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Kraus A, Kratzer B, Sehgal ANA, Trapin D, Khan M, Boucheron N, Pickl WF. Macropinocytosis Is the Principal Uptake Mechanism of Antigen-Presenting Cells for Allergen-Specific Virus-like Nanoparticles. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:797. [PMID: 39066435 PMCID: PMC11281386 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Virus-like nanoparticles (VNP) are regarded as efficient vaccination platforms and have proven to be useful for the non-anaphylactogenic delivery of allergen-specific immunotherapy in preclinical models previously. Herein, we sought to determine the mode of VNP uptake by antigen presenting cells (APC). Accordingly, we screened a collection of substances known to inhibit different uptake pathways by APC. The human leukemia monocytic cell line THP-1 and the murine dendritic cell line DC 2.4 were examined for the uptake of fluorescently labelled VNP in the presence or absence of inhibitors. The inhibitory effect of candidate substances that blocked VNP uptake in APC lines was subsequently evaluated in studies with primary APC present in splenocyte and lung cell homogenates in vitro and upon intratracheal application of VNP in vivo. The uptake of allergen-specific VNP in vitro and in vivo was mainly observed by macrophages and CD103+ dendritic cells and was sensitive to inhibitors that block macropinocytosis, such as hyperosmolarity induced by sucrose or the polyphenol compound Rottlerin at low micromolar concentrations but not by other inhibitors. Also, T-cell proliferation induced by allergen-specific VNP was significantly reduced by both substances. In contrast, substances that stimulate macropinocytosis, such as Heparin and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), increased VNP-uptake and may, thus, help modulate allergen-specific T-cell responses. We have identified macropinocytosis as the principal uptake mechanism of APC for allergen-specific VNP in vitro and in vivo, paving the way for further improvement of VNP-based therapies, especially those that can be used for tolerance induction in allergy, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Kraus
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kratzer
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matarr Khan
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Boucheron
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
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2
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Zhang Y, Xu D, Nie Q, Wang J, Fang D, Xie Y, Xiong H, Pan Q, Zhang XL. Macrophages exploit the mannose receptor and JAK-STAT1-MHC-II pathway to drive antigen presentation and the antimycobacterial immune response after BCG vaccination. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024. [PMID: 38894685 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M. tb), remains one of the leading causes of fatal infectious diseases worldwide. The only licensed vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has variable efficacy against TB in adults. Insufficiency of immune cell function diminishes the protective effects of the BCG vaccine. It is critical to clarify the mechanism underlying the antimycobacterial immune response during BCG vaccination. Macrophage mannose receptor (MR) is important for enhancing the uptake and processing of glycoconjugated antigens from pathogens for presentation to T cells, but the roles of macrophage MR in the BCG-induced immune response against M. tb are not yet clear. Here, we discover that macrophage MR deficiency impairs the antimycobacterial immune response in BCG-vaccinated mice. Mechanistically, macrophage MR triggers JAK-STAT1 signaling, which promotes antigen presentation via upregulated MHC-II and induces IL-12 production by macrophages, contributing to CD4 + T cell activation and IFN-γ production. MR deficiency in macrophages reduces the vaccine efficacy of BCG and increases susceptibility to M. tb H37Ra challenge in mice. Our results suggest that MR is critical for macrophage antigen presentation and the antimycobacterial immune response to BCG vaccination and offer valuable guidance for the preventive strategy of BCG immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Department of Allergy of Zhongnan Hospital and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Department of Allergy of Zhongnan Hospital and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, the Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Qi Nie
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Department of Allergy of Zhongnan Hospital and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dan Fang
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Department of Allergy of Zhongnan Hospital and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Department of Allergy of Zhongnan Hospital and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Huang Xiong
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Department of Allergy of Zhongnan Hospital and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Department of Allergy of Zhongnan Hospital and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Anatomy, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences) and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Department of Allergy of Zhongnan Hospital and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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3
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Gonciarz W, Brzeziński M, Orłowska W, Wawrzyniak P, Lewandowski A, Narayanan VHB, Chmiela M. Spray-dried pH-sensitive chitosan microparticles loaded with Mycobacterium bovis BCG intended for supporting treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4747. [PMID: 38413775 PMCID: PMC10899647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative spiral-shaped Helicobacter pylori (Hp) bacteria induce the development of different gastric disorders. The growing resistance of Hp to antibiotics prompts to search for new therapeutic formulations. A promising candidate is Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) with immunomodulatory properties. Biodegradable mucoadhesive chitosan is a good carrier for delivering BCG mycobacteria to the gastric mucosal environment. This study aimed to show whether BCG bacilli are able to increase the phagocytic activity of Cavia porcellus-guinea pig macrophages derived from the bone marrow towards fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli. Furthermore, to encapsulate live BCG bacilli, in spray-dried chitosan microparticles (CHI-MPs), and assess the pH-dependent release of mycobacteria in pH conditions mimicking gastric (acidic) or gut (alkaline) milieu. Microparticles (MPs) were made of chitosan and coated with Pluronic F-127-(Plur) or N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine-(GlcNAc) to increase the MPs resistance to low pH or to increase anti-Hp effect, respectively. Spray-drying method was used for microencapsulation of live BCG. The biosafety of tested CHI-MPs has been confirmed using cell models in vitro and the model of guinea pig in vivo. The CHI-MPs loaded with BCG released live mycobacteria at pH 3.0 (CHI-GlcNAc-MPs) or pH 8.0. (CHI-Plur-MPs). The CHI-MPs loaded with live BCG can be used for per os inoculation of Cavia porcellus to check the effectiveness of delivered mycobacteria in increasing anti-H. pylori host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Gonciarz
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marek Brzeziński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-636, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Weronika Orłowska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Wawrzyniak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefana Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Artur Lewandowski
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Stefana Zeromskiego 116, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Vedha Hari B Narayanan
- Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, #214, ASK-II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Magdalena Chmiela
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
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4
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Bigi MM, Forrellad MA, García JS, Blanco FC, Vázquez CL, Bigi F. An update on Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoproteins. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:1381-1398. [PMID: 37962486 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 3% of the proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the main causative agent of human tuberculosis, are lipoproteins. These lipoproteins are characteristic of the mycobacterial cell envelope and participate in many mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. In this review, the authors provide an updated analysis of M. tuberculosis lipoproteins and categorize them according to their demonstrated or predicted functions, including transport of compounds to and from the cytoplasm, biosynthesis of the mycobacterial cell envelope, defense and resistance mechanisms, enzymatic activities and signaling pathways. In addition, this updated analysis revealed that at least 40% of M. tuberculosis lipoproteins are glycosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Bigi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina A Forrellad
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina (INTA), N. Repetto & de los Reseros, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto & de los Reseros, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia S García
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina (INTA), N. Repetto & de los Reseros, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto & de los Reseros, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico C Blanco
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina (INTA), N. Repetto & de los Reseros, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto & de los Reseros, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina L Vázquez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina (INTA), N. Repetto & de los Reseros, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto & de los Reseros, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Bigi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Argentina (INTA), N. Repetto & de los Reseros, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, INTA-CONICET, N. Repetto & de los Reseros, Hurlingham (1686), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Zihad SNK, Sifat N, Islam MA, Monjur-Al-Hossain A, Sikdar KYK, Sarker MMR, Shilpi JA, Uddin SJ. Role of pattern recognition receptors in sensing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20636. [PMID: 37842564 PMCID: PMC10570006 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the major invasive intracellular pathogens causing most deaths by a single infectious agent. The interaction between host immune cells and this pathogen is the focal point of the disease, Tuberculosis. Host immune cells not only mount the protective action against this pathogen but also serve as the primary niche for growth. Thus, recognition of this pathogen by host immune cells and following signaling cascades are key dictators of the disease state. Immune cells, mainly belonging to myeloid cell lineage, recognize a wide variety of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ligands ranging from carbohydrate and lipids to proteins to nucleic acids by different membrane-bound and soluble pattern recognition receptors. Simultaneous interaction between different host receptors and pathogen ligands leads to immune-inflammatory response as well as contributes to virulence. This review summarizes the contribution of pattern recognition receptors of host immune cells in recognizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis and subsequent initiation of signaling pathways to provide the molecular insight of the specific Mtb ligands interacting with specific PRR, key adaptor molecules of the downstream signaling pathways and the resultant effector functions which will aid in identifying novel drug targets, and developing novel drugs and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazifa Sifat
- Department of Pharmacy, ASA University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Md Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Gono University, Nolam, Mirzanagar, Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Jamil A. Shilpi
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
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6
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Mycobacterium bovis BCG increase the selected determinants of monocyte/macrophage activity, which were diminished in response to gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3107. [PMID: 36813949 PMCID: PMC9944772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
High antibiotic resistance of gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and the ability to escape the host immune response prompt searching for therapeutic immunomodulators. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine with Mycobacterium bovis (Mb) is a candidate for modulation the activity of immunocompetent cells, and onco-BCG formulation was successfully used in immunotherapy of bladder cancer. We determined the influence of onco-BCG on the phagocytic capacity of human THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells, using the model of Escherichia coli bioparticles and Hp fluorescently labeled. Deposition of cell integrins CD11b, CD11d, CD18, membrane/soluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptors, CD14 and sCD14, respectively, and the production of macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 were determined. Furthermore, a global DNA methylation, was also assessed. Human THP-1 monocytes/macrophages (TIB 202) primed or primed and restimulated with onco-BCG or Hp, were used for assessment of phagocytosis towards E. coli or Hp, surface (immunostaining) or soluble activity determinants, and global DNA methylation (ELISA). THP-1 monocytes/macrophages primed/restimulated with BCG showed increased phagocytosis capacity towards E. coli fluorescent particles, elevated expression of CD11b, CD11d, CD18, CD14, sCD14, increased MCP-1 secretion and DNA methylation. Preliminary results indicate that BCG mycobacteria may also induce the phagocytosis of H. pylori by THP-1 monocytes. Priming or priming and restimulation of monocytes/macrophages with BCG resulted in an increased activity of these cells, which was negatively modulated by Hp.
