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Memesh R, Yasir M, Ledder RG, Zowawi H, McBain AJ, Azhar EI. An update on the prevalence of colistin and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in aquaculture: an emerging threat to public health. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxad288. [PMID: 38059867 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture has been recognized as a hotspot for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes conferring resistance to clinically important antibiotics. This review gives insights into studies investigating the prevalence of colistin and carbapenem resistance (CCR) among Gram-negative bacilli in aquaculture. Overall, a high incidence of CCR has been reported in aquatic farms in several countries, with CCR being more prevalent among opportunistic human pathogens such as Acinetobacter nosocomialis, Shewanella algae, Photobacterium damselae, Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., as well as members of Enterobacteriaceae family. A high proportion of isolates in these studies exhibited wide-spectrum profiles of antimicrobial resistance, highlighting their multidrug-resistance properties (MDR). Several mobile colistin resistance genes (including, mcr-1, mcr-1.1, mcr-2, mcr-2.1, mcr-3, mcr-3.1, mcr-4.1, mcr-4.3, mcr-5.1, mcr-6.1, mcr-7.1, mcr-8.1, and mcr-10.1) and carbapenemase encoding genes (including, blaOXA-48, blaOXA-55, blaNDM, blaKPC, blaIMI, blaAIM, blaVIM, and blaIMP) have been detected in aquatic farms in different countries. The majority of these were carried on MDR Incompatibility (Inc) plasmids including IncA/C, and IncX4, which have been associated with a wide host range of different sources. Thus, there is a risk for the possible spread of resistance genes between fish, their environments, and humans. These findings highlight the need to monitor and regulate the usage of antimicrobials in aquaculture. A multisectoral and transdisciplinary (One Health) approach is urgently needed to reduce the spread of resistant bacteria and/or resistance genes originating in aquaculture and avoid their global reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roa Memesh
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruth G Ledder
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hosam Zowawi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Science (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J McBain
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ghozzi K, Nakbi A, Challouf R, Dhiab RB. A review on microbial contamination cases in Tunisian coastal marine areas. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:2142-2158. [PMID: 37186620 PMCID: wst_2023_123 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbial pollution in marine environments is one of the critical issues with regard to the sanitary status of recreational activities and seafood harvesting due to a potential contamination by pathogenic microorganisms. This review's objectives were to identify instances of bacterial, viral and protozoan parasite pollution in the Tunisian coastal region and to make recommendations for further research. Fecal indicators such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were detected in samples of clams and mussels. Vibrionaceae species were also recorded in seawater, sediment, fish and clams in different sites from north to south with the dominance of Vibrio alginolyticus. Bivalve mollusks collected from the Tunisian coast have been revealed to harbor viruses as well as protozoan parasites. Furthermore, the isolation of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains from Tunisian coastlines proves the significant spread and circulation of antibiotic resistance caused by the massive use of antibiotics. In conclusion, we suggest intensive monitoring and cutting-edge wastewater treatment technologies to enhance seawater quality and preserve the biodiversity of aquatic life. Rapid detection techniques for the most important pathogenic microorganisms in seafood and seawater must be also developed to reduce human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khemissa Ghozzi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Monastir, Tunisie E-mail:
| | - Amel Nakbi
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Monastir, Tunisie E-mail:
| | - Rafika Challouf
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Monastir, Tunisie E-mail:
| | - Rym Ben Dhiab
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité Marine, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, Monastir, Tunisie E-mail:
