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Wellslager B, Roberts J, Chowdhury N, Madan L, Orellana E, Yilmaz Ö. Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.01.601539. [PMID: 39005460 PMCID: PMC11244920 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis , a major oral pathobiont, evades canonical host pathogen clearance in human primary gingival epithelial cells (GECs) by initiating a non-canonical variant of autophagy consisting of Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-rich autophagosomes, which then act as replicative niches. Simultaneously, P. gingivalis inhibits apoptosis and oxidative-stress, including extracellular-ATP (eATP)-mediated reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) production via phosphorylating Heat Shock Protein 27 (HSp27) with the bacterial nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase (Ndk). Here, we have mechanistically identified that P. gingivalis -mediated induction of HSp27 is crucial for the recruitment of the LC3 isoform, LC3C, to drive the formation of live P. gingivalis -containing Beclin1-ATG14-rich autophagosomes that are redox sensitive and non-degrading. HSp27 depletions of both infected GECs and gingiva-mimicking organotypic-culture systems resulted in the collapse of P. gingivalis -mediated autophagosomes, and abolished P. gingivalis -induced LC3C-specific autophagic-flux in a HSp27-dependent manner. Concurrently, HSp27 depletion accompanied by eATP treatment abrogated protracted Beclin 1-ATG14 partnering and decreased live intracellular P. gingivalis levels. These events were only partially restored via treatments with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which rescued the cellular redox environment independent of HSp27. Moreover, the temporal phosphorylation of HSp27 by the bacterial Ndk results in HSp27 tightly partnering with LC3C, hindering LC3C canonical cleavage, extending Beclin 1-ATG14 association, and halting canonical maturation. These findings pinpoint how HSp27 pleiotropically serves as a major platform-molecule, redox regulator, and stepwise modulator of LC3C during P. gingivalis -mediated non-canonical autophagy. Thus, our findings can determine specific molecular strategies for interfering with the host-adapted P. gingivalis ' successful mucosal colonization and oral dysbiosis.
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Wada E, Ito C, Shinohara M, Handa S, Maetani M, Yasugi M, Miyake M, Sakamoto T, Yazawa A, Kamitani S. Prunin Laurate Derived from Natural Substances Shows Antibacterial Activity against the Periodontal Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Foods 2024; 13:1917. [PMID: 38928857 PMCID: PMC11202431 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease caused by infection with periodontopathogenic bacteria. Oral care is essential to prevent and control periodontal disease, which affects oral and systemic health. However, many oral hygiene products currently on the market were developed as disinfectants, and their intense irritation makes their use difficult for young children and older people. This study investigated the antibacterial effects of prunin laurate (Pru-C12) and its analogs on periodontopathogenic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Pru-C12 and its analogs inhibited in vitro bacterial growth at more than 10 μM and biofilm formation at 50 µM. Among its analogs, only Pru-C12 showed no cytotoxicity at 100 µM. Three of the most potent inhibitors also inhibited the formation of biofilms. Furthermore, Pru-C12 inhibited alveolar bone resorption in a mouse experimental periodontitis model by P. gingivalis infection. These findings may be helpful in the development of oral hygiene products for the prevention and control of periodontal disease and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Wada
- Nutrition Support Course, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan (A.Y.)
| | - Chiharu Ito
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan (M.M.)
| | - Mai Shinohara
- Nutrition Support Course, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan (A.Y.)
| | - Satoshi Handa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan; (S.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Miki Maetani
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan (M.M.)
| | - Mayo Yasugi
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano 598-8531, Osaka, Japan; (M.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Masami Miyake
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano 598-8531, Osaka, Japan; (M.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Tatsuji Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan; (S.H.); (T.S.)
| | - Ayaka Yazawa
- Nutrition Support Course, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan (A.Y.)
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan (M.M.)
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life & Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kamitani
- Nutrition Support Course, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan (A.Y.)
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan (M.M.)
- Department of Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life & Ecology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan
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Fang L, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Zheng H, Wang Y, Qin L, Cai Y, Cheng L, Zhou W, Liu F, Wang S. Silica nanoparticles containing nano-silver and chlorhexidine to suppress Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm and modulate multispecies biofilms toward healthy tendency. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2361403. [PMID: 38847000 PMCID: PMC11155433 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2361403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This research first investigated the effect of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (nMS) carrying chlorhexidine and silver (nMS-nAg-Chx) on periodontitis-related biofilms. This study aimed to investigate (1) the antibacterial activity on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) biofilm; (2) the suppressing effect on virulence of P. gingivalis biofilm; (3) the regulating effect on periodontitis-related multispecies biofilm. Methods Silver nanoparticles (nAg) and chlorhexidine (Chx) were co-loaded into nMS to form nMS-nAg-Chx. Inhibitory zone test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against P. gingivalis were tested. Growth curves, crystal violet (CV) staining, live/dead staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation were performed. Biofilm virulence was assessed. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Quantitative Real Time-PCR (qPCR) were performed to validate the activity and composition changes of multispecies biofilm (P. gingivalis, Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus sanguinis). Results nMS-nAg-Chx inhibited P. gingivalis biofilm dose-dependently (p<0.05), with MIC of 18.75 µg/mL. There were fewer live bacteria, less biomass and less virulence in nMS-nAg-Chx groups (p<0.05). nMS-nAg-Chx inhibited and modified periodontitis-related biofilms. The proportion of pathogenic bacteria decreased from 16.08 to 1.07% and that of helpful bacteria increased from 82.65 to 94.31% in 25 μg/mL nMS-nAg-Chx group for 72 h. Conclusions nMS-nAg-Chx inhibited P. gingivalis growth, decreased biofilm virulence and modulated periodontitis-related multispecies biofilms toward healthy tendency. pH-sensitive nMS-nAg-Chx inhibit the pathogens and regulate oral microecology, showing great potential in periodontitis adjunctive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Fang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yishuang Zhang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Qin
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingchun Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suping Wang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Lu Z, Cao R, Geng F, Pan Y. Persistent infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis increases the tumorigenic potential of human immortalised oral epithelial cells through ZFP36 inhibition. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13609. [PMID: 38351596 PMCID: PMC11150143 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between Porphyromonas gingivalis infection and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been established by numerous epidemiological studies. However, the underlying mechanism specific to this connection remains unclear. By bioinformatical analysis, we identified ZFP36 as a potentially significant co-expressed gene in both the OSCC gene database and the persistent infection model of P. gingivalis. To further investigate the role of ZFP36, we established a cell model that human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs) that were sustainedly infected by P. gingivalis (MOI = 1) for a duration of 30 weeks. Our findings indicated that sustained infection with P. gingivalis inhibited the expression of ZFP36 protein and induced changes in the biological behaviour of HIOECs. The mechanism investigation demonstrated the potential role of ZFP36 in regulating the cancer-related biological behaviour of HIOECs. Subsequent studies revealed that highly expressed CCAT1 could serve as a molecular scaffold in the formation of the ZFP36/CCAT1/MK2 complex. This complex formation enhanced the binding abundance of MK2 and ZFP36, thereby promoting the inhibition of ZFP36 protein phosphorylation. To summarize, low expression of ZFP36 protein under persistent P. gingivalis infection enhances the cancer-related biological behaviour of HIOECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Lu
- Department of Periodontics, School of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Ruoyan Cao
- Department of Periodontics, School of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Fengxue Geng
- Department of Periodontics, School of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of StomatologyChina Medical UniversityShenyangChina
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Chen J, Luo A, Xu M, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Yu S, Zhu L, Wu W, Yang D. The application of phenylboronic acid pinacol ester functionalized ROS-responsive multifunctional nanoparticles in the treatment of Periodontitis. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:181. [PMID: 38622641 PMCID: PMC11017612 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease induced by the complex interactions between the host immune system and the microbiota of dental plaque. Oxidative stress and the inflammatory microenvironment resulting from periodontitis are among the primary factors contributing to the progression of the disease. Additionally, the presence of dental plaque microbiota plays a significant role in affecting the condition. Consequently, treatment strategies for periodontitis should be multi-faceted. In this study, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive drug delivery system was developed by structurally modifying hyaluronic acid (HA) with phenylboronic acid pinacol ester (PBAP). Curcumin (CUR) was encapsulated in this drug delivery system to form curcumin-loaded nanoparticles (HA@CUR NPs). The release results indicate that CUR can be rapidly released in a ROS environment to reach the concentration required for treatment. In terms of uptake, HA can effectively enhance cellular uptake of NPs because it specifically recognizes CD44 expressed by normal cells. Moreover, HA@CUR NPs not only retained the antimicrobial efficacy of CUR, but also exhibited more pronounced anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress functions both in vivo and in vitro. This provides a good potential drug delivery system for the treatment of periodontitis, and could offer valuable insights for dental therapeutics targeting periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Aihua Luo
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, College of Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, College of Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Deqin Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 404100, China.