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7
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Ashokcoomar S, Reedoy KS, Loots DT, Beukes D, van Reenen M, Pillay B, Pillay M. M. tuberculosis curli pili (MTP) facilitates a reduction of microbicidal activity of infected THP-1 macrophages during early stages of infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Alteri CJ, Rios-Sarabia N, De la Cruz MA, González-y-Merchand JA, Soria-Bustos J, Maldonado-Bernal C, Cedillo ML, Yáñez-Santos JA, Martínez-Laguna Y, Torres J, Friedman RL, Girón JA, Ares MA. The Flp type IV pilus operon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is expressed upon interaction with macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:916247. [PMID: 36204636 PMCID: PMC9531140 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.916247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) harbors the genetic machinery for assembly of the Fimbrial low-molecular-weight protein (Flp) type IV pilus. Presumably, the Flp pilus is essential for pathogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether the pili genes are transcribed in culture or during infection of host cells. This study aimed to shed light on the expression of the Flp pili-assembly genes (tadZ, tadA, tadB, tadC, flp, tadE, and tadF) in Mtb growing under different growth conditions (exponential phase, stationary phase, and dormancy NRP1 and NRP2 phases induced by hypoxia), during biofilm formation, and in contact with macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells. We found that expression of tad/flp genes was significantly higher in the stationary phase than in exponential or NRP1 or NRP2 phases suggesting that the bacteria do not require type IV pili during dormancy. Elevated gene expression levels were recorded when the bacilli were in contact for 4 h with macrophages or epithelial cells, compared to mycobacteria propagated alone in the cultured medium. An antibody raised against a 12-mer peptide derived from the Flp pilin subunit detected the presence of Flp pili on intra- and extracellular bacteria infecting eukaryotic cells. Altogether, these are compelling data showing that the Flp pili genes are expressed during the interaction of Mtb with host cells and highlight a role for Flp pili in colonization and invasion of the host, subsequently promoting bacterial survival during dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Alteri
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, United States
| | - Nora Rios-Sarabia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge A. González-y-Merchand
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Soria-Bustos
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Carmen Maldonado-Bernal
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Inmunología y Proteómica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María L. Cedillo
- Centro de Detección Biomolecular, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jorge A. Yáñez-Santos
- Centro de Detección Biomolecular, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ygnacio Martínez-Laguna
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Richard L. Friedman
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jorge A. Girón
- Centro de Detección Biomolecular, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Miguel A. Ares, ; Jorge A. Girón,
| | - Miguel A. Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Miguel A. Ares, ; Jorge A. Girón,
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9
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High-resolution crystal structure of LpqH, an immunomodulatory surface lipoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals a distinct fold and a conserved cleft on its surface. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:494-503. [PMID: 35504420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is predominantly a disease of the lungs acquired by inhaling mycobacteria from infected individuals via airborne droplets. In order to facilitate their entry into the alveolar macrophages, mycobacteria have a collection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on their surface that are known to detect certain pattern recognition receptors present on the surface of host cells. A major group of these PAMPs includes mycobacterial lipoproteins, of which, the 19 kDa surface antigen LpqH, has been reported to play a critical role in both host-pathogen interactions as well as pleiotropic immune regulation. Despite its crucial involvement in tuberculosis, the detailed structure-function relationship of this protein remains to be explored. Here, we report the high-resolution crystal structure of the non-acylated LpqH (LpqH48-159) at a resolution of 1.26 Å, which adopts a unique fold. Flow cytometry-based experiments show that the protein can bind and induce apoptosis in PMA-activated human monocytic cell line THP-1, indicative of the preservation of functionality of the protein. Furthermore, analysis of conservation of LpqH sequences from Mycobacterium species reveals a patch of conserved residues on the surface which may play a role in its binding partner recognition and hence in host-pathogen interaction.
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10
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Hang J, Wang J, Lu M, Xue Y, Qiao J, Tao L. Protein O-mannosylation across kingdoms and related diseases: From glycobiology to glycopathology. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112685. [PMID: 35149389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational glycosylation of proteins by O-linked α-mannose is conserved from bacteria to humans. Due to advances in high-throughput mass spectrometry-based approaches, a variety of glycoproteins are identified to be O-mannosylated. Various proteins with O-mannosylation are involved in biological processes, providing essential necessity for proper growth and development. In this review, we summarize the process and regulation of O-mannosylation. The multi-step O-mannosylation procedures are quite dynamic and complex, especially when considering the structural and functional inspection of the involved enzymes. The widely studied O-mannosylated proteins in human include α-Dystroglycan (α-DG), cadherins, protocadherins, and plexin, and their aberrant O-mannosylation are associated with many diseases. In addition, O-mannosylation also contributes to diverse functions in lower eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Finally, we present the relationship between O-mannosylation and gut microbiota (GM), and elucidate that O-mannosylation in microbiome is of great importance in the dynamic balance of GM. Our study provides an overview of the processes of O-mannosylation in mammalian cells and other organisms, and also associated regulated enzymes and biological functions, which could contribute to the understanding of newly discovered O-mannosylated glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Minzhen Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuchuan Xue
- The First Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China; National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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11
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Jia L, Sha S, Yang S, Taj A, Ma Y. Effect of Protein O-Mannosyltransferase (MSMEG_5447) on M. smegmatis and Its Survival in Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:657726. [PMID: 34276591 PMCID: PMC8278756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.657726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosyltransferase (PMT) catalyzes an initial step of protein O-mannosylation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and plays a crucial role for Mtb survival in the host. To better understand the role of PMT in the host innate immune response during mycobacterial infection, in this study, we utilized Mycobacterium smegmatis pmt (MSMEG_5447) gene knockout strain, ΔM5447, to infect THP-1 cells. Our results revealed that the lack of MSMEG_5447 not only impaired the growth of M. smegmatis in 7H9 medium but also reduced the resistance of M. smegmatis against lysozyme and acidic stress in vitro. Macrophage infection assay showed that ΔM5447 displayed attenuated growth in macrophages at 24 h post-infection. The production of TNF-α and IL-6 and the activation of transcription factor NF-κB were decreased in ΔM5447-infected macrophages, which were further confirmed by transcriptomic analysis. Moreover, ΔM5447 failed to inhibit phagosome–lysosome fusion in macrophages. These findings revealed that PMT played a role in modulating the innate immune responses of the host, which broaden our understanding for functions of protein O-mannosylation in mycobacterium–host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shanshan Sha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shufeng Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ayaz Taj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yufang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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12
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Arega AM, Mahapatra RK. Glycoconjugates, hypothetical proteins, and post-translational modification: Importance in host-pathogen interaction and antitubercular intervention development. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:30-48. [PMID: 33838076 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, insufficiency of the established chemotherapy, and the existing vaccine BCG, tuberculosis (TB) subsists as the chief cause of death in different parts of the world. Thus, identification of novel target proteins is urgently required to develop more effective TB interventions. However, the novel vaccine and drug target knowledge based on the essentiality of the pathogen cell envelope components such as glycoconjugates, glycans, and the peptidoglycan layer of the lipid-rich capsule are limited. Furthermore, most of the genes encoding proteins are characterized as hypothetical and functionally unknown. Correspondingly, some researchers have shown that the lipid and sugar components of the envelope glycoconjugates are largely in charge of TB pathogenesis and encounter many drugs and vaccines. Therefore, in this review we provide an insight into a comprehensive study concerning the importance of cell envelope glycoconjugates and hypothetical proteins, the impact of post-translational modification, and the bioinformatics-based implications for better antitubercular intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aregitu Mekuriaw Arega
