbiota of the older adults and their mechanism of action, and the effectiveness of the therapeutic interventions aimed at restoring the diversity and healthy functions of the gut microbiota in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile Coman
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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16
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Effects of Low and High FODMAP Diets on Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota Composition in Adults with Intestinal Diseases: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111638. [PMID: 33114017 PMCID: PMC7690730 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A diet high in non-digestible carbohydrates is known to promote health, in part through its effect on the gut microbiome. While substantially proven for healthy individuals, these effects are more ambiguous in subjects with intestinal diseases. At the same time, a diet low in these fermentable carbohydrates, the low FODMAP (acronym for Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Mono-saccharides, And Polyols) diet, is gaining popularity as a treatment option for symptom relief in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. There are, however, several indications that this diet induces effects opposite to those of prebiotic supplementation, resulting in gut microbiome changes that might be detrimental. Here, we provide a systematic review of the effects of low and high FODMAP diets on human gastrointestinal microbiota composition in adults with intestinal diseases, through literature screening using the databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. We summarize study findings on dietary impact in patients, including the effect on bacterial taxa and diversity. In general, similar to healthy subjects, restricting non-digestible carbohydrate intake in patients with intestinal diseases has opposite effects compared to prebiotic supplementation, causing a reduction in bifidobacteria and an increase in bacteria associated with dysbiosis. Future studies should focus on assessing whether the induced microbial changes persist over time and have adverse effects on long-term colonic health.
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17
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Antunes AEC, Vinderola G, Xavier-Santos D, Sivieri K. Potential contribution of beneficial microbes to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Res Int 2020. [PMID: 32846611 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.10957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The year 2020 will be remembered by a never before seen, at least by our generation, global pandemic of COVID-19. While a desperate search for effective vaccines or drug therapies is on the run, nutritional strategies to promote immunity against SARS-CoV-2, are being discussed. Certain fermented foods and probiotics may deliver viable microbes with the potential to promote gut immunity. Prebiotics, on their side, may enhance gut immunity by selectively stimulating certain resident microbes in the gut. Different levels of evidence support the use of fermented foods, probiotics and prebiotics to promote gut and lungs immunity. Without being a promise of efficacy against COVID-19, incorporating them into the diet may help to low down gut inflammation and to enhance mucosal immunity, to possibly better face the infection by contributing to diminishing the severity or the duration of infection episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane E C Antunes
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Douglas Xavier-Santos
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Sivieri
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú km 1, Zip Code 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Antunes AEC, Vinderola G, Xavier-Santos D, Sivieri K. Potential contribution of beneficial microbes to face the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109577. [PMID: 32846611 PMCID: PMC7378002 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The year 2020 will be remembered by a never before seen, at least by our generation, global pandemic of COVID-19. While a desperate search for effective vaccines or drug therapies is on the run, nutritional strategies to promote immunity against SARS-CoV-2, are being discussed. Certain fermented foods and probiotics may deliver viable microbes with the potential to promote gut immunity. Prebiotics, on their side, may enhance gut immunity by selectively stimulating certain resident microbes in the gut. Different levels of evidence support the use of fermented foods, probiotics and prebiotics to promote gut and lungs immunity. Without being a promise of efficacy against COVID-19, incorporating them into the diet may help to low down gut inflammation and to enhance mucosal immunity, to possibly better face the infection by contributing to diminishing the severity or the duration of infection episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane E C Antunes
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - Douglas Xavier-Santos
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350 Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Katia Sivieri
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú km 1, Zip Code 14800-903 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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19