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6
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Liang Y, Wang B, Yu Q, Wang W, Ge S, Shao J. Ebselen Optimized the Therapeutic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles for Periodontal Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:8113-8130. [PMID: 38169981 PMCID: PMC10759458 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s434579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess excellent antibacterial effects on periodontal pathogens, but their clinical application is limited mainly due to their cytotoxicity through inducing oxidative stress in human cells. Ebselen disrupts the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging in bacteria and relieves oxidative stress in mammalian cells. This study aimed to assess the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of AgNPs and ebselen as well as the protective effect of ebselen, to further provide the theoretical basis for their future application in periodontal treatment. Methods The antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of the synthesized AgNPs combined with ebselen were assessed on Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) in planktonic condition and as biofilms. In addition, the intracellular bactericidal efficiency of AgNPs and ebselen was evaluated in P. gingivalis-infected human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). The cytotoxicity, intracellular ROS levels, and potential antioxidative enzymes were detected in HGFs treated with AgNPs and ebselen. Further, the anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results The combination of AgNPs and ebselen showed excellent antibacterial effects against planktonic P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum and synergistic antibiofilm effects on all mono- and multi-species biofilms. In addition, ebselen significantly enhanced the intracellular bactericidal efficiency of AgNPs. Furthermore, ebselen combined with up to 20 μg/mL AgNPs showed no obvious cytotoxicity to HGFs. Evidently, ebselen alleviated the AgNPs-induced ROS by increasing the levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase 2. Moreover, AgNPs and ebselen together declined the release of P. gingivalis-stimulated inflammatory cytokines both in vitro and in vivo, and reduced alveolar bone resorption effectively. Conclusion AgNPs combined with ebselen would be an effective adjuvant for periodontal treatment owing to their synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijia Wang
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Shao
- Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People’s Republic of China
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Kleiboeker BA, Frankfater C, Davey ME, Hsu FF. Lipidomic analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis reveals novel glycerol bisphosphoceramide, phosphatidyl-, and phosphoglycerol dipeptide lipid families. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100470. [PMID: 37924978 PMCID: PMC10757044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, like other members of the phylum Bacteroidetes (synonym Bacteroidota), synthesizes several classes of dihydroceramides and peptidolipids. Using a similar strategy as that recently used to delimit the lipidome of its close relative Bacteroides fragilis, we applied linear ion trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry (linear ion trap MSn) with high-resolution mass spectrometry, to structurally characterize the complete lipidome of P. gingivalis and compare it to B. fragilis. This analysis discovered that the P. gingivalis lipidome consists of several previously unidentified lipid families, including dihydroceramide-1-phosphophate, acylated dihydroceramide-1-phosphophate, phosphoglycerol glycylserine lipid, and bis(phosphodihydroceramide) glycerol. Interestingly, we also found a novel sphingolipid family containing a polyunsaturated long-chain base, and a new lipoglycylserine phosphatic acid containing unsaturated acyl chains not reported for the lipid family. The comprehensive coverage of the lipidome of P. gingivalis conducted in this study has revealed more than 140 lipid species including several novel lipids in over 20 lipid families/subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Kleiboeker
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cheryl Frankfater
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary E Davey
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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8
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Wielento A, Lagosz-Cwik K, Potempa J, Grabiec A. The Role of Gingival Fibroblasts in the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2023; 102:489-496. [PMID: 36883660 PMCID: PMC10249005 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231151921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gingival fibroblasts (GFs) are essential components of the periodontium, which are responsible for the maintenance of tissue structure and integrity. However, the physiological role of GFs is not restricted to the production and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. GFs also act as sentinel cells that modulate the immune response to oral pathogens invading the gingival tissue. As an important "nonclassical" component of the innate immune system, GFs respond to bacteria and damage-related signals by producing cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators. Although the activation of GFs supports the elimination of invading bacteria and the resolution of inflammation, their uncontrolled or excessive activation may promote inflammation and bone destruction. This occurs in periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium initiated and sustained by dysbiosis. In the inflamed gingival tissue, GFs acquire imprinted proinflammatory phenotypes that promote the growth of inflammophilic pathogens, stimulate osteoclastogenesis, and contribute to the chronicity of inflammation. In this review, we discuss the biological functions of GFs in healthy and inflamed gingival tissue, highlighting recent studies that provide insight into their role in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. We also draw parallels with the recently discovered fibroblast populations identified in other tissues and their roles in health and disease. This knowledge should be used in future studies to discover more about the role of GFs in periodontal diseases, especially chronic periodontitis, and to identify therapeutic strategies targeting their pathological interactions with oral pathogens and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Wielento
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - K.B. Lagosz-Cwik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - J. Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - A.M. Grabiec
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Kuo CH, Zhang BH, Huang SE, Hsu JH, Wang YH, Nguyen TTN, Lai CH, Yeh JL. Xanthine Derivative KMUP-1 Attenuates Experimental Periodontitis by Reducing Osteoclast Differentiation and Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:821492. [PMID: 35571109 PMCID: PMC9097136 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.821492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of gum that may predispose to serious systemic complications such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Activation of macrophages and osteoclasts around periodontal tissue can accelerate gum inflammation. In addition, alteration of cyclic nucleotide levels is associated with the severity of periodontitis. Our previous study has shown that KMUP-1, a xanthine derivative exhibiting phosphodiesterase inhibition and soluble guanylyl cyclase activation, can inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. This study was aimed to investigate whether KMUP-1 could attenuate periodontitis both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the protective effect of KMUP-1 on inflammation and osteoclastogenesis was investigated in RANKL-primed RAW264.7 cells treated by Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS (PgLPS). The results showed that KMUP-1 attenuated PgLPS-induced osteoclast differentiation as demonstrated by decreased TRAP-positive multinuclear cells and TRAP activity. This reduction of osteoclast differentiation by KMUP-1 was reversed by KT5823, a protein kinase G inhibitor. Similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels induced by PgLPS were inhibited by KMUP-1 in a dose-dependent manner whereas reversed by KT5823. Mechanistically, suppression of MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways and decrease of c-Fos and NFATc1 expression in osteoclast precursors by KMUP-1 may mediate its protective effect. In vivo, two models of periodontitis in rats were induced by gingival injections of PgLPS and ligature placement around molar teeth, respectively. Our results showed that KMUP-1 inhibited alveolar bone loss in both rat models, and this effect mediated at least partly by reduced osteoclastogenesis. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the therapeutic potential of KMUP-1 on periodontitis through suppression of inflammation and osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsiang Kuo
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ban-Hua Zhang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-En Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Hau Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Hsiung Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Thi Tuyet Ngan Nguyen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Han Lai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jwu-Lai Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jwu-Lai Yeh,
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10
