1
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Gao S, Tan S, Purcell SL, Whyte SK, Parrish K, Zhong L, Zheng S, Zhang Y, Zhu R, Jahangiri L, Li R, Fast MD, Cai W. A comparative analysis of alternative splicing patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in response to Moritella viscosa and sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109606. [PMID: 38705547 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Moritella viscosa (M. viscosa) and sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are severe pathogens that primarily infect the skin of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which cause significant economic losses in the farming industry. However, the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms underlying the host's immune defence at the post-transcriptional level remain unclear. Alternative splicing (AS) is an evolutionarily conserved post-transcriptional mechanism that can greatly increase the richness of the transcriptome and proteome. In this study, transcriptomic data derived from skin tissues of Atlantic salmon after M. viscosa and sea lice infections were used to examine the AS profiles and their differential expression patterns. In total, we identified 33,044 AS events (involving 13,718 genes) in the control (CON) group, 35,147 AS events (involving 14,340 genes) in the M. viscosa infection (MV) group, and 30,364 AS events (involving 13,142 genes) in the sea lice infection (LC) group, respectively. Among the five types of AS identified in our study (i.e., SE, A5SS, A3SS, MXE, and RI), SE was the most prevalent type in all three groups (i.e., CON, MV, and LC groups). Decreased percent-spliced-in (PSI) levels were observed in SE events under both MV- and LC-infected conditions, suggesting that MV or LC infection elevated exon-skipping isoforms and promoted the selection of shorter transcripts in numerous DAS genes. In addition, most of the differential AS genes were found to be associated with pathways related to mRNA regulation, epithelial or muscle development, and immune response. These findings provide novel insights into the role of AS in host-pathogen interactions and represent the first comparative analysis of AS in response to bacterial and parasitic infections in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Suxu Tan
- Institute of Aquatic Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Sara L Purcell
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Kathleen Parrish
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Liang Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ruoxi Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ladan Jahangiri
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Runsheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4P3, Canada; State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Tingbø MG, Haugen Tunheim S, Klevan A, Kamisinska A, Behzaad H, Sandtrø A, Furevik A. Antigenic similarities and clinical cross-protection between variant and classic non-viscous strains of Moritella viscosa in Atlantic salmon in Norway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109306. [PMID: 38122955 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Moritella viscosa (M. viscosa) is one of the major etiological agents of winter-ulcers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. Outbreaks of ulcerative disease in farmed fish occur across the North Atlantic region, causing reduced animal welfare and economical challenges, and are of hindrance for sustainable growth within the industry. Commercially available multivalent core vaccines containing inactivated bacterin of M. viscosa reduce mortality and clinical signs related to winter ulcer disease. It has previously been described two major genetic clades within M. viscosa, typical (hereafter referred to as classic) and variant, based on gyrB sequencing. In addition, there are phenotypical traits such as viscosity that may differ between different types of isolates. Western blot using salmon plasma showed that classic non-viscous strains are antigenically different from the classic viscous type included in core vaccines. Further, Western blot also showed that there are similarities in binding patterns between Norwegian variant and classic non-viscous isolates, indicating they may be antigenically related. Vaccination-challenge trials using Norwegian gyrB-classic non-viscous isolates of M. viscosa, demonstrate that the isolates from the classic clade that are included in current commercial multivalent core vaccines, provide limited cross protection against the emerging non-viscous strains. However, a vaccine recently approved for marketing authorization in Norway, containing inactivated antigen of a variant M. viscosa strain, demonstrates reduced mortality as well as clinical signs caused by infections with the classic non-viscous M. viscosa isolated from outbreaks in Norwegian salmon farms. The study shows that there are antigenic similarities between variant and classic non-viscous types of M. viscosa, and these similarities are mirrored in the observed cross-protection in vaccination-challenge trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siv Haugen Tunheim