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India.,National Veterinary Institute, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
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Innate Immune Pattern Recognition Receptors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Nature and Consequences for Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:179-215. [PMID: 34661896 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a critical early response to prevent the establishment of the infection. Despite recent advances in understanding the host-pathogen dialogue in the early stages of tuberculosis (TB), much has yet to be learnt. The nature and consequences of this dialogue ultimately determine the path of infection: namely, either early clearance of M. tuberculosis, or establishment of M. tuberculosis infection leading to active TB disease and/or latent TB infection. On the frontline in innate immunity are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), with soluble factors (e.g. collectins and complement) and cell surface factors (e.g. Toll-like receptors and other C-type lectin receptors (Dectin 1/2, Nod-like receptors, DC-SIGN, Mincle, mannose receptor, and MCL) that play a central role in recognising M. tuberculosis and facilitating its clearance. However, in a 'double-edged sword' scenario, these factors can also be involved in enhancement of pathogenesis as well. Furthermore, innate immunity is also a critical bridge in establishing the subsequent adaptive immune response, which is also responsible for granuloma formation that cordons off M. tuberculosis infection, establishing latency and acting as a reservoir for bacterial persistence and dissemination of future disease. This chapter discusses the current understanding of pattern recognition of M. tuberculosis by innate immunity and the role this plays in the pathogenesis and protection against TB.
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Zhao D, Lin D, Xu C. A protein fragment of Rv3194c located on mycobacterial cell surface efficiently prevents adhesion of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis, and promises a new anti-adhesive drug. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104498. [PMID: 32931894 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adhesins are virulence factors expressed on the surfaces of pathogenic bacteria that mediate pathogen-host interactions, a critical step in the infection process. Here, we show that the Mycobacterium tuberculosis protease Rv3194c functions not only as an enzyme but as an adhesin. The heterologous Rv3194c protein was purified from Escherichia coli and was shown to bind to hyaluronic acid (HA). The HA-binding site was identified as a 20 amino acid peptide between residues 91 and 110 (P91-110). Rv3194c bound to A549 alveolar basal epithelial cells and the interaction was abolished by the addition of hyaluronidase or P91-110. Experimental infection in vitro revealed that Rv3194c participates in the attachment of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis (Rv3194c/MS) to A549 cells, and P91-110 treatment of A549 cells largely inhibited the Rv3194c/MS-A549 cell interaction. To provide in vivo evidence, we constructed a reporter strain of M. smegmatis that expressed a derivative of the firefly luciferase that is shifted to red (FFlucRT) in combination with Rv3194c (Rv3194c + FFlucRT/MS) to infect mice and monitor the progression of the disease. In mice, Rv3194c dramatically enhanced M. smegmatis persistence and induced lesions in the lungs. In addition, treatment of intratracheal Rv3194c + FFlucRT/MS- infected mice with P91-110 significantly suppressed the growth of Rv3194c + FFlucRT/MS in vivo and reduced pathological injury caused by infection of the lung with Rv3194c + FFlucRT/MS. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Rv3194c functions as an HA-binding adhesin and that P91-110 may have the potential for treating and preventing mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neurobiology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Danfeng Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neurobiology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neurobiology, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian Province, China
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15
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Espinosa-Cueto P, Magallanes-Puebla A, Mancilla R. Phosphate starvation enhances phagocytosis of Mycobacterium bovis/BCG by macrophages. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:34. [PMID: 32517651 PMCID: PMC7282091 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis is an important health problem worldwide. The only available vaccine is M. bovis/BCG, an attenuated mycobacterium that activates the innate and the acquired immune system after being phagocytosed by macrophages and dendritic cells. Vaccination fails to prevent adult pulmonary tuberculosis although it may have a protective effect in childhood infection. Understanding how BCG interacts with macrophages and other immunocompetent cells is crucial to develop new vaccines. Results In this study we showed that macrophages phagocytose M. bovis/BCG bacilli with higher efficiency when they are cultured without phosphate. We isolated mycobacterial membranes to search for mycobacterial molecules that could be involved in these processes; by immunoblot, it was found that the plasma membranes of phosphate-deprived bacilli express the adhesins PstS-1, LpqH, LprG, and the APA antigen. These proteins are not detected in membranes of bacilli grown with usual amounts of phosphate. Conclusions The interest of our observations is to show that under the metabolic stress implied in phosphate deprivation, mycobacteria respond upregulating adhesins that could improve their capacity to infect macrophages. These observations are relevant to understand how M. bovis/BCG induces protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Espinosa-Cueto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Magallanes-Puebla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Raul Mancilla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México City, Mexico.
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16
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Bisht D, Meena LS. Adhesion molecules facilitate host-pathogen interaction & mediate Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Indian J Med Res 2020; 150:23-32. [PMID: 31571626 PMCID: PMC6798602 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2055_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the microorganisms display adhesion molecules on their surface which help them to bind and interact with the host cell during infection. Adhesion molecules help mycobacteria to colonize and invade immune system of the host, and also trigger immune response explicated by the host against the infection. Hence, understanding the signalling pathways illustrated by these molecules to enhance our knowledge on mycobacterial survival and persistence inside the host cell is required. Hence, this review was focussed on the role of adhesion molecules and their receptor molecules. The various mechanisms adopted by adhesion molecules to bind with the specific receptors on the host cell and their role in invasion and persistence of mycobacterium inside the host cell are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Bisht
- Allergy & Infectious Diseases, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Laxman S Meena
- Allergy & Infectious Diseases, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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17
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Tucci P, Portela M, Chetto CR, González-Sapienza G, Marín M. Integrative proteomic and glycoproteomic profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0221837. [PMID: 32126063 PMCID: PMC7053730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being the subject of intensive research, tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains at present the leading cause of death from an infectious agent. Secreted and cell wall proteins interact with the host and play important roles in pathogenicity. These proteins are explored as candidate diagnostic markers, potential drug targets or vaccine antigens, and more recently special attention is being given to the role of their post-translational modifications. With the purpose of contributing to the proteomic and glycoproteomic characterization of this important pathogen, we performed a shotgun analysis of culture filtrate proteins of M. tuberculosis based on a liquid nano-HPLC tandem mass spectrometry and a label-free spectral counting normalization approach for protein quantification. We identified 1314 M. tuberculosis proteins in culture filtrate and found that the most abundant proteins belong to the extracellular region or cell wall compartment, and that the functional categories with higher protein abundance factor were virulence, detoxification and adaptation, and cell wall and cell processes. We could identify a group of proteins consistently detected in previous studies, most of which were highly abundant proteins. In culture filtrate, 140 proteins were predicted to contain one of the three types of bacterial N-terminal signal peptides. Besides, various proteins belonging to the ESX secretion systems, and to the PE and PPE families, secreted by the type VII secretion system using nonclassical secretion signals, were also identified. O-glycosylation was identified in 46 proteins, many of them lipoproteins and cell wall associated proteins. Finally, we provide proteomic evidence for 33 novel O-glycosylated proteins, aiding to the glycoproteomic characterization of relevant antigenic membrane and exported proteins. These findings are expected to collaborate with the research on pathogen derived biomarkers, virulence factors and vaccine candidates, and to provide clues to the understanding of the pathogenesis and survival strategies adopted by M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tucci
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madelón Portela
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Rivas Chetto
- Departamento de Laboratorio, Comisión Honoraria para la Lucha Antituberculosa y Enfermedades Prevalentes, Centro de Referencia Nacional para Micobacterias, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gualberto González-Sapienza
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mónica Marín
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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18