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Vaillancourt K, Ben Lagha A, Grenier D. A Phenolic-rich Extract of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Beans Impairs the Pathogenic Properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Attenuates the Activation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B in a Monocyte Model. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:867793. [PMID: 35392377 PMCID: PMC8980215 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.867793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease that affects tooth-supporting tissues, is the result of a polymicrobial infection involving mainly Gram negative anaerobic bacteria. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a phenolic-rich extract of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans on the pathogenic properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is well-known as a keystone pathogen in the development of periodontitis. The effect of the cocoa extract on P. gingivalis-induced activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) transcription factor in a monocyte model was also assessed. The cocoa extract, whose major phenolic compound was epicatechin, inhibited the growth, hemolytic activity, proteolytic activities, and adherence properties (basement membrane matrix, erythrocytes) of P. gingivalis in a dose-dependent manner. It also protected the barrier function of a keratinocyte model against the deleterious effects mediated by P. gingivalis, and attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by oral keratinocytes treated with P. gingivalis. Lastly, the cocoa extract showed an anti-inflammatory property by preventing P. gingivalis-induced NF-κB activation in monocytes. In conclusion, this in vitro study highlighted the potential value of an epicatechin-rich extract of cocoa beans for preventing and/or treating periodontal diseases.
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11
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Bailly C. Toward the use ofBoesenbergia rotundaextracts and the chalcone panduratin A to treat periodontitis. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:183-192. [PMID: 35306173 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel affordable medications are needed to treat chronic periodontitis, which is one of the most common dental pathologies worldwide. Extracts prepared from the rhizome of the medicinal plant Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf., commonly known as fingerroot, are used to treat a variety of human pathologies. These extracts contain potent anti-inflammatory compounds, including the chalcone derivative panduratin A (Pa-A), which is the lead compound of a series of analogues, designated panduratins A to Y. The anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts of B. rotunda and the most abundant bioactive products found in these extracts (including Pa-A, 4-hydroxyoanduratin, isopanduratin, and others) have been reviewed. A standardized extract of the plant has promising utility in the treatment of gingival inflammation. The effects are characterized by three actions: (i) a direct antimicrobial effect against fungi and oral pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, (ii) a marked anti-inflammatory effect via a reduced production of mediators, like prostaglandin E2 and different interleukins, and (iii) a dual bone-preserving effect, with a reduction in bone resorption and an increase in bone formation. Acting as a protease inhibitor, Pa-A is one of the main active ingredients of the extract, implicated in these actions. A Pa-A-standardized extract of B. rotunda has been used in humans for treating dyspepsia. The product is safe and well-tolerated. The development of panduratin-containing dental products, for the prevention and treatment of periodontitis, has been proposed. The structural analogues, Pa-A to-Y, should also be investigated for the treatment of dental inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, Lille (Wasquehal), 59290, France
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12
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Wang T, Ishikawa T, Sasaki M, Chiba T. Oral and Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: The Central Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:822190. [PMID: 35308549 PMCID: PMC8924514 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.822190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota play many important roles, such as the regulation of immunity and barrier function in the intestine, and are crucial for maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. The disruption in microbiota is called dysbiosis, which has been associated with various chronic inflammatory conditions, food allergies, colorectal cancer, etc. The gut microbiota is also affected by several other factors such as diet, antibiotics and other medications, or bacterial and viral infections. Moreover, there are some reports on the oral-gut-liver axis indicating that the disruption of oral microbiota affects the intestinal biota. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the systemic diseases caused due to the dysregulation of the oral-gut-liver axis. NAFLD is the most common liver disease reported in the developed countries. It includes liver damage ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and cancer. Recently, accumulating evidence supports an association between NAFLD and dysbiosis of oral and gut microbiota. Periodontopathic bacteria, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis, have been correlated with the pathogenesis and development of NAFLD based on the clinical and basic research, and immunology. P. gingivalis was detected in the liver, and lipopolysaccharide from this bacteria has been shown to be involved in the progression of NAFLD, thereby indicating a direct role of P. gingivalis in NAFLD. Moreover, P. gingivalis induces dysbiosis of gut microbiota, which promotes the progression of NAFLD, through disrupting both metabolic and immunologic pathways. Here, we review the roles of microbial dysbiosis in NAFLD. Focusing on P. gingivalis, we evaluate and summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between oral-gut microbiome symbiosis and the pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as discuss novel strategies targeting both P. gingivalis and microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
- Ting Wang
| | - Taichi Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Minoru Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Toshimi Chiba
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Oral Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshimi Chiba
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13
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Marcano R, Rojo MÁ, Cordoba-Diaz D, Garrosa M. Pathological and Therapeutic Approach to Endotoxin-Secreting Bacteria Involved in Periodontal Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:533. [PMID: 34437404 PMCID: PMC8402370 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely recognized that periodontal disease is an inflammatory entity of infectious origin, in which the immune activation of the host leads to the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth. Periodontal pathogenic bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, that belongs to the complex net of oral microflora, exhibits a toxicogenic potential by releasing endotoxins, which are the lipopolysaccharide component (LPS) available in the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released into the tissues causing damage after the cell is lysed. There are three well-defined regions in the LPS: one of them, the lipid A, has a lipidic nature, and the other two, the Core and the O-antigen, have a glycosidic nature, all of them with independent and synergistic functions. Lipid A is the "bioactive center" of LPS, responsible for its toxicity, and shows great variability along bacteria. In general, endotoxins have specific receptors at the cells, causing a wide immunoinflammatory response by inducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the production of matrix metalloproteinases. This response is not coordinated, favoring the dissemination of LPS through blood vessels, as well as binding mainly to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expressed in the host cells, leading to the destruction of the tissues and the detrimental effect in some systemic pathologies. Lipid A can also act as a TLRs antagonist eliciting immune deregulation. Although bacterial endotoxins have been extensively studied clinically and in a laboratory, their effects on the oral cavity and particularly on periodontium deserve special attention since they affect the connective tissue that supports the tooth, and can be linked to advanced medical conditions. This review addresses the distribution of endotoxins associated with periodontal pathogenic bacteria and its relationship with systemic diseases, as well as the effect of some therapeutic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Marcano
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and INCYL, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - M. Ángeles Rojo
- Area of Experimental Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Damián Cordoba-Diaz
- Area of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, and IUFI, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Manuel Garrosa
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and INCYL, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
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14
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Izawa K, Okamoto-Shibayama K, Kita D, Tomita S, Saito A, Ishida T, Ohue M, Akiyama Y, Ishihara K. Taxonomic and Gene Category Analyses of Subgingival Plaques from a Group of Japanese Individuals with and without Periodontitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105298. [PMID: 34069916 PMCID: PMC8157553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammation of tooth-supporting tissues, which is caused by bacteria in the subgingival plaque (biofilm) and the host immune response. Traditionally, subgingival pathogens have been investigated using methods such as culturing, DNA probes, or PCR. The development of next-generation sequencing made it possible to investigate the whole microbiome in the subgingival plaque. Previous studies have implicated dysbiosis of the subgingival microbiome in the etiology of periodontitis. However, details are still lacking. In this study, we conducted a metagenomic analysis of subgingival plaque samples from a group of Japanese individuals with and without periodontitis. In the taxonomic composition analysis, genus Bacteroides and Mycobacterium demonstrated significantly different compositions between healthy sites and sites with periodontal pockets. The results from the relative abundance of functional gene categories, carbohydrate metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, amino acid metabolism, replication and repair showed significant differences between healthy sites and sites with periodontal pockets. These results provide important insights into the shift in the taxonomic and functional gene category abundance caused by dysbiosis, which occurs during the progression of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Izawa
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (K.I.); (T.I.); (M.O.); (Y.A.)