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway, P.O.Box 267, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Are Klevan
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway, P.O.Box 267, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Agnieszka Kamisinska
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway, P.O.Box 267, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Helen Behzaad
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway, P.O.Box 267, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ane Sandtrø
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway, P.O.Box 267, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anette Furevik
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway, P.O.Box 267, Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
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3
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Furevik A, Tunheim SH, Heen V, Klevan A, Knutsen LE, Tandberg JI, Tingbo MG. New vaccination strategies are required for effective control of winter ulcer disease caused by emerging variant strains of Moritella viscosa in Atlantic salmon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108784. [PMID: 37141956 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Moritella viscosa is one on the major etiological agents of winter-ulcers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. Outbreaks of ulcerative disease in farmed fish occurs across the North Atlantic region and is an impeding factor for sustainable growth within the industry. Commercially available multivalent core vaccines containing inactivated bacterin of M. viscosa reduce mortality and clinical signs related to winter ulcer disease. Two major genetic clades within M. viscosa have previously been described based on gyrB sequencing, namely typical (hereafter referred to as classic) and variant. Vaccination-challenge trials using vaccines including either variant and or classic isolates of M. viscosa show that classic clade isolates included in current commercial multivalent core vaccines provide poor cross-protection against emerging variant strains, while variant strains confer high level of protection against variant M. viscosa but to a lesser extent to classic clade isolates. This demonstrates that future vaccine regimens should include a combination of strains from both clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Furevik
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway P.O.Box 267 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Siv Haugen Tunheim
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway P.O.Box 267 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vegar Heen
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway P.O.Box 267 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Are Klevan
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway P.O.Box 267 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Linn Emilie Knutsen
- PHARMAQ part of Zoetis, Oslo, Norway P.O.Box 267 Skøyen, N-0213, Oslo, Norway.
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Eslamloo K, Kumar S, Xue X, Parrish KS, Purcell SL, Fast MD, Rise ML. Global gene expression responses of Atlantic salmon skin to Moritella viscosa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4622. [PMID: 35301338 PMCID: PMC8931016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Moritella viscosa is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes large, chronic ulcers, known as winter-ulcer disease, in the skin of several fish species including Atlantic salmon. We used a bath challenge approach to profile the transcriptome responses of M. viscosa-infected Atlantic salmon skin at the lesion (Mv-At) and away from the lesion (Mv-Aw) sites. M. viscosa infection was confirmed through RNA-based qPCR assays. RNA-Seq identified 5212 and 2911 transcripts differentially expressed in the Mv-At compared to no-infection control and Mv-Aw groups, respectively. Also, there were 563 differentially expressed transcripts when comparing the Mv-Aw to control samples. Our results suggest that M. viscosa caused massive and strong, but largely infection site-focused, transcriptome dysregulations in Atlantic salmon skin, and its effects beyond the skin lesion site were comparably subtle. The M. viscosa-induced transcripts of Atlantic salmon were mainly involved in innate and adaptive immune response-related pathways, whereas the suppressed transcripts by this pathogen were largely connected to developmental and cellular processes. As validated by qPCR, M. viscosa dysregulated transcripts encoding receptors, signal transducers, transcription factors and immune effectors playing roles in TLR- and IFN-dependent pathways as well as immunoregulation, antigen presentation and T-cell development. This study broadened the current understanding of molecular pathways underlying M. viscosa-triggered responses of Atlantic salmon, and identified biomarkers that may assist to diagnose and combat this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada. .,Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada.
