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Hu J, Wang B, Ma Z, Feng J, Jiang B, Su Y. The pathway of Edwardsiella piscicida infecting Lateolabrax maculatus via the immersion bath. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024; 47:e13863. [PMID: 37743602 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella piscicida, an infectious bacterium, causes great economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Immersion bath which is the closest way to how the fish infect bacterial pathogens in the natural environment is an effective route of artificial infection. In this study, the dynamic process of E. piscicida infection, in the spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) was evaluated via the immersion bath. The results showed that soaking the spotted sea bass with 3 × 106 CFU mL-1 E. piscicida for 30 min could artificially induce edwardsiellosis. The higher culture temperature (28.5 ± 0.5°C) or the longer bath time (30 min) would lead to higher mortality of fish. E.piscicida first invaded the gill, then entered the blood circulation to infect the spleen and kidney, where it is colonized, and gradually multiplied in the liver and brain. Meanwhile, the fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the localization of E. piscicida in the gill and foregut after the immersion challenge proceeded from the exterior to the interior. The invasion of pathogens triggers the immune response of fish and causes tissue damage to the host. The quantitative real-time PCR results displayed an increase in the relative expression level of immune genes (NK-lysin, LZM, IgM and IgD). Otherwise, the most notable histopathological changes of the infected spotted sea bass were multifocal necrosis. Findings in this study broaden our understanding of the infection conditions of E. piscicida and its pathogenicity to the spotted sea bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Hu
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Development and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baotun Wang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Development and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Development and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youlu Su
- Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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Irshath AA, Rajan AP, Vimal S, Prabhakaran VS, Ganesan R. Bacterial Pathogenesis in Various Fish Diseases: Recent Advances and Specific Challenges in Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020470. [PMID: 36851346 PMCID: PMC9968037 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is a fast-growing food sector but is plagued by a plethora of bacterial pathogens that infect fish. The rearing of fish at high population densities in aquaculture facilities makes them highly susceptible to disease outbreaks, which can cause significant economic loss. Thus, immunity development in fish through vaccination against various pathogens of economically important aquaculture species has been extensively studied and has been largely accepted as a reliable method for preventing infections. Vaccination studies in aquaculture systems are strategically associated with the economically and environmentally sustainable management of aquaculture production worldwide. Historically, most licensed fish vaccines have been developed as inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvants and provided via immersion or injection. In comparison, live vaccines can simulate a whole pathogenic illness and elicit a strong immune response, making them better suited for oral or immersion-based therapy methods to control diseases. Advanced approaches in vaccine development involve targeting specific pathogenic components, including the use of recombinant genes and proteins. Vaccines produced using these techniques, some of which are currently commercially available, appear to elicit and promote higher levels of immunity than conventional fish vaccines. These technological advancements are promising for developing sustainable production processes for commercially important aquatic species. In this review, we explore the multitude of studies on fish bacterial pathogens undertaken in the last decade as well as the recent advances in vaccine development for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Ahmed Irshath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Prem Rajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Sugumar Vimal
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 600 077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vasantha-Srinivasan Prabhakaran
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (A.P.R.); (R.G.)