| | | | - Daichi Kita
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; (D.K.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Tomita
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; (D.K.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Periodontology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan; (D.K.); (S.T.); (A.S.)
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (K.I.); (T.I.); (M.O.); (Y.A.)
| | - Masahito Ohue
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (K.I.); (T.I.); (M.O.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yutaka Akiyama
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (K.I.); (T.I.); (M.O.); (Y.A.)
| | - Kazuyuki Ishihara
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan;
- Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0061, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81–3-6380−9558
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15
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Oruba Z, Gawron K, Bereta GP, Sroka A, Potempa J, Chomyszyn-Gajewska M. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy effectively reduces Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102330. [PMID: 33965605 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis possess the ability to invade host cells which prevents this pathogen from eradication by conventional periodontal therapy. Recently, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) was introduced to periodontal treatment as a complementary antibacterial method. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of toluidine blue-O (TBO) mediated aPDT on the viability of P. gingivalis invading gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes in an in vitro model of infection. METHODS Primary human gingival fibroblasts (PHGF) and telomerase immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGK) were infected with Pg ATCC 33277. Two concentrations of TBO (0.01 mg/mL, TBO-c1 and 0.001 mg/mL, TBO-c2) and a non-laser red light source (λ = 630 nm) were applied to treat both cell-adherent/intracellular Pg (the adhesion/invasion model) or exclusively the intracellular bacteria (the intracellular infection model). RESULTS The median viability of cell-adherent/intracellular Pg in infected keratinocytes declined from 1.88 × 105 cfu/mL in infected cells treated with TBO without irradiation to 40 cfu/mL upon irradiation for 10 s with TBO-c1. At higher light doses a complete photokilling of P. gingivalis was observed. Pg from exclusively intracellular infection model was also efficiently eradicated as the residual viability dropped from 1.44 × 105 cfu/mL in control samples to 160, 20 and 10 cfu/mL upon irradiation for 10, 20 and 30 s, respectively. In the infected fibroblasts irradiation significantly reduced bacterial viability but did not completely eradicate the intracellular pathogen. CONCLUSIONS Antimicrobial PDT is effective in reducing the viability of intracellular periopathogens, however those residing within gingival fibroblasts seems to attenuate the photokilling effectiveness of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Oruba
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Periodontology and Clinical Oral Pathology, Montelupich 4, 31-155, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Medyków 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz P Bereta
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Aneta Sroka
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jan Potempa
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland; University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Maria Chomyszyn-Gajewska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Chair of Periodontology and Clinical Oral Pathology, Montelupich 4, 31-155, Kraków, Poland.
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16
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Antibacterial activity of plant species used for oral health against Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239316. [PMID: 33031410 PMCID: PMC7544490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is the keystone pathogen of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease which causes tooth loss and deterioration of gingiva. Medicinal plants have been traditionally used for oral hygiene and health and might play a role as antibacterial agents against oral pathogens. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of plants used for oral hygiene or symptoms of periodontitis against P. gingivalis. We first reviewed the literature to identify plant species used for oral hygiene or symptoms of periodontitis. Then, we cross-checked this species list with our in-house library of plant extracts to select extracts for testing. Antibacterial activity tests were then performed for each plant extract against P. gingivalis, and their cytotoxicity was assessed on HaCaT cells. The selectivity index (SI) was then calculated. A total of 416 plant species belonging to 110 families and 305 genera were documented through our literature search, and 158 plant species were noted as being used by North American Native peoples Once cross-checked with the extracts contained in our library of natural products, 30 matches were identified and 21 were defined as high priority. Of the 109 extracts from 21 plant species selected and tested, 21 extracts from 11 plants had higher than 90% inhibition on P. gingivalis at 64 μg/mL and were further selected for MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) assays. Out of 21 plant extracts, 13 extracts (7 plant species) had a SI > 10. Pistacia lentiscus fruits showed the best MIC with value of 8 μg/mL, followed by Zanthoxylum armatum fruits/seeds with a MIC of 16 μg/mL. P. lentiscus fruits also showed the highest SI of 256. Most of the extracts tested present promising antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity. Further testing for biofilm eradication and examination of activity against other dental pathogens and oral commensals should be performed to confirm the potential of these extracts as antibacterial agents. Future work will focus on application of a bioassay-guided fractionation approach to isolating and identifying the most active natural products in the top performing extracts. This study can serve as a basis for their future development as ingredients for oral hygiene products.
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17
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Kalimuthu S, Cheung BP, Yau JY, Shanmugam K, Solomon AP, Neelakantan P. A Novel Small Molecule, 1,3-di-m-tolyl-urea, Inhibits and Disrupts Multispecies Oral Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1261. [PMID: 32825310 PMCID: PMC7570320 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of homeostasis between the microbial communities and the host system leads to dysbiosis in oral micro flora. DMTU (1,3-di-m-tolyl-urea) is a biocompatible compound that was shown to inhibit Streptococcus mutans biofilm by inhibiting its communication system (quorum sensing). Here, we hypothesized that DMTU is able to inhibit multispecies biofilms. We developed a multispecies oral biofilm model, comprising an early colonizer Streptococcus gordonii, a bridge colonizer Fusobacterium nucleatum, and late colonizers Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. We performed comprehensive investigations to demonstrate the effect of DMTU on planktonic cells and biofilms. Our findings showed that DMTU inhibits and disrupts multispecies biofilms without bactericidal effects. Mechanistic studies revealed a significant down regulation of biofilm and virulence-related genes in P. gingivalis. Taken together, our study highlights the potential of DMTU to inhibit polymicrobial biofilm communities and their virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthini Kalimuthu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; (S.K.); (B.P.K.C.); (J.Y.Y.Y.)