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kathleen S Parrish
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Sara L Purcell
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Mark D Fast
- Hoplite Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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5
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Carvalho LA, Whyte SK, Braden LM, Purcell SL, Manning AJ, Muckle A, Fast MD. Impact of co-infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Moritella viscosa on inflammatory and immune responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:459-473. [PMID: 32100325 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of a co-infection with Moritella viscosa at different exposure levels of sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). M. viscosa (1.14 × 106 cfu/ml) was introduced to all experimental tanks at 10 days post-lice infection (dpLs). Mean lice counts decreased over time in both the medium lice co-infection (31.5 ± 19.0 at 7 dpLs; 16.9 ± 9.3 at 46 dpLs) and high lice co-infection (62.0 ± 10.8 at 7 dpLs; 37.6 ± 11.3 at 46 dpLs). There were significantly higher mortalities and more severe skin lesions in the high lice co-infected group compared to medium lice co-infected group or M. viscosa-only infection. Quantitative gene expression analysis detected a significant upregulation of genes in skin from the high lice co-infection group consistent with severe inflammation (il-8, mmp-9, hep, saa). Skin lesions retrieved throughout the study were positive for M. viscosa growth, but these were rarely located in regions associated with lice. These results suggest that while M. viscosa infection itself may induce skin lesion development in salmon, co-infection with high numbers of lice can enhance this impact and significantly reduce the ability of these lesions to resolve, resulting in increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Carvalho
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Shona K Whyte
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | | | - Sara L Purcell
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Anthony J Manning
- Food Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, The New Brunswick Research and Productivity Council (RPC), Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Anne Muckle
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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6
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Zhang Z, Aung KM, Uhlin BE, Wai SN. Reversible senescence of human colon cancer cells after blockage of mitosis/cytokinesis caused by the CNF1 cyclomodulin from Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17780. [PMID: 30542142 PMCID: PMC6290797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), a protein toxin produced by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, activates the Rho-family small GTPases in eukaryotic cell, thereby perturbing multiple cellular functions. Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests a link between CNF1 and human inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. At the cellular level, CNF1 has been hypothesized to reprogram cell fate towards survival due to the role in perturbing cell cycle and apoptosis. However, it remains undetermined how cells survive from CNF1 intoxication. In this work, we show that CNF1 treatment blocks mitosis/cytokinesis, elicits endoreplication and polyploidisation in cultured human colon cancer cells, and drives them into reversible senescence, which provides a survival route for cells via depolyploidisation. Senescence in CNF1-treated cells is demonstrated with upregulation of several senescence markers including senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, p53, p21 and p16, and concomitant inhibition of the retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Importantly, progeny derived from CNF1 treatment exhibit genomic instability exemplified by increased aneuploidy and become more resistant to CNF1, but not to 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, the two agents commonly used in chemotherapeutic treatment for colorectal cancer. These observations display survival features of the cell after CNF1 treatment that may have implications for the potential role of CNF1 in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kyaw Min Aung
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernt Eric Uhlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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7
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Einarsdottir T, Sigurdardottir H, Bjornsdottir TS, Einarsdottir E. Moritella viscosa in lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1751-1758. [PMID: 30132897 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Winter ulcer disease, caused by Moritella viscosa, is a significant problem in cold water salmonid farming, although the bacterium can infect and cause disease in a number of other fish species, such as lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Lumpfish are used as cleaner fish, to eat sea lice from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in sea pens. It remains to be established whether M. viscosa can be transmitted between the fish species. In this study, we examined whether a salmon isolate of M. viscosa could infect and cause disease in lumpfish. We further examined whether a lumpfish isolate of M. viscosa could infect and cause disease in salmon. Finally, we examined whether vaccination of salmon with a salmon isolate of M. viscosa conferred protection against a lumpfish isolate. The data indicate that while lumpfish appeared to be resistant to a salmon isolate of M. viscosa, the salmon could be infected with a lumpfish isolate of M. viscosa. Vaccination protected the salmon against the salmon isolate of M. viscosa but did not confer sufficient protection to prevent infection with the lumpfish isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorbjorg Einarsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- BioMedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | | | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics and Molecular Neurology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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8