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Skåne A, Edvardsen PK, Cordara G, Loose JSM, Leitl KD, Krengel U, Sørum H, Askarian F, Vaaje-Kolstad G. Chitinolytic enzymes contribute to the pathogenicity of Aliivibrio salmonicida LFI1238 in the invasive phase of cold-water vibriosis. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:194. [PMID: 35941540 PMCID: PMC9361615 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aliivibrio salmonicida is the causative agent of cold-water vibriosis in salmonids (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salmo salar L.) and gadidae (Gadus morhua L.). Virulence-associated factors that are essential for the full spectrum of A. salmonicida pathogenicity are largely unknown. Chitin-active lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have been indicated to play roles in both chitin degradation and virulence in a variety of pathogenic bacteria but are largely unexplored in this context. Results In the present study we investigated the role of LPMOs in the pathogenicity of A. salmonicida LFI238 in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). In vivo challenge experiments using isogenic deletion mutants of the two LPMOs encoding genes AsLPMO10A and AsLPMO10B, showed that both LPMOs, and in particular AsLPMO10B, were important in the invasive phase of cold-water vibriosis. Crystallographic analysis of the AsLPMO10B AA10 LPMO domain (to 1.4 Å resolution) revealed high structural similarity to viral fusolin, an LPMO known to enhance the virulence of insecticidal agents. Finally, exposure to Atlantic salmon serum resulted in substantial proteome re-organization of the A. salmonicida LPMO deletion variants compared to the wild type strain, indicating the struggle of the bacterium to adapt to the host immune components in the absence of the LPMOs. Conclusion The present study consolidates the role of LPMOs in virulence and demonstrates that such enzymes may have more than one function.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02590-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skåne
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Edvardsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Gabriele Cordara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer Sarah Maria Loose
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Kira Daryl Leitl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Fatemeh Askarian
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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Hassan H, Eltarahony M, Abu-Elreesh G, Abd-Elnaby HM, Sabry S, Ghozlan H. Toxicity monitoring of solvents, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals using statistically optimized model of luminous Vibrio sp. 6HFE. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:91. [PMID: 35776216 PMCID: PMC9249957 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The utilization of bioluminescent bacteria in environmental monitoring of water contaminates considers being a vital and powerful approach. This study aimed to isolate, optimize, and apply luminescent bacteria for toxicity monitoring of various toxicants in wastewater. Results On the basis of light intensity, strain Vibrio sp. 6HFE was initially selected, physiologically/morphologically characterized, and identified using the 16SrDNA gene. The luminescence production was further optimized by employing statistical approaches (Plackett-Burman design and central composite design). The maximum bioluminescence intensity recorded 1.53 × 106 CPS using optimized medium containing (g/L), yeast extract (0.2g), CaCl2 (4.0), MgSO4 (0.1), and K2HPO4 (0.1) by 2.3-fold increase within 1h. The harnessing of Vibrio sp. 6HFE as a bioluminescent reporter for toxicity of organic solvents was examined using a bioluminescence inhibition assay. According to IC50 results, the toxicity order of such pollutants was chloroform > isoamyl > acetic acid > formamide > ethyl acetate > acetonitrile > DMSO > acetone > methanol. However, among eight heavy metals tested, the bioluminescence was most sensitive to Ag+ and Hg+ and least sensitive to Co2+ and Ni2+. Additionally, the bioluminescence was inhibited by benzene, catechol, phenol, and penta-chlorophenol at 443.1, 500, 535.1, and 537.4 ppm. Conclusion Vibrio sp. 6HFE succeeded in pollution detection at four different environmental and wastewater samples revealing its efficiency in ecotoxicity monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howaida Hassan
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Marine Environment Division, Marine Microbiology Lab., Kayet Bay, El-Anfushy, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Marwa Eltarahony
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), Environmental Biotechnology Department, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gadallah Abu-Elreesh
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA-City), Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), Environmental Biotechnology Department, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hanan M Abd-Elnaby
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Marine Environment Division, Marine Microbiology Lab., Kayet Bay, El-Anfushy, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Soraya Sabry