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Center of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, India;
| | - Becky P.K. Cheung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; (S.K.); (B.P.K.C.); (J.Y.Y.Y.)
| | - Joyce Y.Y. Yau
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; (S.K.); (B.P.K.C.); (J.Y.Y.Y.)
| | - Karthi Shanmugam
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Center of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, India;
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Center of Research in Infectious Diseases, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur 613401, India;
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; (S.K.); (B.P.K.C.); (J.Y.Y.Y.)
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18
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Ben Lagha A, Yang Y, Trivedi HM, Masters JG, Grenier D. A Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation attenuates the pathogenic properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis and protects gingival keratinocyte barrier function in an in vitro model. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1798044. [PMID: 32944154 PMCID: PMC7482904 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1798044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Porphyromonas gingivalis, a late colonizer of the periodontal biofilm, has been strongly associated with the chronic form of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation (aqueous solution and dentifrice) on the pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis and the barrier function of an in vitro gingival epithelium model. Results The Dual Zinc plus Arginine aqueous solution and dentifrice inhibited the hemolytic and proteolytic activities of P. gingivalis. The Dual Zinc plus Arginine aqueous solution and dentifrice enhanced the barrier function of an in vitro gingival epithelium model as determined by a time-dependent increase in transepithelial electrical resistance and decrease in paracellular permeability. This was associated with an increased immunolabeling of two important tight junction proteins: zonula occludens-1 and occludin. The deleterious effects of P. gingivalis on keratinocyte barrier function as well as the ability of the bacterium to translocate through a gingival epithelium model were attenuated in the presence of either Dual Zinc plus Arginine aqueous solution or dentifrice. Conclusions The Dual Zinc plus Arginine formulation may offer benefits for patients affected by periodontal disease through its ability to attenuate the pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis and promote keratinocyte barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ying Yang
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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19
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Fülöp T, Munawara U, Larbi A, Desroches M, Rodrigues S, Catanzaro M, Guidolin A, Khalil A, Bernier F, Barron AE, Hirokawa K, Beauregard PB, Dumoulin D, Bellenger JP, Witkowski JM, Frost E. Targeting Infectious Agents as a Therapeutic Strategy in Alzheimer's Disease. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:673-695. [PMID: 32458360 PMCID: PMC9020372 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent dementia in the world. Its cause(s) are presently largely unknown. The most common explanation for AD, now, is the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which states that the cause of AD is senile plaque formation by the amyloid β peptide, and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles by hyperphosphorylated tau. A second, burgeoning theory by which to explain AD is based on the infection hypothesis. Much experimental and epidemiological data support the involvement of infections in the development of dementia. According to this mechanism, the infection either directly or via microbial virulence factors precedes the formation of amyloid β plaques. The amyloid β peptide, possessing antimicrobial properties, may be beneficial at an early stage of AD, but becomes detrimental with the progression of the disease, concomitantly with alterations to the innate immune system at both the peripheral and central levels. Infection results in neuroinflammation, leading to, and sustained by, systemic inflammation, causing eventual neurodegeneration, and the senescence of the immune cells. The sources of AD-involved microbes are various body microbiome communities from the gut, mouth, nose, and skin. The infection hypothesis of AD opens a vista to new therapeutic approaches, either by treating the infection itself or modulating the immune system, its senescence, or the body's metabolism, either separately, in parallel, or in a multi-step way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamàs Fülöp
- Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Usma Munawara
- Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mathieu Desroches
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, Valbonne, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- BCAM, The Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Michele Catanzaro
- Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Guidolin
- BCAM, The Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - François Bernier
- Next Generation Science Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama, Japan
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo and Nito-memory Nakanosogo Hospital, Tokyo Med. Dent. University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pascale B Beauregard
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - David Dumoulin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bellenger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Eric Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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20
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Kumbar VM, Peram MR, Kugaji MS, Shah T, Patil SP, Muddapur UM, Bhat KG. Effect of curcumin on growth, biofilm formation and virulence factor gene expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Odontology 2020; 109:18-28. [PMID: 32279229 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen and major colonizer in host tissue which plays a pivotal role in periodontitis among the other polymicrobial infections. Increasing facts demonstrate that curcumin has antibacterial activity and anti-biofilm effect against the periodontopathogens through diverse mechanisms that have a positive impact on periodontal health. The present study was aimed to elucidate the effect of curcumin on biofilm formation and virulence factor gene expression of P. gingivalis. By using gene expression studies, we exploited the mechanism of anti-biofilm effects of curcumin on P. gingivalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of curcumin for both ATCC and clinical strains of P. gingivalis were found to be 62.5 and 125 µg ml-1 respectively. Curcumin prevented bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Further, curcumin attenuated the virulence of P. gingivalis by reducing the expression of genes coding for major virulence factors, including adhesions (fimA, hagA, and hagB) and proteinases (rgpA, rgpB, and kgp). The results indicated that curcumin has shown anti-biofilm as well as antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis. Further, curcumin because of its pleiotropic actions could be a simple and inexpensive therapeutic strategy in the treatment of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M Kumbar
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Near KSRP Ground, Bauxite road, Belgaum, Karnataka, 590 010, India
| | - Malleswara Rao Peram
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Near KSRP Ground, Bauxite road, Belgaum, Karnataka, 590 010, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Maratha Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Belgaum, Karnataka, 590 010, India
| | - Manohar S Kugaji
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Near KSRP Ground, Bauxite road, Belgaum, Karnataka, 590 010, India
| | - Tejas Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Vadgaon Budruk, Sinhagad Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 0 41, India
| | - Sanjivani P Patil
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Near KSRP Ground, Bauxite road, Belgaum, Karnataka, 590 010, India
| | - Uday M Muddapur
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University (Formerly Known as B.V.Bhoomaraddi College of Engineering and Technology), BVB Campus, Hubli, Karnataka, 580031, India
| | - Kishore G Bhat
- Central Research Laboratory, Maratha Mandal's Nathajirao G. Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Near KSRP Ground, Bauxite road, Belgaum, Karnataka, 590 010, India.