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Rapoport EM, Moiseeva EV, Aronov DA, Khaidukov SV, Pazynina GV, Tsygankova SV, Ryzhov IM, Belyanchikov IM, Tyrtysh TV, McCullough KC, Bovin NV. Glycan-binding profile of DC-like cells. Glycoconj J 2019; 37:129-138. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09897-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Vinod V, Vijayrajratnam S, Vasudevan AK, Biswas R. The cell surface adhesins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2019; 232:126392. [PMID: 31841935 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell surface adhesins play a major role in facilitating host colonization and subsequent establishment of infection. The surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, owing to the complex architecture of its cell envelope, expresses numerous adhesins with varied chemical nature, including proteins, lipids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins and glycopolymers. Studies on mycobacterial adhesins show that they bind with multifarious host receptors and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. In this review we have highlighted the adhesins that are abundantly present on the mycobacterial surface and their interactions with host receptors. M. tuberculosis interacts with various host cell surface receptors such as toll like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, scavenger receptors, and Fc and complement receptors. Apart from these, ECM components like fibronectin, collagen, elastin, laminin, fibrillin and vitronectin also provide binding sites for surface adhesins of the tubercle bacilli. M. tuberculosis adhesins include proteins with and without signal peptide sequence and transmembrane proteins. Other surface adhesin macromolecules of M. tuberculosis comprises of lipids, glycolipids and glycopolymers. The interaction between the mycobacterial adhesins and their host receptors result in adhesion of the microbe to the host cells, induction of immune response and aid in the pathogenesis of the disease. A thorough understanding of the different M. tuberculosis surface adhesins and host receptors will provide a better picture of interaction between them at molecular level. The information gained on adhesins and host receptors will prove beneficial in developing novel therapeutic strategies such as the use of anti-adhesin molecules to hinder the adhesion of bacteria to the host cells, thereby preventing establishment of infection. The surface molecules discussed in this review will also benefit in identification of new drug targets, diagnostic markers or vaccine candidates against the deadly pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Vinod
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Sukhithasri Vijayrajratnam
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar Vasudevan
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita School of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India.
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20
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Glass EB, Masjedi S, Dudzinski SO, Wilson AJ, Duvall CL, Yull FE, Giorgio TD. Optimizing Mannose "Click" Conjugation to Polymeric Nanoparticles for Targeted siRNA Delivery to Human and Murine Macrophages. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16756-16767. [PMID: 31646220 PMCID: PMC6796989 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
"Smart", dual pH-responsive, and endosomolytic polymeric nanoparticles have demonstrated great potential for localized drug delivery, especially for siRNA delivery to the cytoplasm of cells. However, targeted delivery to a specific cell phenotype requires an additional level of functionality. Copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is a highly selective bioconjugation reaction that can be performed in conjunction with other polymerization techniques without adversely affecting reaction kinetics, but there exists some concern for residual copper causing cytotoxicity. To alleviate these concerns, we evaluated conjugation efficiency, residual copper content, and cell viability in relation to copper catalyst concentration. Our results demonstrated an optimal range for minimizing cytotoxicity while maintaining high levels of conjugation efficiency, and these conditions produced polymers with increased targeting to M2-polarized macrophages, as well as successful delivery of therapeutic siRNA that reprogrammed the macrophages to a proinflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan B Glass
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shirin Masjedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Stephanie O Dudzinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Fiona E Yull
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Todd D Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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21
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The Mycobacterium tuberculosis capsule: a cell structure with key implications in pathogenesis. Biochem J 2019; 476:1995-2016. [PMID: 31320388 PMCID: PMC6698057 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial capsules have evolved to be at the forefront of the cell envelope, making them an essential element of bacterial biology. Efforts to understand the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) capsule began more than 60 years ago, but the relatively recent development of mycobacterial genetics combined with improved chemical and immunological tools have revealed a more refined view of capsule molecular composition. A glycogen-like α-glucan is the major constituent of the capsule, with lower amounts of arabinomannan and mannan, proteins and lipids. The major Mtb capsular components mediate interactions with phagocytes that favor bacterial survival. Vaccination approaches targeting the mycobacterial capsule have proven successful in controlling bacterial replication. Although the Mtb capsule is composed of polysaccharides of relatively low complexity, the concept of antigenic variability associated with this structure has been suggested by some studies. Understanding how Mtb shapes its envelope during its life cycle is key to developing anti-infective strategies targeting this structure at the host-pathogen interface.
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22
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Kuo CJ, Gao J, Huang JW, Ko TP, Zhai C, Ma L, Liu W, Dai L, Chang YF, Chen TH, Hu Y, Yu X, Guo RT, Chen CC. Functional and structural investigations of fibronectin-binding protein Apa from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1351-1359. [PMID: 31175911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alanine and proline-rich protein (Apa) is a secreted antigen of Mycobacterium spp. which involves in stimulating immune responses and adhering to host cells by binding to fibronectin (Fn). Here, we report the crystal structure of Apa from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and its Fn-binding characteristics. METHODS The crystal structure of Mtb Apa was determined at resolutions of 1.54 Å. The dissociation constants (KD) of Apa and individual modules of Fn were determined by surface plasmon resonance and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to investigate the putative Fn-binding motif of Apa. RESULTS Mtb Apa folds into a large seven-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet which is flanked by three α-helices. The binding affinity of Mtb Apa to individual Fn modules was assessed and the results indicated that the Mtb Apa binds to FnIII-4 and FnIII-5 of Fn CBD segment. Notably, structure analysis suggested that the previously proposed Fn-binding motif 258RWFV261 is buried within the protein and may not be accessible to the binding counterpart. CONCLUSIONS The structural and Fn-binding characteristics we reported here provide molecular insights into the multifunctional protein Mtb Apa. FnIII-4 and FnIII-5 of CBD are the only two modules contributing to Apa-Fn interaction. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to report the structure and Fn-binding characteristics of mycobacterial Apa. Since Apa plays a central role in stimulating immune responses and host cells adhesion, these results are of great importance in understanding the pathogenesis of mycobacterium. This information shall provide a guidance for the development of anti-mycobacteria regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Jung Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Tzu-Ping Ko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Chao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Longhai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
| | - Ter-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xuejing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Ample glycosylation in membrane and cell envelope proteins may explain the phenotypic diversity and virulence in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2927. [PMID: 30814666 PMCID: PMC6393673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple regulatory mechanisms including post-translational modifications (PTMs) confer complexity to the simpler genomes and proteomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). PTMs such as glycosylation play a significant role in Mtb adaptive processes. The glycoproteomic patterns of clinical isolates of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) representing the lineages 3, 4, 5 and 7 were characterized by mass spectrometry. A total of 2944 glycosylation events were discovered in 1325 proteins. This data set represents the highest number of glycosylated proteins identified in Mtb to date. O-glycosylation constituted 83% of the events identified, while 17% of the sites were N-glycosylated. This is the first report on N-linked protein glycosylation in Mtb and in Gram-positive bacteria. Collectively, the bulk of Mtb glycoproteins are involved in cell envelope biosynthesis, fatty acid and lipid metabolism, two-component systems, and pathogen-host interaction that are either surface exposed or located in the cell wall. Quantitative glycoproteomic analysis revealed that 101 sites on 67 proteins involved in Mtb fitness and survival were differentially glycosylated between the four lineages, among which 64% were cell envelope and membrane proteins. The differential glycosylation pattern may contribute to phenotypic variabilities across Mtb lineages. The study identified several clinically important membrane-associated glycolipoproteins that are relevant for diagnostics as well as for drug and vaccine discovery.