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hanan Ghozlan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Padra JT, Murugan AVM, Sundell K, Sundh H, Benktander J, Lindén SK. Fish pathogen binding to mucins from Atlantic salmon and Arctic char differs in avidity and specificity and is modulated by fluid velocity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215583. [PMID: 31125340 PMCID: PMC6534294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease outbreaks are limiting factors for an ethical and economically sustainable aquaculture industry. The first point of contact between a pathogen and a host occurs in the mucus, which covers the epithelial surfaces of the skin, gills and gastrointestinal tract. Increased knowledge on host-pathogen interactions at these primary barriers may contribute to development of disease prevention strategies. The mucus layer is built of highly glycosylated mucins, and mucin glycosylation differs between these epithelial sites. We have previously shown that A. salmonicida binds to Atlantic salmon mucins. Here we demonstrate binding of four additional bacteria, A. hydrophila, V. harveyi, M. viscosa and Y. ruckeri, to mucins from Atlantic salmon and Arctic char. No specific binding could be observed for V. salmonicida to any of the mucin groups. Mucin binding avidity was highest for A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida, followed by V. harveyi, M. viscosa and Y. ruckeri in decreasing order. Four of the pathogens showed highest binding to either gills or intestinal mucins, whereas none of the pathogens had preference for binding to skin mucins. Fluid velocity enhanced binding of intestinal mucins to A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida at 1.5 and 2 cm/s, whereas a velocity of 2 cm/s for skin mucins increased binding of A. salmonicida and decreased binding of A. hydrophila. Binding avidity, specificity and the effect of fluid velocity on binding thus differ between salmonid pathogens and with mucin origin. The results are in line with a model where the short skin mucin glycans contribute to contact with pathogens whereas pathogen binding to mucins with complex glycans aid the removal of pathogens from internal epithelial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abarna V. M. Murugan
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Khider M, Hjerde E, Hansen H, Willassen NP. Differential expression profiling of ΔlitR and ΔrpoQ mutants reveals insight into QS regulation of motility, adhesion and biofilm formation in Aliivibrio salmonicida. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:220. [PMID: 30876404 PMCID: PMC6420764 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coordination of group behaviors in bacteria is achieved by a cell-cell signaling process called quorum sensing (QS). QS is an intercellular communication system, which synchronously controls expression of a vast range of genes in response to changes in cell density and is mediated by autoinducers that act as extracellular signals. Aliivibrio salmonicida, the causative agent of cold-water vibrosis in marine aquacultures, uses QS to regulate several activities such as motility, biofilm formation, adhesion and rugose colony morphology. However, little is known about either genes or detailed mechanisms involved in the regulation of these phenotypes. RESULTS Differential expression profiling allowed us to define the genes involved in controlling phenotypes related to QS in A. salmonicida LFI1238. RNA sequencing data revealed that the number of expressed genes in A. salmonicida, ΔlitR and ΔrpoQ mutants were significantly altered due to changes in cell density. These included genes that were distributed among the 21 functional groups, mainly presented in cell envelope, cell processes, extrachromosomal/foreign DNA and transport-binding proteins functional groups. The comparative transcriptome of A. salmonicida wild-type at high cell density relative to low cell density revealed 1013 genes to be either up- or downregulated. Thirty-six downregulated genes were gene clusters encoding biosynthesis of the flagellar and chemotaxis genes. Additionally we identified significant expression for genes involved in acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) synthesis, adhesion and early colonization. The transcriptome profile of ΔrpoQ compared to the wild-type revealed 384 differensially expressed genes (DEGs) that allowed us to assign genes involved in regulating motility, adhesion and colony rugosity. Indicating the importance of RpoQ in controlling several QS related activities. Furthermore, the comparison of the transcriptome profiles of ΔlitR and ΔrpoQ mutants, exposed numerous overlapping DEGs that were essential for motility, exopolysaccharide production via syp operon and genes associated with tad operon. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate previously unexplained functional roles for LitR and RpoQ in regulation of different phenotypes related to QS. Our transcriptome data provide a better understanding of the regulation cascade of motility, wrinkling colony morphology and biofilm formation and will offer a major source for further research and analysis on this important field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Khider
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Erik Hjerde
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hilde Hansen
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nils Peder Willassen