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21
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Gui Q, Ramsey KW, Hoffman PS, Lewis JP. Amixicile depletes the ex vivo periodontal microbiome of anaerobic bacteria. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:195-204. [PMID: 32278683 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although periodontal diseases result from overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, the effect of a specific knockdown of anaerobes on the disease outcome has yet to be examined. We have reported that amixicile, a non-toxic, readily bioavailable, and novel antimicrobial, specifically targets selected oral anaerobes through inhibition of the activity of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), a major enzyme mediating oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. METHODS Here, we generated an ex vivo microbiome derived from gingival pockets of human subjects with chronic periodontal disease and evaluated the efficacy of amixicile in generating a specific knockdown of anaerobic bacteria present in the microbiome. RESULTS Our bioinformatics analysis identified PFOR-like coding capacity in over 100 genomes available from the HOMD database. Many of those bacteria were present in our ex vivo microbiome. Significantly, the anaerobic pathogens relying on PFOR for energy generation were specifically reduced in abundance following treatment with amixicile while non-PFOR bacteria were spared. Specifically, Prevotella, Veillonella, Slackia, Porphyromonas, Treponema, Megasphera, and Atobium were reduced in abundance. Such treatment resulted in the conversion of a microbiome resembling a microbiome derived from sites with periodontal disease to one resembling a microbiome present at healthy sites. We also compared the inhibitory spectrum of amixicile to that of metronidazole and showed that the antibiotics have a similar inhibitory spectrum. CONCLUSIONS This work further demonstrates that amixicile has the potential to reverse and prevent the outgrowth of anaerobic pathogens observed in subjects with periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Gui
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, 521 North 11th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Kane W Ramsey
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, 521 North 11th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 521 North 11th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Paul S Hoffman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Janina P Lewis
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, 521 North 11th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 521 North 11th Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; Department of Biochemistry Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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22
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Horiuchi A, Kokubu E, Warita T, Ishihara K. Synergistic biofilm formation by Parvimonas micra and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Anaerobe 2020; 62:102100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Axin 1 knockdown inhibits osteoblastic apoptosis induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 112:104667. [PMID: 32092441 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is one of the pathogenic bacteria that cause periodontal diseases, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the key factor that triggers alveolar bone absorption. This study explored the action of Axin 1 on Pg-LPS-induced osteoblasts injury, so as to search a possible treatment for periodontal diseases. METHODS Rat osteoblasts were dealt with Pg-LPS and Axin 1 knockdown alone or in combination. The effect of Pg-LPS and Axin 1 on osteoblast viability and apoptosis were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry. The expressions of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Axin 1 in processed osteoblasts were measured by western blot (WB) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. Furthermore, the role of Axin 1 knockdown in the levels of inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis-related proteins were also determined. RESULTS Pg-LPS inhibited the viability of osteoblasts and promote apoptosis with concentration and time dependence. ALP expression in Pg-LPS-treated osteoblasts was reduced, while Axin 1 expression was increased. On the one hand, Axin 1 knockdown reversed the Pg-LPS-induced reduction of cell activity and pro-apoptosis effect. On the other hand, Axin 1 knockdown not only improved the ALP activity of Pg-LPS-treated cells, but also reduced the elevation of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) caused by Pg-LPS. Moreover, Pg-LPS increased the expressions of cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax, and inhibited Bcl-2 expressed, which was rescued by Axin 1 knockdown. CONCLUSION Axin 1 knockdown inhibited Pg-LPS-induced osteoblastic apoptosis by regulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines, which may be helpful for the treatment of periodontal diseases.
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24
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Xu W, Zhou W, Wang H, Liang S. Roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its virulence factors in periodontitis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 120:45-84. [PMID: 32085888 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infection-driven inflammatory disease, which is characterized by gingival inflammation and bone loss. Periodontitis is associated with various systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and reproductive system related abnormalities. Recent theory attributes the pathogenesis of periodontitis to oral microbial dysbiosis, in which Porphyromonas gingivalis acts as a critical agent by disrupting host immune homeostasis. Lipopolysaccharide, proteases, fimbriae, and some other virulence factors are among the strategies exploited by P. gingivalis to promote the bacterial colonization and facilitate the outgrowth of the surrounding microbial community. Virulence factors promote the coaggregation of P. gingivalis with other bacteria and the formation of dental biofilm. These virulence factors also modulate a variety of host immune components and subvert the immune response to evade bacterial clearance or induce an inflammatory environment. In this chapter, our focus is to discuss the virulence factors of periodontal pathogens, especially P. gingivalis, and their roles in regulating immune responses during periodontitis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, Pudong, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
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25
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Haraszthy VI, Raylae CC, Sreenivasan PK. Antimicrobial effects of a stannous fluoride toothpaste in distinct oral microenvironments. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 150:S14-S24. [PMID: 30797255 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical research has shown a relationship between microbial accumulations and oral diseases such as gingivitis and caries. The mouth harbors large densities of bacteria in distinct oral microenvironments, that is, dental plaque on teeth, saliva, and soft tissues such as the tongue, cheek, and gingiva. In this home-use study, the authors compared the effects of brushing with a newly formulated stannous fluoride toothpaste and a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice on bacteria of distinct oral microenvironments. METHODS Adult participants completed a washout phase before baseline sampling of dental plaque, saliva, and scrapings from tongue, cheek, and gingiva, which were used for microbiological analysis. Treatments were randomly assigned: test (62 participants) and control (67 participants) for twice-daily toothbrushing over 8 weeks. After 4 weeks and 8 weeks, posttreatment samples 12 hours after brushing were collected for analysis. At these posttreatment visits, participants brushed in the dental clinic, and an additional sample was collected 4 hours later for microbiological analysis. RESULTS Relative to the control, 12 hours after brushing, the test toothpaste showed greater reductions of bacteria (ranging from 14% to 27%) at the 4-week evaluation, which increased to 27% to 41% after 8 weeks of brushing. Correspondingly, 4 hours after brushing with the test toothpaste at the 4-week evaluation, there were greater reductions of bacteria in the range of 22% to 59%, which increased to a range of 33% to 61% at the 8-week assessment for participants completing the study. CONCLUSIONS The stannous fluoride toothpaste provided bacterial reductions in all oral microenvironments 12 hours after brushing. In addition, the authors observed microbial reductions 4 hours after brushing, which increased after extended use. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The results are appropriate for oral hygiene recommendations by dental professionals.
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26
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Jia L, Han N, Du J, Guo L, Luo Z, Liu Y. Pathogenesis of Important Virulence Factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis via Toll-Like Receptors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:262. [PMID: 31380305 PMCID: PMC6657652 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common intraoral infection and is inextricably linked to systemic diseases. Recently, the regulation between host immunologic response and periodontal pathogens has become a hotspot to explain the mechanism of periodontitis and related systemic diseases. Since Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) was proved as critical periodontal pathogen above all, researches focusing on the mechanism of its virulence factors have received extensive attention. Studies have shown that in the development of periodontitis, in addition to the direct release of virulent factors by periodontal pathogens to destroy periodontal tissues, over-low or over-high intrinsic immune and inflammatory response mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can lead to more lasting destruction of periodontal tissues. It is very necessary to sort out how various cytopathic factors of P. gingivalis mediate inflammation and immune responses between the host through TLRs so as to help precisely prevent, diagnose, and treat periodontitis in clinic. This review summarizes the role of three most widely studied pathogenic factors produced by P. gingivalis (lipopolysaccharide, gingipains, pili) and their interactions with TLRs at the cellular and molecular level in the progress of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jia