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Jallouli S, Buonerba A, Borea L, Hasan SW, Belgiorno V, Ksibi M, Naddeo V. Living membrane bioreactor for highly effective and eco-friendly treatment of textile wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161963. [PMID: 36737022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The treatability of synthetic textile wastewater containing model dyes, such as reactive black and direct black dye (25.0 ± 2.6 mgdye/L), with chemical oxygen demand (COD, 1000 ± 113 mg/L), ammonia‑nitrogen (NH3-N, 140 ± 97 mg/L) and sulphate ions (SO₄2-, 1357 ± 10.86 mg/L) was investigated in this study using an innovative living membrane bioreactor (LMBR) using an encapsulated self-forming dynamic membrane (ESFDM). The key advantage of ESFDMBR is the self-forming of the biological filtering layer protected between two meshes of inert robust and inexpensive material. A laboratory scale bioreactor (BR) equipped with a filtering unit mounting polyester meshes with a pore size of 30 μm, operated at an influent flux of 30 LMH was thus used. After the formation of the biological living membrane (LM), the treatment significantly reduced COD and DOC concentrations to the average values of 34 ± 10 mg/L and 32 ± 7 mg/L, corresponding to reduction efficiencies of 96.0 ± 1.1 % and 94 ± 1.05 %, respectively. Throughout the LMBR operation, the colours were successfully removed from synthetic textile wastewater with an overall removal efficiency of about 85.0 ± 1.8 and 86.0 ± 1.9 % for direct and reactive dyes, respectively. In addition, the proposed system was also found effective in affording removal efficiency of ammonia (NH3) of 97 ± 0.5 %. Finally, this treatment afforded circa 40.7 ± 5.8 % sulphate removal, with a final concentration value of 805 ± 78.61 mg/L. The innovative living membrane, based on an encapsulated self-forming dynamic membrane allows a prolonged containment of the membrane fouling, confirmed by investigating the concentration of membrane fouling precursors and the time-course variations of turbidity and transmembrane pressure (TMP). Those final concentrations of wastewater pollutants were found to be below the limits for admission of the effluents in public sanitation networks in Italy and Tunisia, as representative countries for the regulation in force in Europe and North Africa. In conclusion, due to the low costs of plant and maintenance, the simple applicability, the rapid online implementation, the application of LMBR results in a promising method for the treatment of textile wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Jallouli
- Université de Sfax, Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie, GEET-ENIS, Route de Soukra km 4, Po. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Buonerba
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Laura Borea
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; ASIS Salernitana Reti e Impianti SpA, via Tommaso Prudenza CPS 12, 84131 Salerno, SA, Italy
| | - Shadi W Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, PO Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vincenzo Belgiorno
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Mohamed Ksibi
- Université de Sfax, Laboratoire de Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie, GEET-ENIS, Route de Soukra km 4, Po. Box 1173, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
| | - Vincenzo Naddeo
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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Bacteriological Investigation and Drug Resistance Analysis of Chronic Refractory Wound Secretions: A Clinical Study. J Craniofac Surg 2022; 33:2028-2030. [PMID: 35045013 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic refractory wounds were common and the treatments were complicated for burn and plastic surgeons. This study was to investigate the bacterial distribution characteristics and bacterial drug resistance of chronic refractory wound secretions. METHODS The authors retrospectively analyzed 425 patients with chronic refractory wound infection. The results of bacterial culture of wound secretions and drug sensitivity test were retrospectively analyzed. Further, the location area of the wound was divided into 4 regions, and the difference of the bacterial culture results between different regions was analyzed. RESULTS The wound secretions were cultured into 401 bacterial strains, including 206 gram-positive bacteria strains, accounting for 51.4%, with the highest detection rate of Staphylococcus aureus at 26.2% (105/401). There were 195 gram-negative bacteria strains, accounting for 48.6%, with the highest detection rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 14.2% (57/401). There were 6 fungal strains. The proportion of gram-negative bacteria in the III region of the wound zone was significantly greater than that in the other 3 regions. CONCLUSIONS The detection rate of gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria of chronic refractory wound secretions is not much different. However, in the area close to the perineum (III region), gram-negative bacteria is significantly higher, which has a certain reference value for the use of antibiotics in clinical practice.Level of evidence: Level 4.