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway. .,Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Aliivibrio salmonicida requires O-antigen for virulence in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Microb Pathog 2018; 124:322-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Rozas-Serri M, Peña A, Arriagada G, Enríquez R, Maldonado L. Comparison of gene expression in post-smolt Atlantic salmon challenged by LF-89-like and EM-90-like Piscirickettsia salmonis isolates reveals differences in the immune response associated with pathogenicity. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:539-552. [PMID: 29143962 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is the main bacterial disease affecting the Chilean salmon farming industry and is responsible for high economic losses. The aim of this study was to describe and comparatively quantify the immune response of post-smolt Atlantic salmon infected by cohabitation with fish bearing LF-89-like and EM-90-like Piscirickettsia salmonis. The expression of 17 genes related to the immune response was studied in head kidney from cohabitant fish by RT-qPCR. Our results at the transcriptomic level suggest that P. salmonis is able to manipulate the kinetics of cytokine production in a way that might constitute a virulence mechanism that promotes intracellular bacterial replication in cells of Atlantic salmon. This strategy involves the creation of an ideal environment for the microorganism based on induction of the inflammatory and IFN-mediated response, modulation of Th1 polarization, reduced antigen processing and presentation, modulation of the evasion of the immune response mediated by CD8+ T cells and promotion of the CD4+ T-cell response during the late stage of infection as a mechanism to escape host defences. This response was significantly exacerbated in fish infected by PS-EM-90 compared with fish infected by PS-LF-89, a finding that is probably associated with the higher pathogenicity of PS-EM-90.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rozas-Serri
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A Peña
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - G Arriagada
- EPI-data Research & Consulting, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Enríquez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Animal Pathology Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Maldonado
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
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Karlsen C, Ottem KF, Brevik ØJ, Davey M, Sørum H, Winther-Larsen HC. The environmental and host-associated bacterial microbiota of Arctic seawater-farmed Atlantic salmon with ulcerative disorders. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1645-1663. [PMID: 28449237 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Norwegian aquaculture of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is hampered by ulcerative disorders associated with bacterial infections. Chronic ulceration may provide microenvironments that disturb the normal microbial biodiversity of external surfaces. Studying the composition of microbial communities in skin ulcers will enhance our understanding of ulcer aetiology. To achieve this, we tested marine farmed Atlantic salmon and sampled the base and edge of ulcers at the end of winter (April) and end of summer (September), in addition to skin mucus of healthy individuals. In order to assess microbiota associated with the host and obtain insight into the environmental ecology, we also sampled sea water, the sediment layer underneath the farm facility and the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon. The skin microbiota of Atlantic salmon was different from that of the surrounding water. Residential Tenacibaculum and Arcobacter species persistently dominated the cutaneous skin and ulcer mucus surfaces of Atlantic salmon during both winter and summer periods. The intestinal microbiota was dominated by Mycoplasma with an increase in Aliivibrio and Alcaligenes abundance in the intestine of fish with ulcerative disorder at the end of winter. These findings suggest the presence of resilient microbes in the mucus surfaces of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Karlsen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
- Laboratory for Microbial Dynamics (LaMDa), Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Center of Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME), School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - M Davey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - H C Winther-Larsen
- Laboratory for Microbial Dynamics (LaMDa), Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Center of Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME), School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Rozas-Serri M, Ildefonso R, Peña A, Enríquez R, Barrientos S, Maldonado L. Comparative pathogenesis of piscirickettsiosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolt experimentally challenged with LF-89-like and EM-90-like Piscirickettsia salmonis isolates. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1451-1472. [PMID: 28745821 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis (SRS) is the most prevalent bacterial disease in Chilean salmon aquaculture and is responsible for high economic losses. The aim of this study was to comparatively characterize the pathogenesis of SRS in post-smolt Atlantic salmon during the early and late stages of infection with Piscirickettsia salmonis LF-89-like (PS-LF-89) and EM-90-like (PS-EM-90) using a cohabitation challenge. The pathogenesis of cohabitant fish infected with the two isolates was relatively different due to cohabitant fish infected with PS-EM-90 showing higher cumulative mortality and shorter time until death compared with PS-LF-89 fish. PS-LF-89 caused an SRS infection characterized by kidney and liver lesions, whereas PS-EM-90 caused systemic and haemorrhagic disease characterized by kidney, liver, heart, brain, skeletal muscle and intestine lesions. Decreased serum concentration of total proteins and albumin as well as increased serum ALT, AST and creatinine levels in fish infected with both isolates confirmed that changes in liver and kidney function occurred during infection. Tissue damage, expressed as an SRS histoscore, showed a strong positive correlation with the bacterial load expressed as abundance of P. salmonis 16S rRNA transcripts in the livers and kidneys of fish affected with either isolate, but the correlation was significantly higher in fish infected with PS-EM-90. The results contribute to improving the understanding of the bacteria-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rozas-Serri
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R Ildefonso
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - A Peña
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - R Enríquez
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Animal Pathology Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - L Maldonado
- Pathovet Laboratory Ltd., Puerto Montt, Chile
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11
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Nørstebø SF, Paulshus E, Bjelland AM, Sørum H. A unique role of flagellar function in Aliivibrio salmonicida pathogenicity not related to bacterial motility in aquatic environments. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:263-273. [PMID: 28602841 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aliivibrio salmonicida is the causative agent of cold-water vibriosis, a septicemia of farmed salmonid fish. The mechanisms of disease are not well described, and few virulence factors have been identified. However, a requirement for motility in the pathogenesis has been reported. Al. salmonicida is motile by the means of lophotrichous polar flagella, consisting of multiple flagellin subunits that are expressed simultaneously. Here we show that flagellin subunit FlaA, but not FlaD, is of major importance for motility in Al. salmonicida. Deletion of flaA resulted in 62% reduction in motility, as well as a reduction in the fraction of flagellated cells and number of flagella per cell. Similarly, deletion of the gene encoding motor protein motA gave rise to an aflagellate phenotype and cessation of motility. Surprisingly, we found that Al. salmonicida does not require motility for invasion of Atlantic salmon. Nevertheless, in-frame deletion mutants defective of motA and flaA were less virulent in Atlantic salmon challenged by immersion, whereas an effect on virulence after i.p. challenge was only seen for the latter. Our results indicate a complex requirement for motility and/or flagellation in the pathogenesis of cold-water vibriosis, but the mechanisms involved remain unknown. We hypothesize that the differences in virulence observed after immersion and i.p. challenge are related to the immune response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simen Foyn Nørstebø
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erik Paulshus
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ane Mohn Bjelland
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Henning Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033, Oslo, Norway.
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Kashulin A, Seredkina N, Sørum H. Cold-water vibriosis. The current status of knowledge. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:119-126. [PMID: 27072873 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current review for the first time summarizes the findings of the 30 years of research on cold-water vibriosis (CWV). The diseased caused by Aliivibrio salmonicida (earlier known as Vibrio salmonicida) was for the first time described in 1986 and became one of the most important bacterial diseases in salmon aquaculture. The lack of appropriate vaccine hampered development of Atlantic salmon aquaculture until the late 1980s when a novel vaccine allowed dramatic increase in the Atlantic salmon farming. In December 2007, the genus Vibrio was split into two genera and several bacterial species including V. salmonicida were transferred to genus Aliivibrio. The change of the names create significant difficulties with the designation of the CWV disease agent since its abbreviation A. salmonicida became similar to another well-known salmon pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida (A. salmonicida). The disease was considered as controlled by vaccination, but reappeared at Atlantic salmon farms in 2011, this time affecting vaccinated Atlantic salmon. The current review summarizes the knowledge on pathogenesis, vaccination and treatment of CWV and proposes further directions for studying the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kashulin
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - N Seredkina