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Ho M, Mettouchi A, Wilson BA, Lemichez E. CNF1-like deamidase domains: common Lego bricks among cancer-promoting immunomodulatory bacterial virulence factors. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4992304. [PMID: 29733372 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the cellular proteome over time due to spontaneous or toxin-mediated enzymatic deamidation of glutamine (Gln) and asparagine (Asn) residues contribute to bacterial infection and might represent a source of aging-related diseases. Here, we put into perspective what is known about the mode of action of the CNF1 toxin from pathogenic Escherichia coli, a paradigm of bacterial deamidases that activate Rho GTPases, to illustrate the importance of determining whether exposure to these factors are risk factors in the etiology age-related diseases, such as cancer. In particular, through in silico analysis of the distribution of the CNF1-like deamidase active site Gly-Cys-(Xaa)n-His sequence motif in bacterial genomes, we unveil the wide distribution of the super-family of CNF-like toxins and CNF-like deamidase domains among members of the Enterobacteriacae and in association with a large variety of toxin delivery systems. We extent our discussion with recent findings concerning cellular systems that control activated Rac1 GTPase stability and provide protection against cancer. These findings point to the urgency for developing holistic approaches toward personalized medicine that include monitoring for asymptomatic carriage of pathogenic toxin-producing bacteria and that ultimately might lead to improved public health and increased lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Amel Mettouchi
- Bacterial Toxins Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Bacterial Toxins Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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9
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Mahtal N, Brewee C, Pichard S, Visvikis O, Cintrat JC, Barbier J, Lemichez E, Gillet D. Screening of a Drug Library Identifies Inhibitors of Cell Intoxication by CNF1. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:754-761. [PMID: 29359495 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a toxin produced by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli responsible for extra-intestinal infections. CNF1 deamidates Rac1, thereby triggering its permanent activation and worsening inflammatory reactions. Activated Rac1 is prone to proteasomal degradation. There is no targeted therapy against CNF1, despite its clinical relevance. In this work we developed a fluorescent cell-based immunoassay to screen for inhibitors of CNF1-induced Rac1 degradation among 1120 mostly approved drugs. Eleven compounds were found to prevent CNF1-induced Rac1 degradation, and five also showed a protective effect against CNF1-induced multinucleation. Finally, lasalocid, monensin, bepridil, and amodiaquine protected cells from both diphtheria toxin and CNF1 challenges. These data highlight the potential for drug repurposing to fight several bacterial infections and Rac1-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Mahtal
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France.,Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Clémence Brewee
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Sylvain Pichard
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Orane Visvikis
- INSERM U1065, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Université de Nice, Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Cintrat
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage (SCBM), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Julien Barbier
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- INSERM U1065, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Université de Nice, Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Daniel Gillet
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif/Yvette, France
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Fontanez KM, Eppley JM, Samo TJ, Karl DM, DeLong EF. Microbial community structure and function on sinking particles in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:469. [PMID: 26042105 PMCID: PMC4436931 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinking particles mediate the transport of carbon and energy to the deep-sea, yet the specific microbes associated with sedimenting particles in the ocean's interior remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we used particle interceptor traps (PITs) to assess the nature of particle-associated microbial communities collected at a variety of depths in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Comparative metagenomics was used to assess differences in microbial taxa and functional gene repertoires in PITs containing a preservative (poisoned traps) compared to preservative-free traps where growth was allowed to continue in situ (live traps). Live trap microbial communities shared taxonomic and functional similarities with bacteria previously reported to be enriched in dissolved organic matter (DOM) microcosms (e.g., Alteromonas and Methylophaga), in addition to other particle and eukaryote-associated bacteria (e.g., Flavobacteriales and Pseudoalteromonas). Poisoned trap microbial assemblages were enriched in Vibrio and Campylobacterales likely associated with eukaryotic surfaces and intestinal tracts as symbionts, pathogens, or saprophytes. The functional gene content of microbial assemblages in poisoned traps included a variety of genes involved in virulence, anaerobic metabolism, attachment to chitinaceaous surfaces, and chitin degradation. The presence of chitinaceaous surfaces was also accompanied by the co-existence of bacteria which encoded the capacity to attach to, transport and metabolize chitin and its derivatives. Distinctly different microbial assemblages predominated in live traps, which were largely represented by copiotrophs and eukaryote-associated bacterial communities. Predominant sediment trap-assocaited eukaryotic phyla included Dinoflagellata, Metazoa (mostly copepods), Protalveolata, Retaria, and Stramenopiles. These data indicate the central role of eukaryotic taxa in structuring sinking particle microbial assemblages, as well as the rapid responses of indigenous microbial species in the degradation of marine particulate organic matter (POM) in situ in the ocean's interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Fontanez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John M Eppley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA ; Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA ; Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ty J Samo