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Moeller AH, Sanders JG. Roles of the gut microbiota in the adaptive evolution of mammalian species. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190597. [PMID: 32772670 PMCID: PMC7435157 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Every mammalian species harbours a gut microbiota, and variation in the gut microbiota within mammalian species can have profound effects on host phenotypes. In this review, we summarize recent evidence that gut microbiotas have influenced the course of mammalian adaptation and diversification. Associations with gut microbiotas have: (i) promoted the diversification of mammalian species by enabling dietary transitions onto difficult-to-digest carbon sources and toxic food items; (ii) shaped the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in mammalian species through the amplification of signals from the external environment and from postnatal developmental processes; and (iii) generated selection for host mechanisms, including innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, to control the gut microbiota for the benefit of host fitness. The stability of specific gut microbiotas within host species lineages varies substantially across the mammalian phylogeny, and this variation may alter the ultimate evolutionary outcomes of relationships with gut microbiotas in different mammalian clades. In some mammalian species, including humans, relationships with host species-specific gut microbiotas appear to have led to the evolution of host dependence on the gut microbiota for certain functions. These studies implicate the gut microbiota as a significant environmental factor and selective agent shaping the adaptive evolution of mammalian diet, phenotypic plasticity, gastrointestinal morphology and immunity. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H. Moeller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jon G. Sanders
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Institute for Host-Microbe Interaction and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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20
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Ntemiri A, Ghosh TS, Gheller ME, Tran TTT, Blum JE, Pellanda P, Vlckova K, Neto MC, Howell A, Thalacker-Mercer A, O’Toole PW. Whole Blueberry and Isolated Polyphenol-Rich Fractions Modulate Specific Gut Microbes in an In Vitro Colon Model and in a Pilot Study in Human Consumers. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2800. [PMID: 32932733 PMCID: PMC7551244 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blueberry (BB) consumption is linked to improved health. The bioconversion of the polyphenolic content of BB by fermentative bacteria in the large intestine may be a necessary step for the health benefits attributed to BB consumption. The identification of specific gut microbiota taxa that respond to BB consumption and that mediate the bioconversion of consumed polyphenolic compounds into bioactive forms is required to improve our understanding of how polyphenols impact human health. We tested the ability of polyphenol-rich fractions purified from whole BB-namely, anthocyanins/flavonol glycosides (ANTH/FLAV), proanthocyanidins (PACs), the sugar/acid fraction (S/A), and total polyphenols (TPP)-to modulate the fecal microbiota composition of healthy adults in an in vitro colon system. In a parallel pilot study, we tested the effect of consuming 38 g of freeze-dried BB powder per day for 6 weeks on the fecal microbiota of 17 women in two age groups (i.e., young and older). The BB ingredients had a distinct effect on the fecal microbiota composition in the artificial colon model. The ANTH/FLAV and PAC fractions were more effective in promoting microbiome alpha diversity compared to S/A and TPP, and these effects were attributed to differentially responsive taxa. Dietary enrichment with BB resulted in a moderate increase in the diversity of the microbiota of the older subjects but not in younger subjects, and certain health-relevant taxa were significantly associated with BB consumption. Alterations in the abundance of some gut bacteria correlated not only with BB consumption but also with increased antioxidant activity in blood. Collectively, these pilot data support the notion that BB consumption is associated with gut microbiota changes and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ntemiri
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Tarini S. Ghosh
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Molly E. Gheller
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.E.G.); (J.E.B.); (A.T.-M.)
| | - Tam T. T. Tran
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Jamie E. Blum
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.E.G.); (J.E.B.); (A.T.-M.)
| | - Paola Pellanda
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Klara Vlckova
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Marta C. Neto
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Amy Howell
- Marucci Center for Blueberry Cranberry Research, Rutgers University, Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA;
| | - Anna Thalacker-Mercer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.E.G.); (J.E.B.); (A.T.-M.)
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, AL 35294, USA
| | - Paul W. O’Toole
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland; (A.N.); (T.S.G.); (T.T.T.T.); (P.P.); (K.V.); (M.C.N.)