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Metal Organic Framework (MOF) Particles as Potential Bacteria-Mimicking Delivery Systems for Infectious Diseases: Characterization and Cellular Internalization in Alveolar Macrophages. Pharm Res 2019; 36:53. [PMID: 30790066 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intramacrophagic bacteria pose a great challenge for the treatment of infectious diseases despite many macrophage targeted drug delivery approaches explored. The use of biomimetic approaches for treating infectious diseases is promising, but not studied extensively. The study purpose is to evaluate iron-based metal-organic frameworks (MOF) as a potential bacteria-mimicking delivery system for infectious diseases. METHODS Two types of carboxylated MOFs, MIL-88A(Fe) and MIL-100(Fe) were developed as "pathogen-like" particles by surface coating with mannose. MOF morphology, cellular uptake kinetics, and endocytic mechanisms in 3D4/21 alveolar macrophages were characterized. RESULTS MIL-88A(Fe) is rod-shape (aspect ratio 1:5) with a long-axis size of 3628 ± 573 nm and MIL-100(Fe) is spherical with diameter of 103.9 ± 7.2 nm. Cellular uptake kinetics of MOFs showed that MIL-100(Fe) nanoparticles were internalized at a faster rate and higher extent compared to MIL-88A(Fe) microparticles. Mannosylation did not improve the uptake of MIL-100(Fe) particles, whereas it highly increased MIL-88A(Fe) cellular uptake and number of cells involved in internalization. Cell uptake inhibition studies indicated that macropinocytosis/phagocytosis was the main endocytic pathway for internalization of MOFs. Accumulation of MOF particles in acidic compartments was clearly observed. CONCLUSIONS The successfully synthesized "pathogen-like" particles provide a novel application of MOF-based particles as biomimetic delivery system for intramacrophagic-based infections.
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Zhai W, Wu F, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Liu Z. The Immune Escape Mechanisms of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020340. [PMID: 30650615 PMCID: PMC6359177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data from the Center of Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics in 2017 show that 10.0 million people around the world became sick with tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an intracellular parasite that mainly attacks macrophages and inhibits their apoptosis. It can become a long-term infection in humans, causing a series of pathological changes and clinical manifestations. In this review, we summarize innate immunity including the inhibition of antioxidants, the maturation and acidification of phagolysosomes and especially the apoptosis and autophagy of macrophages. Besides, we also elaborate on the adaptive immune response and the formation of granulomas. A thorough understanding of these escape mechanisms is of major importance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Fengjuan Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Yurong Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Kalra P, Mishra SK, Kaur S, Kumar A, Prasad HK, Sharma TK, Tyagi JS. G-Quadruplex-Forming DNA Aptamers Inhibit the DNA-Binding Function of HupB and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Entry into Host Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 13:99-109. [PMID: 30245472 PMCID: PMC6148841 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The entry and survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) within host cells is orchestrated partly by an essential histone-like protein HupB (Rv2986c). Despite being an essential drug target, the lack of structural information has impeded the development of inhibitors targeting the indispensable and multifunctional C-terminal domain (CTD) of HupB. To bypass the requirement for structural information in the classical drug discovery route, we generated a panel of DNA aptamers against HupB protein through systemic evolution of ligands by exponential (SELEX) enrichment. Two G-quadruplex-forming high-affinity aptamers (HupB-4T and HupB-13T) were identified, each of which bound two distinct sites on full-length HupB, with an estimated KD of ∼1.72 μM and ∼0.17 μM, respectively, for the high-affinity sites. While HupB-4T robustly inhibited DNA-binding activity of HupB in vitro, both the aptamers recognized surface-located HupB and significantly blocked Mtb entry into THP-1 monocytic cells (p < 0.0001). In summary, DNA aptamers generated in this study block DNA-binding activity of HupB, inhibit virulent Mtb infection in host cells, and demonstrate aptamers to be inhibitors of HupB functions. This study also illustrates the utility of SELEX in developing inhibitors against essential targets for whom structural information is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kalra
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Subodh Kumar Mishra
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Surinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | | | - Tarun Kumar Sharma
- Centre for Biodesign and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Jaya Sivaswami Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India; Centre for Biodesign and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
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Squeglia F, Ruggiero A, De Simone A, Berisio R. A structural overview of mycobacterial adhesins: Key biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutics. Protein Sci 2017; 27:369-380. [PMID: 29139177 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adherence, colonization, and survival of mycobacteria in host cells require surface adhesins, which are attractive pharmacotherapeutic targets. A large arsenal of pilus and non-pilus adhesins have been identified in mycobacteria. These adhesins are capable of interacting with host cells, including macrophages and epithelial cells and are essential to microbial pathogenesis. In the last decade, several structures of mycobacterial adhesins responsible for adhesion to either macrophages or extra cellular matrix proteins have been elucidated. In addition, key structural and functional information have emerged for the process of mycobacterial adhesion to epithelial cells, mediated by the Heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA). In this review, we provide an overview of the structural and functional features of mycobacterial adhesins and discuss their role as important biomarkers for diagnostics and therapeutics. Based on the reported data, it appears clear that adhesins are endowed with a variety of different structures and functions. Most adhesins play important roles in the cell life of mycobacteria and are key virulence factors. However, they have adapted to an extracellular life to exert a role in host-pathogen interaction. The type of interactions they form with the host and the adhesin regions involved in binding is partly known and is described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, I-80134, Italy
| | - Alessia Ruggiero
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, I-80134, Italy
| | - Alfonso De Simone
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Napoli, I-80134, Italy
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Alonso H, Parra J, Malaga W, Payros D, Liu CF, Berrone C, Robert C, Meunier E, Burlet-Schiltz O, Rivière M, Guilhot C. Protein O-mannosylation deficiency increases LprG-associated lipoarabinomannan release by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and enhances the TLR2-associated inflammatory response. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7913. [PMID: 28801649 PMCID: PMC5554173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosylation is crucial for the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis but the key mannosylated protein(s) involved and its(their) underlying function(s) remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the M. tuberculosis mutant (Δpmt) deficient for protein O-mannosylation exhibits enhanced release of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in a complex with LprG, a lipoprotein required for LAM translocation to the cell surface. We determined that LprG is O-mannosylated at a unique threonine position by mass spectrometry analyses of the purified protein. However, although replacement of this amino acid by an alanine residue completely abolished LprG O-mannosylation, the increased release of the LAM/LprG complex was preserved. We found that the increased secretion of this complex is due to enhanced LAM production in the Δpmt M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis mutants relative to their wild-type counterparts. This abnormal release of LAM/LprG has functional consequences on the induction of inflammatory responses and provides a possible explanation for the reduced virulence of the M. tuberculosis Δpmt mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henar Alonso
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Parra
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Wladimir Malaga
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Payros
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Chia-Fang Liu
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Berrone
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Robert
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Etienne Meunier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Rivière
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Christophe Guilhot
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Abstract
All bacteria utilize pathways to export proteins from the cytoplasm to the bacterial cell envelope or extracellular space. Many exported proteins function in essential physiological processes or in virulence. Consequently, the responsible protein export pathways are commonly essential and/or are important for pathogenesis. The general Sec protein export pathway is conserved and essential in all bacteria, and it is responsible for most protein export. The energy for Sec export is provided by the SecA ATPase. Mycobacteria and some Gram-positive bacteria have two SecA paralogs: SecA1 and SecA2. SecA1 is essential and works with the canonical Sec pathway to perform the bulk of protein export. The nonessential SecA2 exports a smaller subset of proteins and is required for the virulence of pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this article, we review our current understanding of the mechanism of the SecA1 and SecA2 export pathways and discuss some of their better-studied exported substrates. We focus on proteins with established functions in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and proteins that suggest potential roles for SecA1 and SecA2 in M. tuberculosis dormancy.