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Han
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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27
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Esteban‐Fernández A, Ferrer MD, Zorraquín‐Peña I, López‐López A, Moreno‐Arribas MV, Mira A. In vitro beneficial effects of
Streptococcus dentisani
as potential oral probiotic for periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 2019; 90:1346-1355. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaida Esteban‐Fernández
- Department of Biotechnology and MicrobiologyInstitute of Food Science Research (CIAL)CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Maria D. Ferrer
- Department of Health and GenomicsCenter for Advanced Research in Public HealthFISABIO Foundation Valencia Spain
| | - Irene Zorraquín‐Peña
- Department of Biotechnology and MicrobiologyInstitute of Food Science Research (CIAL)CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Arantxa López‐López
- Department of Health and GenomicsCenter for Advanced Research in Public HealthFISABIO Foundation Valencia Spain
| | - M. Victoria Moreno‐Arribas
- Department of Biotechnology and MicrobiologyInstitute of Food Science Research (CIAL)CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and GenomicsCenter for Advanced Research in Public HealthFISABIO Foundation Valencia Spain
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28
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Aliko A, Kamińska M, Bergum B, Gawron K, Benedyk M, Lamont RJ, Malicki S, Delaleu N, Potempa J, Mydel P. Impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis Peptidylarginine Deiminase on Bacterial Biofilm Formation, Epithelial Cell Invasion, and Epithelial Cell Transcriptional Landscape. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14144. [PMID: 30237466 PMCID: PMC6147916 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) is a virulence factor unique to pathogenic Porphyromonas species, especially P. gingivalis. Mechanistically, PPAD activity, in conjunction with Arg-specific gingipains, generates protein fragments with citrullinated C-termini. Such polypeptides are potential de novo epitopes that are key drivers of rheumatoid arthritis. This process could underlie the observed clinical association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. However, the role of PPAD in host colonization by P. gingivalis and, subsequently, in triggering periodontitis is not known. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to delineate the role of PPAD in bacterial biofilm formation, and to define whether adherence to, invasion of, and host responses to bacteria of gingival keratinocytes depend on PPAD activity. We studied these aspects using PPAD-competent and PPAD-incompetent strains of P. gingivalis, and demonstrated that neither biofilm formation nor its composition was affected by PPAD activity. Similarly, flow cytometry revealed that PPAD did not impact the ability of P. gingivalis to adhere to and, subsequently, invade keratinocytes. Network analyses of gene expression patterns, however, revealed a group of host genes that were sensitive to PPAD activity (CXCL8, IL36G, CCL20, and IL1B). These genes can be categorized as potent immune modulators belonging to the interleukin 1 system, or chemoattractants of lymphocytes and neutrophils. Thus, we conclude that PPAD, although it is a potent modulator of the immune response, does not affect bacterial biofilm formation or the ability of P. gingivalis to adhere to and invade gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardita Aliko
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marta Kamińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Brith Bergum
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Benedyk
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Richard J Lamont
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Stanisław Malicki
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
- University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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29
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Lee JY, Miller DP, Wu L, Casella CR, Hasegawa Y, Lamont RJ. Maturation of the Mfa1 Fimbriae in the Oral Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:137. [PMID: 29868494 PMCID: PMC5954841 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mfa1 fimbriae of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis are involved in adhesion, including binding to synergistic species in oral biofilms. Mfa1 fimbriae are comprised of 5 proteins: the structural component Mfa1, the anchor Mfa2, and Mfa3-5 which constitute the fimbrial tip complex. Interactions among the Mfa proteins and the polymerization mechanism for Mfa1 are poorly understood. Here we show that Mfa3 can bind to Mfa1, 2, 4, and 5 in vitro, and may function as an adaptor protein interlinking other fimbrial subunits. Polymerization of Mfa1 is independent of Mfa3-5 and requires proteolytic processing mediated by the RgpA/B arginine gingipains of P. gingivalis. Both the N- and C- terminal regions of Mfa1 are necessary for polymerization; however, potential β-strand disrupting amino acid substitutions in these regions do not impair Mfa1 polymerization. In contrast, substitution of hydrophobic amino acids with charged residues in either the N- or C- terminal domains yielded Mfa1 proteins that failed to polymerize. Collectively, these results indicate that Mfa3 serves as an adaptor protein between Mfa1 and other accessory fimbrial proteins. Mfa1 fimbrial polymerization is dependent on hydrophobicity in both the N- and C-terminal regions, indicative of an assembly mechanism involving the terminal regions forming a hydrophobic binding interface between Mfa1 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Y Lee
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Leng Wu
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Carolyn R Casella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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30
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Lagha AB, Groeger S, Meyle J, Grenier D. Green tea polyphenols enhance gingival keratinocyte integrity and protect against invasion by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4961135. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ben Lagha
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, 2420 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Oral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval, 2420 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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31
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Laosuwan K, Epasinghe DJ, Wu Z, Leung WK, Green DW, Jung HS. Comparison of biofilm formation and migration of Streptococcus mutans on tooth roots and titanium miniscrews. Clin Exp Dent Res 2018; 4:40-47. [PMID: 29744214 PMCID: PMC5893475 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis and peri‐implantitis are inflammatory diseases caused by periodontal pathogenic bacteria leading to destruction of supporting periodontal/peri‐implant tissue. However, the progression of inflammatory process of these two diseases is different. The bacterial biofilm is the source of bacteria during the inflammatory process. As the bacteria migrate down the surface of tooth or titanium implant, the inflammation spreads along with it. Streptococcus mutans has an important role in oral bacterial biofilm formation in early stage biofilm before the microbiota shift to late stage and become more virulent. The other major difference is the existence of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in normal teeth but not in peri‐implant tissue. This study aims to compare the S. mutans bacterial biofilm formation and migration on 2 different surfaces, tooth root and titanium miniscrew. The biofilm was grown with a flow cells system to imitate the oral dynamic system with PDL cells. The migration distances were measured, and the biofilm morphology was observed. Data showed that the biofilm formation on miniscrew was slower than those on tooth root at 24 hr. However, there were no difference in the morphology of the biofilm formed on the tooth root with those formed on the miniscrew at both 24 and 48 hr. The biofilm migration rate was significantly faster on miniscrew surface compare with those on tooth root when observe at 48 hr (p < .001). There are no significant differences in biofilm migration within miniscrew group and tooth root group despite the exiting of PDL cell (p > .05). The biofilm's migration rate differences on various surfaces could be one of the factors accounting for the different inflammatory progression between periodontitis and peri‐implantitis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipong Laosuwan
- Applied Oral sciences, Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | | | - Zhaoming Wu
- Applied Oral sciences, Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | | | - Han Sung Jung
- Applied Oral sciences, Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,Dept of Oral Biology Yonsei University College of Dentistry Korea
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32
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Bugueno IM, Batool F, Korah L, Benkirane-Jessel N, Huck O. Porphyromonas gingivalis Differentially Modulates Apoptosome Apoptotic Peptidase Activating Factor 1 in Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:404-416. [PMID: 29154960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is able to invade and modulate host-immune response to promote its survival. This bacterium modulates the cell cycle and programed cell death, contributing to periodontal lesion worsening. Several molecular pathways have been identified as key triggers of apoptosis, including apoptosome apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1 (APAF-1). Apaf-1 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (Xiap) mRNA were differentially expressed between gingival samples harvested from human healthy and chronic periodontitis tissues (Apaf-1, 19.2-fold; caspase-9, 14.5-fold; caspase-3, 6.8-fold; Xiap: 2.5-fold in chronic periodontitis) (P < 0.05), highlighting their potential role in periodontitis. An increased proteic expression of APAF-1 was also observed in a murine experimental periodontitis model induced by P. gingivalis-soaked ligatures. In vitro, it was observed that P. gingivalis targets APAF-1, XIAP, caspase-3, and caspase-9, to inhibit epithelial cell death at both mRNA and protein levels. Opposite effect was observed in fibroblasts in which P. gingivalis increased cell death and apoptosis. To assess if the observed effects were associated to APAF-1, epithelial cells and fibroblasts were transfected with siRNA targeting Apaf-1. Herein, we confirmed that APAF-1 is targeted by P. gingivalis in both cell types. This study identified APAF-1 apoptosome and XIAP as intracellular targets of P. gingivalis, contributing to the deterioration of periodontal lesion through an increased persistence of the bacteria within tissues and the subversion of host-immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Bugueno