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Smith DS, Houck C, Lee A, Simmons TB, Chester ON, Esdaile A, Symes SJK, Giles DK. Polyunsaturated fatty acids cause physiological and behavioral changes in Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio fischeri. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1237. [PMID: 34713610 PMCID: PMC8494716 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio (Aliivibrio) fischeri are Gram-negative bacteria found globally in marine environments. During the past decade, studies have shown that certain Gram-negative bacteria, including Vibrio species (cholerae, parahaemolyticus, and vulnificus) are capable of using exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to modify the phospholipids of their membrane. Moreover, exposure to exogenous PUFAs has been shown to affect certain phenotypes that are important factors of virulence. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether V. alginolyticus and V. fischeri are capable of responding to exogenous PUFAs by remodeling their membrane phospholipids and/or altering behaviors associated with virulence. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analyses and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-MS) confirmed incorporation of all PUFAs into membrane phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Several growth phenotypes were identified when individual fatty acids were supplied in minimal media and as sole carbon sources. Interestingly, several PUFAs acids inhibited growth of V. fischeri. Significant alterations to membrane permeability were observed depending on fatty acid supplemented. Strikingly, arachidonic acid (20:4) reduced membrane permeability by approximately 35% in both V. alginolyticus and V. fischeri. Biofilm assays indicated that fatty acid influence was dependent on media composition and temperature. All fatty acids caused decreased swimming motility in V. alginolyticus, while only linoleic acid (18:2) significantly increased swimming motility in V. fischeri. In summary, exogenous fatty acids cause a variety of changes in V. alginolyticus and V. fischeri, thus adding these bacteria to a growing list of Gram-negatives that exhibit versatility in fatty acid utilization and highlighting the potential for environmental PUFAs to influence phenotypes associated with planktonic, beneficial, and pathogenic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Smith
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
| | - Carina Houck
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
| | - Allycia Lee
- Department of Chemistry and PhysicsThe University of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
| | - Timothy B. Simmons
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
| | - Olivia N. Chester
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
| | - Ayanna Esdaile
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
| | - Steven J. K. Symes
- Department of Chemistry and PhysicsThe University of Tennessee at ChattanoogaChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
| | - David K. Giles
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental ScienceChattanoogaTennesseeUSA
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Methneni N, González JAM, Van Loco J, Anthonissen R, de Maele JV, Verschaeve L, Fernandez-Serrano M, Mansour HB. Ecotoxicity profile of heavily contaminated surface water of two rivers in Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 82:103550. [PMID: 33227413 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic and inorganic contaminants generated by industrial effluent wastes poses a threat to the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems and public health. The Khniss and Hamdoun rivers, located in the central-east of Tunisia, receive regularly domestic and textile wastewater load. The present study aimed to survey the water quality of these rivers using physicochemical, analytical and toxicological approaches. In the physicochemical analysis, the recorded levels of COD and TSS in both samples exceed the Tunisian standards. Using the analytical approach, several metals and some textile dyes were detected. Indeed, 17 metals were detected in both samples in varying concentrations, which do not exceed the Tunisian standards. The sources of metals pollution can be of natural and anthropogenic origin. Three textile disperse dyes were detected with high levels compared to other studies: the disperse orange 37 was detected in the Khniss river with a concentration of 6.438 μg/L and the disperse red 1 and the disperse yellow 3 were detected in the Hamdoun river with concentrations of 3.873 μg/L and 1895 μg/L, respectively. Textile activities were the major sources of disperse dyes. For both samples, acute and chronic ecotoxicity was observed in all the studied organisms, however, no genotoxic activity was detected. The presence of metals and textile disperse dyes could be associated with the ecotoxicological effects observed in the river waters, in particular due to the industrial activity, a fact that could deteriorate the ecosystem and therefore threaten the human health of the population living in the study areas. Combining chemical and biological approaches, allowed the detection of water ecotoxicity in testing organisms and the identification of possible contributors to the toxicity observed in these multi-stressed water reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosra Methneni
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment-APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Laboratory of Chemical Residues and Contaminants, Direction of Food Medicines and Consumer Safety, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joris Van Loco
- Laboratory of Chemical Residues and Contaminants, Direction of Food Medicines and Consumer Safety, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roel Anthonissen
- Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Luc Verschaeve
- Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment-APAE (UR17ES32) Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Li L, Su YB, Peng B, Peng XX, Li H. Metabolic mechanism of colistin resistance and its reverting in Vibrio alginolyticus. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4295-4313. [PMID: 32291842 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colistin is a last-line antibiotic against Gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria, but the increased resistance poses a huge challenge to this drug. However, the mechanisms underlying such resistance are largely unexplored. The present study first identified the mutations of two genes encoding AceF subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and TetR family transcriptional regulator in colistin-resistant Vibrio alginolyticus (VA-RCT ) through genome sequencing. Then, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy-based metabolomics was adopted to investigate metabolic responses since PDH plays a role in central carbon metabolism. Colistin resistance was associated with the reduction of the central carbon metabolism and energy metabolism, featuring the alteration of the pyruvate cycle, a recently characterized energy-producing cycle. Metabolites in the pyruvate cycle reprogramed colistin-resistant metabolome to colistin-sensitive metabolome, resulting in increased gene expression, enzyme activity or protein abundance of the cycle and sodium-translocating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. This reprogramming promoted the production of the proton motive force that enhances the binding between colistin and lipid A in lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, this metabolic approach was effective against VA-RCT in vitro and in vivo as well as other clinical isolates. These findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism of colistin resistance and develop a metabolome-reprogramming approach to promote colistin efficiency to combat with colistin-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu-Bin Su
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Xuan-Xian Peng
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hui Li
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Chen C, Kang C, Rong N, Wu N, Chen C, Wu S, Zhang X, Liu X. Evaluation of Immunogenicity, Protective Immunity on Aquaculture Pathogenic Vibrio and Fermentation of Vibrio alginolyticus Flagellin FlaC Protein. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 17:e2628. [PMID: 32195288 PMCID: PMC7080974 DOI: 10.29252/ijb.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Vibrio are the main pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture. The flagellin protein C (FlaC) of Vibrio alginolyticus
has good immunogenicity and the prospect of potential application in a vaccine. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity, protective immunity, and prokaryotic expression fermentation of V. alginolyticus FlaC protein for the vaccine in aquaculture. Material and Methods: A molecular cloning method was used to construct the expression strain of FlaC protein, and the protein was purified with Ni-affinity
chromatography. Polyclonal antiserum was prepared via mice immunized with the FlaC protein. The Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) were used to check the specificity and titre of the antiserum. ELISA and pull-down assay detected the interaction between
FlaC protein antiserum and Vibrio. The immune protection function of FlaC protein was detected with mice actively immunized with FlaC
protein and challenged by V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus. The optimal expression conditions for FlaC protein
were detected using an L9(34) orthogonal design model. Results: The expression strain of FlaC protein was obtained successfully, and purified FlaC protein was prepared using a mice polyclonal antibody.
The FlaC protein antiserum held a high specificity, and the titre was 13200. The antiserum directly interacted with V. alginolyticus
and V. parahaemolyticus, and the FlaC protein demonstrated a significant immune protection function (50%) against
V. alginolyticus infection and some immune protection function (41.66%) against V. parahaemolyticus.
The optimal expression conditions for FlaC protein included a strain OD600 value of 0.8, final isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG)
concentration of 0.1 mmol/L, an inducing time of 8 hours, and an inducing temperature of 28°C. Conclusions: This study showed that the FlaC protein possesses a significant immunogenicity and immune protection effect and obtained the optimal fermentation
conditions. It is expected to be a potential vaccine against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Chinese-German joint Institute for natural product research / Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Tall Gastrodia Tuber and Medical Dogwood / College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Chinese-German joint Institute for natural product research / Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Tall Gastrodia Tuber and Medical Dogwood / College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Na Rong
- Chinese-German joint Institute for natural product research / Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Tall Gastrodia Tuber and Medical Dogwood / College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Nana Wu
- Chinese-German joint Institute for natural product research / Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Tall Gastrodia Tuber and Medical Dogwood / College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Chunlin Chen
- Chinese-German joint Institute for natural product research / Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Tall Gastrodia Tuber and Medical Dogwood / College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Sanqiao Wu
- Chinese-German joint Institute for natural product research / Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Tall Gastrodia Tuber and Medical Dogwood / College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Chinese-German joint Institute for natural product research / Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Tall Gastrodia Tuber and Medical Dogwood / College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China.,Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology University of Minho, Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Xiang Liu
- Chinese-German joint Institute for natural product research / Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Tall Gastrodia Tuber and Medical Dogwood / College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
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