- Department of Medical Biology, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - H Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Murray AG. Does the use of salmon frames as bait for lobster/crab creel fishing significantly increase the risk of disease in farmed salmon in Scotland? Prev Vet Med 2015; 120:357-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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High variability of levels of Aliivibrio and lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Hansen H, Purohit AA, Leiros HKS, Johansen JA, Kellermann SJ, Bjelland AM, Willassen NP. The autoinducer synthases LuxI and AinS are responsible for temperature-dependent AHL production in the fish pathogen Aliivibrio salmonicida. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:69. [PMID: 25886758 PMCID: PMC4377199 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication system used by bacteria to regulate activities such as virulence, bioluminescence and biofilm formation. The most common QS signals in Gram-negative bacteria are N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs). Aliivibrio salmonicida is the etiological agent of cold water vibriosis in Atlantic salmon, a disease which occurs mainly during seasons when the seawater is below 12°C. In this work we have constructed several mutants of A. salmonicida LFI1238 in order to study the LuxI/LuxR and AinS/AinR QS systems with respect to AHL production and biofilm formation. Results Using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) we found that LuxI in A. salmonicida LFI1238 is responsible for producing seven of the different AHLs, whereas AinS is responsible for producing only one. The production of these various AHLs is dependent on both cell density and growth temperature. The AHLs were efficiently produced when wild type LFI1238 was grown at 6 or 12°C, however at 16°C AHL production decreased dramatically, and LFI1238 produced less than 5% of the maximum concentrations observed at 6°C. LitR, the master regulator of QS, was found to be a positive regulator of AinS-dependent AHL production, and to a lesser extent LuxI-dependent AHL production. This implies a connection between the two systems, and both systems were found to be involved in regulation of biofilm formation. Finally, inactivation of either luxR1 or luxR2 in the lux operon significantly reduced production of LuxI-produced AHLs. Conclusion LuxI and AinS are the autoinducer synthases responsible for the eight AHLs in A. salmonicida. AHL production is highly dependent on growth temperature, and a significant decrease was observed when the bacterium was grown at a temperature above its limit for disease outbreak. Numerous AHLs could offer the opportunity for fine-tuning responses to changes in the environment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0402-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Hansen
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Amit Anand Purohit
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Hanna-Kirsti S Leiros
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Jostein A Johansen
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Stefanie J Kellermann
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway. .,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Ane Mohn Bjelland
- Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Akershus, Norway.
| | - Nils Peder Willassen
- Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Brudal E, Lampe EO, Reubsaet L, Roos N, Hegna IK, Thrane IM, Koppang EO, Winther-Larsen HC. Vaccination with outer membrane vesicles from Francisella noatunensis reduces development of francisellosis in a zebrafish model. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 42:50-57. [PMID: 25449706 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection of fish with the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella noatunensis remains an unresolved problem for aquaculture industry worldwide as it is difficult to vaccinate against without using live attenuated vaccines. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are biological structures shed by Gram-negative bacteria in response to various environmental stimuli. OMVs have successfully been used to vaccinate against both intracellular and extracellular pathogens, due to an ability to stimulate innate, cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. We show by using atomic force and electron microscopy that the fish pathogenic bacterium F. noatunensis subspecies noatunensis (F.n.n.) shed OMVs both in vitro into culture medium and in vivo in a zebrafish infection model. The main protein constituents of the OMV are IglC, PdpD and PdpA, all known Francisella virulence factors, in addition to the outer membrane protein FopA and the chaperonin GroEL, as analyzed by mass spectrometry. The vesicles, when used as a vaccine, reduced proliferation of the bacterium and protected zebrafish when subsequently challenged with a high dose of F.n.n. without causing adverse effects for the host. Also granulomatous responses were reduced in F.n.n.-challenged zebrafish after OMV vaccination. Taken together, the data support the possible use of OMVs as vaccines against francisellosis in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Brudal
- Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway; Laboratory for Microbial Dynamics (LaMDa), School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth O Lampe