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30
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Scrutiny of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19 kDa antigen proteoforms provides new insights in the lipoglycoprotein biogenesis paradigm. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43682. [PMID: 28272507 PMCID: PMC5341126 DOI: 10.1038/srep43682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential processes conditioning the biophysical properties and biological activities of the vast majority of mature proteins. However, occurrence of several distinct PTMs on a same protein dramatically increases its molecular diversity. The comprehensive understanding of the functionalities resulting from any particular PTM association requires a highly challenging full structural description of the PTM combinations. Here, we report the in-depth exploration of the natural structural diversity of the M. tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence associated 19 kDa lipoglycoprotein antigen (LpqH) using intact protein high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) coupled to liquid chromatography. Combined top-down and bottom-up HR-MS analyses of the purified Mtb LpqH protein allow, for the first time, to uncover a complex repertoire of about 130 molecular species resulting from the intrinsically heterogeneous combination of lipidation and glycosylation together with some truncations. Direct view on the co-occurring PTMs stoichiometry reveals the presence of functionally distinct LpqH lipidation states and indicates that glycosylation is independent from lipidation. This work allowed the identification of a novel unsuspected phosphorylated form of the unprocessed preprolipoglycoprotein totally absent from the current lipoglycoprotein biogenesis pathway and providing new insights into the biogenesis and functional determinants of the mycobacterial lipoglycoprotein interacting with the host immune PRRs.
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31
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C-type lectin receptors in tuberculosis: what we know. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:513-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Garcia-Aguilar T, Espinosa-Cueto P, Magallanes-Puebla A, Mancilla R. The Mannose Receptor Is Involved in the Phagocytosis of Mycobacteria-Induced Apoptotic Cells. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3845247. [PMID: 27413759 PMCID: PMC4931060 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3845247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, macrophages may undergo apoptosis, which has been considered an innate immune response. The pathways underlying the removal of dead cells in homeostatic apoptosis have been extensively studied, but little is known regarding how cells that undergo apoptotic death during mycobacterial infection are removed. This study shows that macrophages induced to undergo apoptosis with mycobacteria cell wall proteins are engulfed by J-774A.1 monocytic cells through the mannose receptor. This demonstration was achieved through assays in which phagocytosis was inhibited with a blocking anti-mannose receptor antibody and with mannose receptor competitor sugars. Moreover, elimination of the mannose receptor by a specific siRNA significantly diminished the expression of the mannose receptor and the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. As shown by immunofluorescence, engulfed apoptotic bodies are initially located in Rab5-positive phagosomes, which mature to express the phagolysosome marker LAMP1. The phagocytosis of dead cells triggered an anti-inflammatory response with the production of TGF-β and IL-10 but not of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and TNF-α. This study documents the previously unreported participation of the mannose receptor in the removal of apoptotic cells in the setting of tuberculosis (TB) infection. The results challenge the idea that apoptotic cell phagocytosis in TB has an immunogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Garcia-Aguilar
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Patricia Espinosa-Cueto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Magallanes-Puebla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, DF, Mexico
| | - Raúl Mancilla
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, DF, Mexico
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Yang C, Krishnamurthy S, Liu J, Liu S, Lu X, Coady DJ, Cheng W, De Libero G, Singhal A, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Star Polycarbonates Functionalized with Mannose for Targeting Bacteria Residing inside Immune Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1272-81. [PMID: 27028263 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of star-shaped polycarbonates are synthesized by metal-free organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of benzyl chloride (BnCl) and mannose-functionalized cyclic carbonate monomers (MTC-BnCl and MTC-ipman) with heptakis-(2,3-di-O-acetyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DA-β-CD) as macroinitiator. The distributions and compositions of pendent benzyl chloride and protected mannose group (ipman) units are facilely modulated by varying the polymerization sequence and feed ratio of the monomers, allowing precise control over the molecular composition, and the resulting polymers have narrow molecular weight distribution. After deprotection of ipman groups and quaternization with various N,N-dimethylalkylamines, these star polymers with optimized compositions of cationic and mannose groups in block and random forms exhibit strong bactericidal activity and low hemolysis. Furthermore, the optimal mannose-functionalized polymer demonstrates mannose receptor-mediated intracellular bactericidal activity against BCG mycobacteria without inducing cytotoxicity on mammalian cells at the effective dose. Taken together, the materials designed in this study have potential use as antimicrobial agents against diseases such as tuberculosis, which is caused by intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineeringand Nanotechnology (IBN); 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos #04-01 138669 Singapore
| | - Sangeetha Krishnamurthy
- Institute of Bioengineeringand Nanotechnology (IBN); 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos #04-01 138669 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering; National University of Singapore; 117456 Singapore
| | - Jie Liu
- Singapore Immunology Network; 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building 138648 Singapore
| | - Shaoqiong Liu
- Institute of Bioengineeringand Nanotechnology (IBN); 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos #04-01 138669 Singapore
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Singapore Immunology Network; 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building 138648 Singapore
| | - Daniel J. Coady
- IBM Almaden Research Center; 650 Harry Road San Jose CA 95120 USA
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Bioengineeringand Nanotechnology (IBN); 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos #04-01 138669 Singapore
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Singapore Immunology Network; 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building 138648 Singapore
- University Hospital Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network; 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building 138648 Singapore
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center; 650 Harry Road San Jose CA 95120 USA
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineeringand Nanotechnology (IBN); 31 Biopolis Way The Nanos #04-01 138669 Singapore
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A Subgroup of Latently Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infected Individuals Is Characterized by Consistently Elevated IgA Responses to Several Mycobacterial Antigens. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:364758. [PMID: 26347586 PMCID: PMC4546975 DOI: 10.1155/2015/364758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated antibody responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in individuals with latent infection (LTBI) have previously been linked to an increased risk for progression to active disease. Studies in the field focussed mainly on IgG antibodies. In the present study, IgA and/or IgG responses to the mycobacterial protein antigens AlaDH, NarL, 19 kDa, PstS3, and MPT83 were determined in a blinded fashion in sera from 53 LTBI controls, 14 healthy controls, and 42 active TB subjects. Among controls, we found that elevated IgA levels against all investigated antigens were not randomly distributed but concentrated on a subgroup of <30%—with particular high levels in a small subgroup of ~5% comprising one progressor to active TB. Based on a specificity of 100%, anti-NarL IgA antibodies achieved with 78.6% sensitivity the highest accuracy for the detection of active TB compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, the consistently elevated IgA levels in a subgroup of controls suggest higher mycobacterial load, a risk factor for progression to active TB, and together with high IgG levels may have prognostic potential and should be investigated in future large scale studies. The novel antigen NarL may also be promising for the antibody-based diagnosis of active TB cases.
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Ramsugit S, Pillay M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pili promote adhesion to and invasion of THP-1 macrophages. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 67:476-8. [PMID: 25410564 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.67.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Central to the paradigm of the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is its ability to attach to, enter, and subsequently survive in host macrophages. However, little is known regarding the bacterial adhesins and invasins involved in this interaction with host macrophages. Pili are cell-surface structures produced by certain bacteria and have been implicated in adhesion to and invasion of phagocytes in several species. M. tuberculosis pili (MTP) are encoded by the Rv3312A (mtp) gene. In the present study, we assessed the ability of a Δmtp mutant and an mtp-complemented clinical strain to adhere to and invade THP-1 macrophages in comparison with the parental strain by determining colony-forming units. Both adhesion to and invasion of macrophages, although not reaching significance, were markedly reduced by 42.16% (P = 0.107) and 69.02% (P = 0.052), respectively, in the pili-deficient Δmtp mutant as compared with the wild-type. The pili-overexpressing complemented strain showed significantly higher levels of THP-1 macrophage adhesion (P = 0.000) and invasion (P = 0.040) than the mutant. We, thus, identified a novel adhesin and invasin of M. tuberculosis involved in adhesion to and invasion of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiyur Ramsugit
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of KwaZulu-Natal
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36
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Vaccines for TB: Lessons from the Past Translating into Future Potentials. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:916780. [PMID: 26146643 PMCID: PMC4469767 DOI: 10.1155/2015/916780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of vaccines for infectious diseases has come a long way with recent advancements in adjuvant developments and discovery of new antigens that are capable of eliciting strong immunological responses for sterile eradication of disease. Tuberculosis (TB) that kills nearly 2 million of the population every year is also one of the highlights of the recent developments. The availability or not of diagnostic methods for infection has implications for the control of the disease by the health systems but is not related to the immune surveillance, a phenomenon derived from the interaction between the bacteria and their host. Here, we will review the immunology of TB and current vaccine candidates for TB. Current strategies of developing new vaccines against TB will also be reviewed in order to further discuss new insights into immunotherapeutic approaches involving adjuvant and antigens combinations that might be of potential for the control of TB.