- INSERM 1260 Regenerative Nanomedicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Fareeha Batool
- INSERM 1260 Regenerative Nanomedicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Linda Korah
- INSERM 1260 Regenerative Nanomedicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadia Benkirane-Jessel
- INSERM 1260 Regenerative Nanomedicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Huck
- INSERM 1260 Regenerative Nanomedicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Faculty of Dental Surgery, Periodontology, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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33
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Miller DP, Hutcherson JA, Wang Y, Nowakowska ZM, Potempa J, Yoder-Himes DR, Scott DA, Whiteley M, Lamont RJ. Genes Contributing to Porphyromonas gingivalis Fitness in Abscess and Epithelial Cell Colonization Environments. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:378. [PMID: 28900609 PMCID: PMC5581868 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important cause of serious periodontal diseases, and is emerging as a pathogen in several systemic conditions including some forms of cancer. Initial colonization by P. gingivalis involves interaction with gingival epithelial cells, and the organism can also access host tissues and spread haematogenously. To better understand the mechanisms underlying these properties, we utilized a highly saturated transposon insertion library of P. gingivalis, and assessed the fitness of mutants during epithelial cell colonization and survival in a murine abscess model by high-throughput sequencing (Tn-Seq). Transposon insertions in many genes previously suspected as contributing to virulence showed significant fitness defects in both screening assays. In addition, a number of genes not previously associated with P. gingivalis virulence were identified as important for fitness. We further examined fitness defects of four such genes by generating defined mutations. Genes encoding a carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, a replication-associated recombination protein, a nitrosative stress responsive HcpR transcription regulator, and RNase Z, a zinc phosphodiesterase, showed a fitness phenotype in epithelial cell colonization and in a competitive abscess infection. This study verifies the importance of several well-characterized putative virulence factors of P. gingivalis and identifies novel fitness determinants of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Miller
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Justin A Hutcherson
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Zuzanna M Nowakowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian UniversityKrakow, Poland
| | | | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
| | - Marvin Whiteley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at AustinAustin, TX, United States
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of LouisvilleLouisville, KY, United States
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Li J, Ke X, Yan F, Lei L, Li H. Necroptosis in the periodontal homeostasis: Signals emanating from dying cells. Oral Dis 2017; 24:900-907. [PMID: 28763140 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal tissues are constantly exposed to microbial stimuli. The equilibrium between microbes and host defense system helps maintain the homeostasis in the periodontal microenvironment. Growth of pathogenic bacteria in dental biofilms may induce proinflammatory cytokine production to recruit sentinel cells, mainly neutrophils and monocytes into the gingival sulcus or the periodontal pocket. Moreover, dysbiosis with overgrowth of anaerobic pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, may induce death of both immune cells and host resident cells. Necroptosis is one newly characterized programmed cell death mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)-1, RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase like (MLKL). With its release of death-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) into extracellular environment, necroptosis may help transmit the danger signal and amplify the inflammatory responses. In this review, we present recent advances on how necroptosis influences bacterial infection progression and what a role necroptosis plays in maintaining the homeostasis in the periodontal niche. Until we fully decipher the signals emanated from dying cells, we cannot completely understand the mechanism of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - X Ke
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - F Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Lei
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Geng F, Liu J, Guo Y, Li C, Wang H, Wang H, Zhao H, Pan Y. Persistent Exposure to Porphyromonas gingivalis Promotes Proliferative and Invasion Capabilities, and Tumorigenic Properties of Human Immortalized Oral Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:57. [PMID: 28286742 PMCID: PMC5323389 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies revealed a significant association between oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontal disease. As a keystone pathogen of periodontitis, P. gingivalis is known not only to damage local periodontal tissues, but also to evade the host immune system and eventually affect systemic health. However, its role in OSCC has yet to be defined. To explore the underlying effect of chronic P. gingivalis infection on OSCC and to identify relevant biomarkers as promising targets for therapy and prevention, we established a novel model by exposing human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs) to P. gingivalis at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) for 5–23 weeks. The P. gingivalis infected HIOECs were monitored for tumor biological alteration by proliferation, wound healing, transwell invasion, and gelatin zymography assays. Microarray and proteomic analyses were performed on HIOECs infected with P. gingivalis for 15 weeks, and some selected data were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and (or) western blot on cells infected for 15 and 23 weeks. Persistent exposure to P. gingivalis caused cell morphological changes, increased proliferation ability with higher S phase fraction in the cell cycle, and promoted cell migratory and invasive properties. In combining results of bioinformatics analyses and validation assays, tumor-related genes such as NNMT, FLI1, GAS6, lncRNA CCAT1, PDCD1LG2, and CD274 may be considered as the key regulators in tumor-like transformation in response to long-time exposure of P. gingivalis. In addition, some useful clinical biomarkers and novel proteins were also presented. In conclusion, P. gingivalis could promote tumorigenic properties of HIOECs, indicating that chronic P. gingivalis infection may be considered as a potential risk factor for oral cancer. The key regulators detected from the present model might be used in monitoring the development of OSCC with chronic periodontal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxue Geng
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Junchao Liu
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key laboratory of Liaoning Province Oral Disease, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Department of Medicine, the Center for Immunity, Inflammation & Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Haijiao Zhao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China; Department of Oral Biology, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
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36
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Selective killing of pathogens by laser is possible due to the difference in absorption of photon energy by pathogens and host tissues. The optical properties of pathogenic microorganisms are used along with the known optical properties of soft tissues in calculations of the laser-induced thermal response of pathogen colonies embedded in a tissue model. The objective is to define the laser parameters that optimize pathogen destruction and depth of the bactericidal effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS The virtual periodontium is a computational model of the optical and time-dependent thermal properties of infected periodontal tissues. The model simulates the periodontal procedure: Laser Sulcular Debridement.1 Virtual pathogen colonies are placed at different depths in the virtual periodontium to determine the depth for effective bactericidal effects given various laser parameters (wavelength, peak power, pulse duration, scan rate, fluence rate) and differences in pathogen sensitivities. RESULTS Accumulated background heat from multiple passes increases the depth of the bactericidal effect. In visible and near-IR wavelengths the large difference in absorption between normal soft tissue and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) results in selective destruction. Diode laser (810 nm) efficacy and depth of the bactericidal effect are variable and dependent on hemin availability. Both pulsed-Nd:YAG and the 810 nm diode lasers achieve a 2-3 mm deep damage zone for pigmented Pg and Pi in soft tissue without surface damage (selective photoantisepsis). The model predicts no selectivity for the Er:YAG laser (2,940 nm). Depth of the bactericidal effect is highly dependent on pathogen absorption coefficient. Highly sensitive pathogens may be destroyed as deep as 5-6 mm in soft tissue. Short pulse durations enable confinement of the thermal event to the target. Temporal selectivity is achieved by adjusting pulse duration based on target size. CONCLUSION The scatter-limited phototherapy model of the infected periodontium is applied to develop a proper dosimetry for selective photoantisepsis. Dosimetry planning is essential to the development of a new treatment modality. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:763-773, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Harris
- Biomedical Consultants & Associates, Inc., Paradise, California 95969.
| | - Lou Reinisch
- Academic Affairs, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York 11568
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