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
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21
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Hou L, Sun B, Yang Y. Effects of Added Dietary Fiber and Rearing System on the Gut Microbial Diversity and Gut Health of Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10010107. [PMID: 31936399 PMCID: PMC7023072 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is of merit to study the appropriate amount of dietary fiber to add to free-range chickens' feed to improve their microbial diversity and gut health in times of plant fiber deprivation. Lignocellulose is a useful source of dietary fiber, and its positive effects on the growth performance and laying performance of chickens has already been proven. However, few researchers have researched the effects of adding it on the gut microbiota of chickens. In this research, we added three different levels of eubiotic lignocellulose (0%, 2%, and 4%) to the feed of caged and free-range Bian chickens from September to November, aiming to observe the effects of added dietary fiber and different rearing systems on the gut microbial diversity and gut health of chickens, as well as to determine an appropriate amount of lignocellulose. The results showed that adding dietary fiber increased the thickness of the cecum mucus layer and the abundance of Faecalibacterium and Faecalibacterium in caged chickens, and 4% lignocellulose was appropriate. In addition, adding lignocellulose increased the microbial diversity and the abundance of the butyrate-producing bacteria Faecalibacterium and Roseburia in fee-range chickens. The α-diversity and the length of the small intestine with 2% lignocellulose in free-range chickens were better than with 2% lignocellulose in caged chickens. Maybe it is necessary to add dietary fiber to the feed of free-range chickens when plant fibers are lacking, and 2% lignocellulose was found to be appropriate in this experiment. In addition, compared with caged chickens, the free-range chickens had a longer small intestine and a lower glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level. The significant difference of GLP-1 levels was mainly driven by energy rather than short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). There was no interaction between added dietary fiber and the rearing system on SCFAs, cecum inner mucus layer, and GLP-1.
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22
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Singh R, Haque MM, Mande SS. Lifestyle-Induced Microbial Gradients: An Indian Perspective. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2874. [PMID: 31921052 PMCID: PMC6928055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Urbanization is a globally pervasive trend. Although urban settings provide better access to infrastructure and opportunities, urban lifestyles have certain negative consequences on human health. A number of recent studies have found interesting associations between the structure of human gut microbiota and the prevalence of metabolic conditions characterizing urban populations. The present study attempts to expand the footprint of these investigations to an Indian context. The objectives include elucidating specific patterns and gradients based on resident habitat and lifestyles (i.e., tribal and urban) that characterize gut microbial communities. Methods: Available 16S rRNA sequence datasets corresponding to the gut microbiota of urban and tribal populations from multiple regions of India have been rigorously compared. This analysis was carried out to understand the overall community structure, resident taxa, and their (inferred) functional components as well as their correlations with available meta-information. Results: The gut microbiota of urban and tribal communities are observed to have characteristically different signatures with respect to diversity as well as taxonomic and functional composition. Primarily, the gut microbiota in tribal communities is found to harbor significantly higher species diversity and richness as compared to that in urban populations. In spite of geographical segregation and diet-related differences, gut microbial diversity was not found to differ significantly between tribal groups. Furthermore, while the taxonomic profiles of different tribal communities cluster together irrespective of their geographic location, enterotype analysis indicates that samples from urban communities form two distinct clusters. Taxonomic analysis of samples in one of these clusters reveals the presence of microbes that are common to both urban and tribal cohorts, indicating a probable transient evolutionary state. Prevotella, previously reported to be the dominant genus resident in Indian gut microbiota, is found to have distinct OTUs and strain-specific oligotypes characterizing resident habitats and diet patterns. Certain interesting associations between microbial abundances and specific metadata have also been observed. Overall, urban lifestyle and diet appear to impact the structure and function of gut microbial communities, and the results of this study provide further evidence of this likely detrimental association. Conclusion: This study attempts to analyze, in an Indian context, the impact of urbanization on the human gut microbiota. Overall, the analysis elucidates interesting taxonomic and functional signatures characterizing the evolutionary transition in gut microbiota from tribal to urban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Singh
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services, Pune, India
| | | | - Sharmila S Mande
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services, Pune, India
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23