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Esparza M, Palomares B, García T, Espinosa P, Zenteno E, Mancilla R. PstS-1, the 38-kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycoprotein, is an adhesin, which binds the macrophage mannose receptor and promotes phagocytosis. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:46-55. [PMID: 25359607 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary causative agent of tuberculosis, infects macrophages and transforms the hostile intracellular environment into a permissive niche. M. tuberculosis infects macrophages using a variety of microbial ligand/cell receptor systems. In this study, binding assays with biotin-labelled mycobacterial cell wall proteins revealed five Concanavalin A-reactive proteins that bind macrophages. Among these proteins, we identified PstS-1, a 38-kDa M. tuberculosis mannosylated glycolipoprotein, and characterized it as an adhesin. Inhibition assays with mannan and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that PstS-1 binds the mannose receptor. We purified PstS-1 to 95.9% purity using ion exchange chromatography. The presence of mannose in purified PstS-1 was demonstrated by Concanavalin A interaction, which was abolished in the presence of sodium m-periodate and α-D-mannosidase. Gas chromatography revealed that purified PstS-1 contained 1% of carbohydrates by weight, which was mainly mannose. Finally, we used fluorescent microbeads coated with purified PstS-1 in phagocytosis assays and discovered that microbead uptake was inhibited by the pre-incubation of cells with GlcNAc, mannan and α-methyl mannoside. The interaction of PstS-1 coated beads with the mannose receptor was confirmed by confocal colocalization studies that showed high Pearson and Manders's colocalization coefficients. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the strategies M. tuberculosis uses to infect host cells, the critical first step in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Esparza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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The sweet tooth of bacteria: common themes in bacterial glycoconjugates. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:372-417. [PMID: 25184559 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.
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Mohanty S, Jagannathan L, Ganguli G, Padhi A, Roy D, Alaridah N, Saha P, Nongthomba U, Godaly G, Gopal RK, Banerjee S, Sonawane A. A mycobacterial phosphoribosyltransferase promotes bacillary survival by inhibiting oxidative stress and autophagy pathways in macrophages and zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13321-43. [PMID: 25825498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.598482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis employs various strategies to modulate host immune responses to facilitate its persistence in macrophages. The M. tuberculosis cell wall contains numerous glycoproteins with unknown roles in pathogenesis. Here, by using Concanavalin A and LC-MS analysis, we identified a novel mannosylated glycoprotein phosphoribosyltransferase, encoded by Rv3242c from M. tuberculosis cell walls. Homology modeling, bioinformatic analyses, and an assay of phosphoribosyltransferase activity in Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing recombinant Rv3242c (MsmRv3242c) confirmed the mass spectrometry data. Using Mycobacterium marinum-zebrafish and the surrogate MsmRv3242c infection models, we proved that phosphoribosyltransferase is involved in mycobacterial virulence. Histological and infection assays showed that the M. marinum mimG mutant, an Rv3242c orthologue in a pathogenic M. marinum strain, was strongly attenuated in adult zebrafish and also survived less in macrophages. In contrast, infection with wild type and the complemented ΔmimG:Rv3242c M. marinum strains showed prominent pathological features, such as severe emaciation, skin lesions, hemorrhaging, and more zebrafish death. Similarly, recombinant MsmRv3242c bacteria showed increased invasion in non-phagocytic epithelial cells and longer intracellular survival in macrophages as compared with wild type and vector control M. smegmatis strains. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the Rv3242c- and mimG-mediated enhancement of intramacrophagic survival was due to inhibition of autophagy, reactive oxygen species, and reduced activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. Infection with MsmRv3242c also activated the MAPK pathway, NF-κB, and inflammatory cytokines. In summary, we show that a novel mycobacterial mannosylated phosphoribosyltransferase acts as a virulence and immunomodulatory factor, suggesting that it may constitute a novel target for antimycobacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumitra Mohanty
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Lakshmanan Jagannathan
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India, the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Geetanjali Ganguli
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Avinash Padhi
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India
| | - Debasish Roy
- the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nader Alaridah
- the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pratip Saha
- the Bioinformatics Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India, and
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- the Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development, and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Gabriela Godaly
- the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramesh Kumar Gopal
- the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- the AU-KBC Research Center, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chromepet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600025, India, the Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- From the School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa-751024, India,
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Staines K, Hunt LG, Young JR, Butter C. Evolution of an expanded mannose receptor gene family. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110330. [PMID: 25390371 PMCID: PMC4229073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequences of peptides from a protein specifically immunoprecipitated by an antibody, KUL01, that recognises chicken macrophages, identified a homologue of the mammalian mannose receptor, MRC1, which we called MRC1L-B. Inspection of the genomic environment of the chicken gene revealed an array of five paralogous genes, MRC1L-A to MRC1L-E, located between conserved flanking genes found either side of the single MRC1 gene in mammals. Transcripts of all five genes were detected in RNA from a macrophage cell line and other RNAs, whose sequences allowed the precise definition of spliced exons, confirming or correcting existing bioinformatic annotation. The confirmed gene structures were used to locate orthologues of all five genes in the genomes of two other avian species and of the painted turtle, all with intact coding sequences. The lizard genome had only three genes, one orthologue of MRC1L-A and two orthologues of the MRC1L-B antigen gene resulting from a recent duplication. The Xenopus genome, like that of most mammals, had only a single MRC1-like gene at the corresponding locus. MRC1L-A and MRC1L-B genes had similar cytoplasmic regions that may be indicative of similar subcellular migration and functions. Cytoplasmic regions of the other three genes were very divergent, possibly indicating the evolution of a new functional repertoire for this family of molecules, which might include novel interactions with pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Colin Butter
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton, United Kingdom
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41
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LI MINGYING, WU ZHENXUAN, NIU WENYI, WAN YONGGAN, ZHANG LIGONG, SHI GUANGCAN, XI XIU. The protective effect of curcumin against the 19-kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein-induced inflammation and apoptosis in human macrophages. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3261-7. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Govender VS, Ramsugit S, Pillay M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis adhesins: potential biomarkers as anti-tuberculosis therapeutic and diagnostic targets. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:1821-1831. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.082206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion to host cells is a precursor to host colonization and evasion of the host immune response. Conversely, it triggers the induction of the immune response, a process vital to the host’s defence against infection. Adhesins are microbial cell surface molecules or structures that mediate the attachment of the microbe to host cells and thus the host–pathogen interaction. They also play a crucial role in bacterial aggregation and biofilm formation. In this review, we discuss the role of adhesins in the pathogenesis of the aetiological agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We also provide insight into the structure and characteristics of some of the characterized and putative M. tuberculosis adhesins. Finally, we examine the potential of adhesins as targets for the development of tuberculosis control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveshree S. Govender
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Saiyur Ramsugit
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Manormoney Pillay
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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van Els CACM, Corbière V, Smits K, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, Poelen MCM, Mascart F, Meiring HD, Locht C. Toward Understanding the Essence of Post-Translational Modifications for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Immunoproteome. Front Immunol 2014; 5:361. [PMID: 25157249 PMCID: PMC4127798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are prominent effector cells in controlling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection but may also contribute to immunopathology. Studies probing the CD4+ T cell response from individuals latently infected with Mtb or patients with active tuberculosis using either small or proteome-wide antigen screens so far revealed a multi-antigenic, yet mostly invariable repertoire of immunogenic Mtb proteins. Recent developments in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have highlighted the occurrence of numerous types of post-translational modifications (PTMs) in proteomes of prokaryotes, including Mtb. The well-known PTMs in Mtb are glycosylation, lipidation, or phosphorylation, known regulators of protein function or compartmentalization. Other PTMs include methylation, acetylation, and pupylation, involved in protein stability. While all PTMs add variability to the Mtb proteome, relatively little is understood about their role in the anti-Mtb immune responses. Here, we review Mtb protein PTMs and methods to assess their role in protective immunity against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Véronique Corbière
- Laboratory for Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Kaat Smits
- Laboratory for Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium
| | | | - Martien C M Poelen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Francoise Mascart
