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Hanna R, Dalvi S, Sălăgean T, Bordea IR, Benedicenti S. Phototherapy as a Rational Antioxidant Treatment Modality in COVID-19 Management; New Concept and Strategic Approach: Critical Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E875. [PMID: 32947974 PMCID: PMC7555229 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has taken the entire globe by storm. The pathogenesis of this virus has shown a cytokine storm release, which contributes to critical or severe multi-organ failure. Currently the ultimate treatment is palliative; however, many modalities have been introduced with effective or minimal outcomes. Meanwhile, enormous efforts are ongoing to produce safe vaccines and therapies. Phototherapy has a wide range of clinical applications against various maladies. This necessitates the exploration of the role of phototherapy, if any, for COVID-19. This critical review was conducted to understand COVID-19 disease and highlights the prevailing facts that link phototherapy utilisation as a potential treatment modality for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. The results demonstrated phototherapy's efficacy in regulating cytokines and inflammatory mediators, increasing angiogenesis and enhancing healing in chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases. In conclusion, this review answered the following research question. Which molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of phototherapy have demonstrated great potential in enhancing the immune response and reducing host-viral interaction in COVID-19 patients? Therefore, phototherapy is a promising treatment modality, which needs to be validated further for COVID-19 by robust and rigorous randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trials to evaluate its impartial outcomes and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Hanna
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV,6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.D.); (S.B.)
- Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Institute, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Snehal Dalvi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV,6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.D.); (S.B.)
- Department of Periodontology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur 441110, India
| | - Tudor Sălăgean
- Department of Land Measurements and Exact Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Roxana Bordea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV,6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.D.); (S.B.)
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Zhang DL, Yu DH, Chen J, Chen C, Wang ZY. Co-expression of march5b and tlr7 in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea in response to Cryptocaryon irritans infection. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:360-370. [PMID: 26179830 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, molecular characteristics of march5b and co-expression of march5b and tlr7 in response to the infection of Cryptocaryon irritans in the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea were investigated. The full-length complementary (c)DNA of march5b was 1314 bp, including an open reading frame of 846 bp encoding a polypeptide of 281 amino acids, and the full-length genomic sequence was composed of 23,577 nucleotides, including six exons and five introns. The putative March5b protein contained a RINGv motif and four transmembrane domains. The march5b transcripts were broadly distributed in all detected tissues, with a strong expression in blood, brain and gills, and a weak expression in kidney by quantitative PCR analysis. The expression of march5b and tlr7 in the skin, gills, spleen and head kidney changed in the same manner at most time points post-primary infection with C. irritans. Significant increase was observed in the skin with march5b at days 2 and 3 by 26.10 and 6.88 fold, respectively, and with tlr7 at day 3 by 57.68 fold, when compared with the control. Their expressions, however, were decreased in the gills, especially at day 3 (march5b by 8.9%, tlr7 by 22.06%). In the spleen and head kidney, march5b and tlr7 transcripts were up-regulated early, then noticeably declined at day 3. These results suggested that march5b and tlr7 are co-expressed in response to parasite infection and March5b probably catalyses ubiquitination of some proteins of TLR7 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - D H Yu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - J Chen
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - C Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Z Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
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Britto AMA, Amoedo ND, Pezzuto P, Afonso AO, Martínez AMB, Silveira J, Sion FS, Machado ES, Soares MA, Giannini ALM. Expression levels of the innate response gene RIG-I and its regulators RNF125 and TRIM25 in HIV-1-infected adult and pediatric individuals. AIDS 2013; 27:1879-85. [PMID: 24131985 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328361cfbf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TLRs (Toll-like receptors) and RLRs (RIG-I-like receptors) mediate innate immune responses by detecting microorganism invasion. RIG-I activation results in the production of interferon (IFN) type 1 and IFN responsive genes (ISGs). As the ubiquitin ligases RNF125 and TRIM25 are involved in regulating RIG-I function, our aim was to assess whether the levels of these three genes vary between healthy and HIV-infected individuals and whether these levels are related to disease progression. DESIGN Gene expression analyses for RIG-I, RNF125, and TRIM25 were performed for HIV-infected adults and the children's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS Reverse transcription-quantitative PCRs (RT-qPCRs) were performed in order to quantify the expression levels of RIG-I, RNF125 and TRIM25 from PBMCs purified from control or HIV-infected individuals. RESULTS Controls express higher levels of the three genes when compared to HIV-infected patients. These expressions are clearly distinct between healthy and progressors, and are reproduced in adults and children. In controls, RNF125 is the highest expressed gene, whereas in progressors, RIG-I is either the highest expressed gene or is expressed similarly to RNF125 and TRIM25. CONCLUSION A pattern of expression of RIG-I, RNF125, and TRIM25 genes in HIV patients is evident. The high expression of RNF125 in healthy individuals reflects the importance of keeping RIG-I function off, inhibiting unnecessary IFN production. Consistent with this assumption, RNF125 levels are lower in HIV patients and importantly, the RNF125/RIG-I ratio is lower in patients who progress to AIDS. Our results might help to predict disease progression and unveil the role of poorly characterized host genes during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M A Britto
- aDepartamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia bInstituto de Bioquímica Médica, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro cFaculdade de Medicina, UFRG, Rio Grande dHospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, UNIRIO eInstituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira, UFRJ fPrograma de Genética, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Valdivieso AG, Santa-Coloma TA. CFTR activity and mitochondrial function. Redox Biol 2013; 1:190-202. [PMID: 24024153 PMCID: PMC3757715 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a frequent and lethal autosomal recessive disease, caused by mutations in the gene encoding the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). Before the discovery of the CFTR gene, several hypotheses attempted to explain the etiology of this disease, including the possible role of a chloride channel, diverse alterations in mitochondrial functions, the overexpression of the lysosomal enzyme α-glucosidase and a deficiency in the cytosolic enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Because of the diverse mitochondrial changes found, some authors proposed that the affected gene should codify for a mitochondrial protein. Later, the CFTR cloning and the demonstration of its chloride channel activity turned the mitochondrial, lysosomal and cytosolic hypotheses obsolete. However, in recent years, using new approaches, several investigators reported similar or new alterations of mitochondrial functions in Cystic Fibrosis, thus rediscovering a possible role of mitochondria in this disease. Here, we review these CFTR-driven mitochondrial defects, including differential gene expression, alterations in oxidative phosphorylation, calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, apoptosis and innate immune response, which might explain some characteristics of the complex CF phenotype and reveals potential new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Gabriel Valdivieso
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED CONICET-UCA), Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hastie ML, Headlam MJ, Patel NB, Bukreyev AA, Buchholz UJ, Dave KA, Norris EL, Wright CL, Spann KM, Collins PL, Gorman JJ. The human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 1 regulates type I and type II interferon pathways. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:108-27. [PMID: 22322095 PMCID: PMC3418853 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial viruses encode a nonstructural protein (NS1) that interferes with type I and III interferon and other antiviral responses. Proteomic studies were conducted on human A549 type II alveolar epithelial cells and type I interferon-deficient Vero cells (African green monkey kidney cells) infected with wild-type and NS1-deficient clones of human respiratory syncytial virus to identify other potential pathway and molecular targets of NS1 interference. These analyses included two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and quantitative Western blotting. Surprisingly, NS1 was found to suppress the induction of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) expression in A549 cells and to a much lesser degree Vero cells in response to infection. Because SOD2 is not directly inducible by type I interferons, it served as a marker to probe the impact of NS1 on signaling of other cytokines known to induce SOD2 expression and/or indirect effects of type I interferon signaling. Deductive analysis of results obtained from cell infection and cytokine stimulation studies indicated that interferon-γ signaling was a potential target of NS1, possibly as a result of modulation of STAT1 levels. However, this was not sufficient to explain the magnitude of the impact of NS1 on SOD2 induction in A549 cells. Vero cell infection experiments indicated that NS1 targeted a component of the type I interferon response that does not directly induce SOD2 expression but is required to induce another initiator of SOD2 expression. STAT2 was ruled out as a target of NS1 interference using quantitative Western blot analysis of infected A549 cells, but data were obtained to indicate that STAT1 was one of a number of potential targets of NS1. A label-free mass spectrometry-based quantitative approach is proposed as a means of more definitive identification of NS1 targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus L Hastie
- Protein Discovery Centre, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
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Shi HX, Liu X, Wang Q, Tang PP, Liu XY, Shan YF, Wang C. Mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MARCH5 promotes TLR7 signaling by attenuating TANK action. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002057. [PMID: 21625535 PMCID: PMC3098239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is the host's first line of defense against microbial invasion. The mitochondrion is emerging as a critical platform for antiviral signal transduction. The regulatory role of mitochondria for TLR signaling remains to be explored. Here, we show that the mitochondrial outer-membrane protein MARCH5 positively regulates TLR7 signaling. Ectopic expression or knockdown of MARCH5 enhances or impairs NF-κB-mediated gene expression, respectively. MARCH5 interacts specifically with TANK, and this interaction is enhanced by R837 stimulation. MARCH5 catalyzes the K63-linked poly-ubiquitination of TANK on its Lysines 229, 233, 280, 302 and 306, thus impairing the ability of TANK to inhibit TRAF6. Mislocalization of MARCH5 abolishes its action on TANK, revealing the critical role of mitochondria in modulating innate immunity. Arguably, this represents the first study linking mitochondria to TLR signaling. In 2005, MAVS was characterized as the critical adaptor protein for the signal transduction of RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs). This provided the first link between mitochondria and the intracellular antiviral defense system. From then on, exploring the potential functions of novel mitochondrial proteins in microbe-host interactions became a rapidly expanding frontier. Notably, it remains unknown whether mitochondrial proteins can directly regulate TLR signaling. Here, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial protein MARCH5 positively modulates TLR7 signaling. Our study reveals that MARCH5 is a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase and catalyzes the K63-linked poly-ubiquitination of TANK. This modification releases the inhibitory effects of TANK on TRAF6. Arguably, this represents the first study linking mitochondria to TLR signaling, shedding new light on the role of mitochondria in the proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Xin Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Pei Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Fei Shan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtuan Lin