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Day RLJ, Harper AJ, Woods RM, Davies OG, Heaney LM. Probiotics: current landscape and future horizons. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO391. [PMID: 31114711 PMCID: PMC6511921 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a rapid rise in interest for the application of probiotic supplements to act as mediators in health and disease. This appeal is predominantly due to ever-increasing evidence of the interaction of the microbiota and pathophysiological processes of disease within the human host. This narrative review considers the current landscape of the probiotic industry and its research, and discusses current pitfalls in the lack of translation from laboratory science to clinical application. Future considerations into how industry and academia must adapt probiotic research to maximize success are suggested, including more targeted application of probiotic strains dependent on individual capabilities as well as application of multiple advanced analytical technologies to further understand and accelerate microbiome science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel M Woods
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Owen G Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Liam M Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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24
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Mezouar S, Chantran Y, Michel J, Fabre A, Dubus JC, Leone M, Sereme Y, Mège JL, Ranque S, Desnues B, Chanez P, Vitte J. Microbiome and the immune system: From a healthy steady-state to allergy associated disruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humic.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Zhou X, Du L, Shi R, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Li Z. Early-life food nutrition, microbiota maturation and immune development shape life-long health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:S30-S38. [PMID: 29874476 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1485628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current knowledge about early-life nutrition and environmental factors that affect the interaction between the symbiotic microbiota and the host immune system has demonstrated novel regulatory target for treating allergic diseases, autoimmune disorders and metabolic syndrome. Various kinds of food nutrients (such as dietary fiber, starch, polyphenols and proteins) can provide energy resources for both intestinal microbiota and the host. The indigestible food components are fermented by the indigenous gut microbiota to produce diverse metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide, which can regulate the host metabolized physiology, immunity homeostasis and health state. Therefore it is commonly believed early-life perturbation of the microbial community structure and the dietary nutrition interference on the child mucosal immunity contribute to the whole life susceptibility to chronic diseases. In all, the combined interrelationship between food ingredients nutrition, intestinal microbiota configurations and host system immunity provides new therapeutic targets to treat various kinds of pathogenic inflammations and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhou
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Lina Du
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Ronghua Shi
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhidong Chen
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Zongjie Li
- a Shanghai Institute of Technology , Shanghai , China
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26
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Danchin A. Bacteria in the ageing gut: did the taming of fire promote a long human lifespan? Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1966-1987. [PMID: 29727052 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unique among animals as they evolved towards Homo sapiens, hominins progressively cooked their food on a routine basis. Cooked products are characterized by singular chemical compounds, derived from the pervasive Maillard reaction. This same reaction is omnipresent in normal metabolism involving carbonyls and amines, and its products accumulate with age. The gut microbiota acts as a first line of defence against the toxicity of cooked Maillard compounds, that also selectively shape the microbial flora, letting specific metabolites to reach the blood stream. Positive selection of metabolic functions allowed the body of hominins who tamed fire to use and dispose of these age-related compounds. I propose here that, as a hopeful accidental consequence, this resulted in extending human lifespan far beyond that of our great ape cousins. The limited data exploring the role of taming fire on the human genetic setup and on its microbiota is discussed in relation with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Danchin
- Integromics, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, 75013, France.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong University, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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27
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Poussin C, Sierro N, Boué S, Battey J, Scotti E, Belcastro V, Peitsch MC, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J. Interrogating the microbiome: experimental and computational considerations in support of study reproducibility. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1644-1657. [PMID: 29890228 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome is an important factor in human health and disease and is investigated to develop novel therapeutics. Metagenomics leverages advances in sequencing technologies and computational analysis to identify and quantify the microorganisms present in a sample. This field has, however, not yet reached maturity and the international metagenomics community, aware of the current limitations and of the necessity for standardization, has started investigating sources of variability in experimental and computational workflows. The first studies have already resulted in the identification of crucial steps and factors affecting metagenomics data quality, quantification and interpretation. This review summarizes experimental and computational considerations for interrogating the microbiome and establishing reproducible and robust analysis workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Poussin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Boué