- Laboratory for Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium ; Immunobiology Clinic, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology , Bilthoven , Netherlands
| | - Camille Locht
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille , Lille , France ; INSERM U1019 , Lille , France ; CNRS UMR8204 , Lille , France ; Université Lille Nord de France , Lille , France
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Ocampo M, Curtidor H, Vanegas M, Patarroyo MA, Patarroyo ME. Specific interaction between Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoprotein-derived peptides and target cells inhibits mycobacterial entry in vitro. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:626-41. [PMID: 25041568 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues being one of the diseases having the greatest mortality rates around the world, 8.7 million cases having been reported in 2011. An efficient vaccine against TB having a great impact on public health is an urgent need. Usually, selecting antigens for vaccines has been based on proteins having immunogenic properties for patients suffering TB and having had promising results in mice and non-human primates. Our approach has been based on a functional approach involving the pathogen-host interaction in the search for antigens to be included in designing an efficient, minimal, subunit-based anti-TB vaccine. This means that Mycobacterium tuberculosis has mainly been involved in studies and that lipoproteins represent an important kind of protein on the cell envelope which can also contribute towards this pathogen's virulence. This study has assessed the expression of four lipoproteins from M. tuberculosis H37Rv, that is, Rv1411c (LprG), Rv1911c (LppC), Rv2270 (LppN) and Rv3763 (LpqH), and the possible biological activity of peptides derived from these. Five peptides were found for these proteins which had high specific binding to both alveolar A549 epithelial cells and U937 monocyte-derived macrophages which were able to significantly inhibit mycobacterial entry to these cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Ocampo
- Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Carrera 50 No. 26-20, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No. 63C-69, Bogotá, Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Carrera 45 No. 26-85, Bogotá, Colombia
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M.Y. L, H.L. W, J. H, G.C. S, Y.G. W, J.X. W, X.E. X. Curcumin inhibits 19-kDa lipoprotein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced macrophage apoptosis via regulation of the JNK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:626-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dias AA, Raze D, de Lima CS, Marques MADM, Drobecq H, Debrie AS, Ribeiro-Guimarães ML, Biet F, Pessolani MCV. Mycobacterial laminin-binding histone-like protein mediates collagen-dependent cytoadherence. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107 Suppl 1:174-82. [PMID: 23283469 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000900025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When grown in the presence of exogenous collagen I, Mycobacterium bovis BCG was shown to form clumps. Scanning electron microscopy examination of these clumps revealed the presence of collagen fibres cross-linking the bacilli. Since collagen is a major constituent of the eukaryotic extracellular matrices, we assayed BCG cytoadherence in the presence of exogenous collagen I. Collagen increased the interaction of the bacilli with A549 type II pneumocytes or U937 macrophages, suggesting that BCG is able to recruit collagen to facilitate its attachment to host cells. Using an affinity chromatography approach, we have isolated a BCG collagen-binding protein corresponding to the previously described mycobacterial laminin-binding histone-like protein (LBP/Hlp), a highly conserved protein associated with the mycobacterial cell wall. Moreover, Mycobacterium leprae LBP/Hlp, a well-characterized adhesin, was also able to bind collagen I. Finally, using recombinant fragments of M. leprae LBP/Hlp, we mapped the collagen-binding activity within the C-terminal domain of the adhesin. Since this protein was already shown to be involved in the recognition of laminin and heparan sulphate-containing proteoglycans, the present observations reinforce the adhesive activities of LBP/Hlp, which can be therefore considered as a multifaceted mycobacterial adhesin, playing an important role in both leprosy and tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Alves Dias
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Rajavelu P, Das SD. A Correlation between Phagocytosis and Apoptosis in THP-1 Cells Infected with Prevalent Strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:201-10. [PMID: 17310088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03902.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The innate ability of infected macrophages to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) and curtail the infection is crucial for the host defense. Although phagocytosis and intracellular killing mechanisms leading to apoptosis in macrophages are highly effective in eliminating the infecting tuberculous bacilli, some Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) strains have evolved strategies to inhibit this microbicidal function and make use of macrophage for its successful and prolonged survival. Two clinical strains of Mtb (S7 and S10) found to be prevalent and primitive, based on molecular epidemiological studies, were used to study the magnitude in induction of apoptosis in THP-1 cells at various time points of infection and to correlate it with phagocytosis. The percentage of phagocytosis did not show any strain-specific association with differentiated THP-1 cells. But in the phagocytic index, the clinical strains showed a low dose of infection in the 1-10 bacilli category thereby exerting less burden on the cells. The induction of apoptosis was strain dependent. The THP-1 cells infected with H37Ra and S10 showed an increase in apoptosis at all time points while the S7 strain induced minimum apoptosis. A negative correlation between apoptosis and phagocytic index was observed in the 1-10 category and a positive correlation in the > 20 category of the phagocytic index. This novel observation indicates that the magnitude of THP-1 cell apoptosis is a function of the number of internalized mycobacteria. These results indicated a differential mode of infection by clinical strains and their adaptation to different survival strategies that may lead to immune suppression and pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rajavelu
- Department of Immunology, Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai-31, India
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Brülle JK, Tschumi A, Sander P. Lipoproteins of slow-growing Mycobacteria carry three fatty acids and are N-acylated by apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase BCG_2070c. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:223. [PMID: 24093492 PMCID: PMC3850990 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipoproteins are virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bacterial lipoproteins are modified by the consecutive action of preprolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt), prolipoprotein signal peptidase (LspA) and apolipoprotein N- acyltransferase (Lnt) leading to the formation of mature triacylated lipoproteins. Lnt homologues are found in Gram-negative and high GC-rich Gram-positive, but not in low GC-rich Gram-positive bacteria, although N-acylation is observed. In fast-growing Mycobacterium smegmatis, the molecular structure of the lipid modification of lipoproteins was resolved recently as a diacylglyceryl residue carrying ester-bound palmitic acid and ester-bound tuberculostearic acid and an additional amide-bound palmitic acid. Results We exploit the vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG as model organism to investigate lipoprotein modifications in slow-growing mycobacteria. Using Escherichia coli Lnt as a query in BLASTp search, we identified BCG_2070c and BCG_2279c as putative lnt genes in M. bovis BCG. Lipoproteins LprF, LpqH, LpqL and LppX were expressed in M. bovis BCG and BCG_2070c lnt knock-out mutant and lipid modifications were analyzed at molecular level by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight analysis. Lipoprotein N-acylation was observed in wildtype but not in BCG_2070c mutants. Lipoprotein N- acylation with palmitoyl and tuberculostearyl residues was observed. Conclusions Lipoproteins are triacylated in slow-growing mycobacteria. BCG_2070c encodes a functional Lnt in M. bovis BCG. We identified mycobacteria-specific tuberculostearic acid as further substrate for N-acylation in slow-growing mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane K Brülle
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30/32, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kumar S, Puniya BL, Parween S, Nahar P, Ramachandran S. Identification of novel adhesins of M. tuberculosis H37Rv using integrated approach of multiple computational algorithms and experimental analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69790. [PMID: 23922800 PMCID: PMC3726780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria interacting with eukaryotic host express adhesins on their surface. These adhesins aid in bacterial attachment to the host cell receptors during colonization. A few adhesins such as Heparin binding hemagglutinin adhesin (HBHA), Apa, Malate Synthase of M. tuberculosis have been identified using specific experimental interaction models based on the biological knowledge of the pathogen. In the present work, we carried out computational screening for adhesins of M. tuberculosis. We used an integrated computational approach using SPAAN for predicting adhesins, PSORTb, SubLoc and LocTree for extracellular localization, and BLAST for verifying non-similarity to human proteins. These steps are among the first of reverse vaccinology. Multiple claims and attacks from different algorithms were processed through argumentative approach. Additional filtration criteria included selection for proteins with low molecular weights and absence of literature reports. We examined binding potential of the selected proteins using an image based ELISA. The protein Rv2599 (membrane protein) binds to human fibronectin, laminin and collagen. Rv3717 (N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase) and Rv0309 (L,D-transpeptidase) bind to fibronectin and laminin. We report Rv2599 (membrane protein), Rv0309 and Rv3717 as novel adhesins of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Our results expand the number of known adhesins of M. tuberculosis and suggest their regulated expression in different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Kumar
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Bhanwar Lal Puniya
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Shahila Parween
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Pradip Nahar
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
| | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Vallières F, Girard D. IL-21 Enhances Phagocytosis in Mononuclear Phagocyte Cells: Identification of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase as a Novel Molecular Target of IL-21. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2904-12. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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