- Laboratory for Microbial Dynamics (LaMDa), School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Léon Reubsaet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Norbert Roos
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida K Hegna
- Laboratory for Microbial Dynamics (LaMDa), School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Marie Thrane
- Laboratory for Microbial Dynamics (LaMDa), School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Erling O Koppang
- Section for Anatomy and Pathology, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne C Winther-Larsen
- Laboratory for Microbial Dynamics (LaMDa), School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Faílde LD, Bermúdez R, Losada AP, Riaza A, Santos Y, Quiroga MI. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of tenacibaculosis in paraffin-embedded tissues of Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:959-968. [PMID: 24274927 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific immunohistochemical technique was developed to improve the diagnosis of tenacibaculosis and to better understand its pathogenesis. Senegalese sole Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858 were inoculated subcutaneously with a bacterial suspension of Tenacibaculum maritimum, and samples were taken at different hours post-inoculation. Sections from different organs were used as positive controls. In addition, a total of 128 field samples from different organs collected from tenacibaculosis outbreaks were used. Tenacibaculum maritimum antigens were detected in several organs of experimentally infected Senegalese sole and in at least one of the tissues from fish suffering from natural tenacibaculosis previously confirmed by culture and PCR-based methods. In fish collected during outbreaks, a strong positive reaction was detected in ulcerative skin areas. Moreover, bacterial antigen was identified inside scale pockets and in sites of the skin with mild lesion. In kidney and spleen, evident immunostaining of bacterial antigen was detected in both naturally and experimentally infected fish. Besides, the presence of T. maritimum in the intestinal tract without associated histological changes suggests that this organ may act as a reservoir for T. maritimum. The results of this study confirm the usefulness of IHC for the diagnosis of tenacibaculosis in paraffin-embedded tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Faílde
- Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Bjelland AM, Fauske AK, Nguyen A, Orlien IE, Ostgaard IM, Sørum H. Expression of Vibrio salmonicida virulence genes and immune response parameters in experimentally challenged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Front Microbiol 2013; 4:401. [PMID: 24391635 PMCID: PMC3868895 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio salmonicida is the causative agent of cold-water vibriosis (CV), a hemorrhagic septicemia that primarily affects farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The mechanisms of disease development, host specificity and adaptation, as well as the immunogenic properties of V. salmonicida are largely unknown. Therefore, to gain more knowledge on the pathogenesis of CV, 90 Atlantic salmon parr were injected intraperitoneally with 6 × 10(6) CFU of V. salmonicida LFI1238. Samples from blood and spleen tissue were taken at different time points throughout the challenge for gene expression analysis by two-step reverse transcription (RT) quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Out of a panel of six housekeeping genes, accD, gapA, and 16S rDNA were found to be the most suitable references for expression analysis in Vibrio salmonicida. The bacterial proliferation during challenge was monitored based on the expression of the 16S rRNA encoding gene. Before day 4, the concentrations of V. salmonicida in blood and spleen tissue demonstrated a lag phase. From day 4, the bacterial proliferation was exponential. The expression profiles of eight genes encoding potential virulence factors of V. salmonicida were studied. Surprisingly, all tested virulence genes were generally highest expressed in broth cultures compared to the in vivo samples. We hypothesize that this general muting of gene expression in vivo may be a strategy for V. salmonicida to hide from the host immune system. To further investigate this hypothesis, the expression profiles of eight genes encoding innate immune factors were analyzed. The results demonstrated a strong and rapid, but short-lasting innate immune response against V. salmonicida. These results suggest that the bacterium possesses mechanisms that inhibit and/or resist the salmon innate immune system until the host becomes exhausted of fighting the on-going and eventually overwhelming infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane M Bjelland
- Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Oslo, Norway
| | - Aud K Fauske
- Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Oslo, Norway
| | - Anh Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild E Orlien
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid M Ostgaard
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Sørum
- Section for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science Oslo, Norway
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