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Dong X, Feng H, Sun Q, Li H, Wu TT, Sun R, Tibbetts SA, Chen ZJ, Feng P. Murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 hijacks MAVS and IKKbeta to initiate lytic replication. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001001. [PMID: 20686657 PMCID: PMC2912392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon viral infection, the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS)-IKKβ pathway is activated to restrict viral replication. Manipulation of immune signaling events by pathogens has been an outstanding theme of host-pathogen interaction. Here we report that the loss of MAVS or IKKβ impaired the lytic replication of gamma-herpesvirus 68 (γHV68), a model herpesvirus for human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus. γHV68 infection activated IKKβ in a MAVS-dependent manner; however, IKKβ phosphorylated and promoted the transcriptional activation of the γHV68 replication and transcription activator (RTA). Mutational analyses identified IKKβ phosphorylation sites, through which RTA-mediated transcription was increased by IKKβ, within the transactivation domain of RTA. Moreover, the lytic replication of recombinant γHV68 carrying mutations within the IKKβ phosphorylation sites was greatly impaired. These findings support the conclusion that γHV68 hijacks the antiviral MAVS-IKKβ pathway to promote viral transcription and lytic infection, representing an example whereby viral replication is coupled to host immune activation. Innate immunity represents the first line of defense against pathogen infection. Recent studies uncovered an array of sensors that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns and induce antiviral cytokine production via two closely related kinase complexes, i.e., the IKKα/β/γ and TBK-1/IKKε. To counteract host immune defense, herpesviruses have evolved diverse strategies to evade, manipulate, and exploit host immune responses. Here we report that infection by murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (γHV68), a model gamma-herpesvirus for human Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus, activated the IKKβ kinase and IKKβ was usurped to promote viral transcriptional activation. As such, uncoupling IKKβ from transcriptional activation by biochemical and genetic approaches impaired γHV68 lytic replication. Our study represents an example whereby viral lytic replication is coupled to host innate immune activation and sheds light on herpesvirus exploitation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Dong
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qinmiao Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chao Yang District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Tibbetts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhijian J. Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chistiakov DA. Interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) and virus-induced autoimmunity: a review. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:3-15. [PMID: 20121398 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to genetic factors, environmental triggers, including viruses and other pathogens, are thought to play a major role in the development of autoimmune disease. Recent findings have shown that viral-induced autoimmunity is likely to be genetically determined. In large-scale genetic analyses, an association of interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) gene variants encoding a viral RNA-sensing helicase with susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases was found. To date, the precise role of IFIH1 in pathogenic mechanisms of viral-induced autoimmunity has yet to be fully elucidated. However, recent reports suggest that IFIH1 may play a role in the etiology of type 1 diabetes. Rare IFIH1 alleles have been shown to be protective against diabetes, and their carriage correlates with lower production of this helicase and its functional disruption. In contrast, upregulation of IFIH1 expression by viruses is associated with more severe disease, and could exacerbate the autoimmune process in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, National Research Center GosNIIgenetika, Moscow, Russia
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Ojcius DM, Kaufmann SHE. Microbes and Infection: past, present and future. Microbes Infect 2009; 12:1-2. [PMID: 19944181 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Scott I. Degradation of RIG-I following cytomegalovirus infection is independent of apoptosis. Microbes Infect 2009; 11:973-9. [PMID: 19591957 PMCID: PMC2741008 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses have evolved strategies to either evade or hijack host cell immune programs, as a means of promoting their own reproduction. For example, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate-early protein vMIA/UL37ex1 inhibits host cell apoptosis, and its expression during infection aids virus replication. Here it is shown that stable expression of vMIA/UL37ex1 reduces cleavage of the innate immune response-proteins MAVS and RIG-I by caspases during apoptosis. Unexpectedly, it is demonstrated that RIG-I, but not MAVS, is degraded during HCMV infection. This process occurs in a non-apoptotic manner, and provides new evidence that HCMV may have evolved a unique strategy to evade RIG-I-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain Scott
- Biochemistry Section, Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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