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James Battey
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Elena Scotti
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Belcastro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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28
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Erturk-Hasdemir D, Kasper DL. Finding a needle in a haystack: Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A as the archetypical symbiosis factor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018. [PMID: 29528123 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Starting from birth, all animals develop a symbiotic relationship with their resident microorganisms that benefits both the microbe and the host. Recent advances in technology have substantially improved our ability to direct research toward the identification of important microbial species that affect host physiology. The identification of specific commensal molecules from these microbes and their mechanisms of action is still in its early stages. Polysaccharide A (PSA) of Bacteroides fragilis is the archetypical example of a commensal molecule that can modulate the host immune system in health and disease. This zwitterionic polysaccharide has a critical impact on the development of the mammalian immune system and also on the stimulation of interleukin 10-producing CD4+ T cells; consequently, PSA confers benefits to the host with regard to experimental autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of B. fragilis PSA and discuss these effects as a novel immunological paradigm. In particular, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the unique functional mechanisms of this molecule and its therapeutic potential, and we review the recent literature in the field of microbiome research aimed at discovering new commensal products and their immunomodulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Erturk-Hasdemir
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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29
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Jenmalm MC. The mother-offspring dyad: microbial transmission, immune interactions and allergy development. J Intern Med 2017; 282:484-495. [PMID: 28727206 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of allergy in affluent countries may be caused by reduced intensity and diversity of microbial stimulation, resulting in abnormal postnatal immune maturation. Most studies investigating the underlying immunomodulatory mechanisms have focused on postnatal microbial exposure, for example demonstrating that the gut microbiota differs in composition and diversity during the first months of life in children who later do or do not develop allergic disease. However, it is also becoming increasingly evident that the maternal microbial environment during pregnancy is important in childhood immune programming, and the first microbial encounters may occur already in utero. During pregnancy, there is a close immunological interaction between the mother and her offspring, which provides important opportunities for the maternal microbial environment to influence the immune development of the child. In support of this theory, combined pre- and postnatal supplementations seem to be crucial for the preventive effect of probiotics on infant eczema. Here, the influence of microbial and immune interactions within the mother-offspring dyad on childhood allergy development will be discussed. In addition, how perinatal transmission of microbes and immunomodulatory factors from mother to offspring may shape appropriate immune maturation during infancy and beyond, potentially via epigenetic mechanisms, will be examined. Deeper understanding of these interactions between the maternal and offspring microbiome and immunity is needed to identify efficacious preventive measures to combat the allergy epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Jenmalm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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30
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Lerner A, Matthias T, Aminov R. Potential Effects of Horizontal Gene Exchange in the Human Gut. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1630. [PMID: 29230215 PMCID: PMC5711824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many essential functions of the human body are dependent on the symbiotic microbiota, which is present at especially high numbers and diversity in the gut. This intricate host-microbe relationship is a result of the long-term coevolution between the two. While the inheritance of mutational changes in the host evolution is almost exclusively vertical, the main mechanism of bacterial evolution is horizontal gene exchange. The gut conditions, with stable temperature, continuous food supply, constant physicochemical conditions, extremely high concentration of microbial cells and phages, and plenty of opportunities for conjugation on the surfaces of food particles and host tissues, represent one of the most favorable ecological niches for horizontal gene exchange. Thus, the gut microbial system genetically is very dynamic and capable of rapid response, at the genetic level, to selection, for example, by antibiotics. There are many other factors to which the microbiota may dynamically respond including lifestyle, therapy, diet, refined food, food additives, consumption of pre- and probiotics, and many others. The impact of the changing selective pressures on gut microbiota, however, is poorly understood. Presumably, the gut microbiome responds to these changes by genetic restructuring of gut populations, driven mainly via horizontal gene exchange. Thus, our main goal is to reveal the role played by horizontal gene exchange in the changing landscape of the gastrointestinal microbiome and potential effect of these changes on human health in general and autoimmune diseases in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany
| | | | - Rustam Aminov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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