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA ; Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA ; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division Livermore, CA, USA
| | - David M Karl
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA ; Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Edward F DeLong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA ; Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA ; Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA
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Host specificity and clade dependent distribution of putative virulence genes in Moritella viscosa. Microb Pathog 2014; 77:53-65. [PMID: 25277600 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Moritella viscosa is the aetiological agent of winter-ulcer disease in farmed salmonids in the North Atlantic. Previously, two major (typical and variant) genetic clades have been demonstrated within this bacterial species, one of which is almost solely related to disease in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In the present study infection trials demonstrated that 'typical' M. viscosa isolated from Norwegian Atlantic salmon was highly virulent in this fish species but resulted in lower levels of mortality in rainbow trout. 'Variant' M. viscosa isolated from rainbow trout resulted in modest mortality levels in both Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. To investigate the possible genetic background for inter-strain virulence differences, 38 M. viscosa isolates of diverse geographical origin and host species and a number of other Moritella spp. were investigated for the presence/absence of putative virulence related homologs. All isolates were positive for DNA sequences coding for; the Type VI secretion ATPase (clpV), hemolysin co-regulated protein (hcp), bacterioferritins (bfrA and bfrB), lectin (hemG), phospholipase D (pld), multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martxA), aerolysin (aer), invasin (inv), and cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf), with the exception of one isolate in which cnf could not be confirmed. The product of an ABC transporter metal-binding lipoprotein (mat) was consistently detected although 11 isolates, all phylogenetically related, appear to produce a truncated version. A putative insecticidal toxin complex (mitABC) was detected almost exclusively in 'typical' Atlantic salmon isolates, and our data indicate that this complex of genes is expressed and co-transcribed. Transmission electron microscopy investigation revealed pili and flagella surface structures on nine M. viscosa representing both typical and variant isolates. Our results provide strong support for the existence of host specificity/high virulence in 'typical' M. viscosa related to Atlantic salmon. The gene distribution also provides further support for the genetic division within M. viscosa, and constitutes a basis for further study of the importance of the mitABC complex in winter-ulcer pathogenesis.
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Bjornsdottir B, Hjerde E, Bragason BT, Gudmundsdottir T, Willassen NP, Gudmundsdottir BK. Identification of type VI secretion systems in Moritella viscosa. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:436-42. [PMID: 22425489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The study describes the identification of type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) in Moritella viscosa, the aetiological agent of winter ulcer disease. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines, M. viscosa causes significant financial losses in salmonid farming. The T6SS transports bacterial proteins from the cell into the environment or directly into host cells, and has been implicated with bacterial virulence. The aim of the study was to identify potential T6SSs in M. viscosa and to determine whether it possesses active T6S, providing further insight into the biology of the bacterium. The genome of M. viscosa 06/09/139 was screened for homology with known T6SS encoding genes. Two genetically distinct loci, termed Moritella Type Six Secretion 1 and 2 (mts1 and mts2), were identified as encoding putative T6SSs. Each locus contained known T6S core genes. The mts2 locus contained species specific genes, some of which have not previously been connected with T6S. The mts1 locus showed sequence homology and synteny to T6SSs of the fish pathogen Aliivibrio salmonicida and a non-pathogenic Moritella sp. PE36. The mts2 locus was more similar to a Vibrio parahaemolyticus T6SS. A functional T6SS was confirmed through identification of secreted Mts1-M, a hemolysin coregulated protein (Hcp) which is a part of the secretion system. Both virulent and avirulent M. viscosa isolates expressed two genes encoding Hcp, mts1-M and mts2-M. The results show that M. viscosa has a functional T6S, but the role of the secretion system and possible connections with virulence need further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryndis Bjornsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v/Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
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