1
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Wang X, Bi J, Yang Y, Li L, Zhang R, Li Y, Cheng M, Li W, Yang G, Lin Y, Liu J, Yin G. RACK1 promotes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in Marc-145 cells through ERK1/2 activation. Virology 2023; 588:109886. [PMID: 37806007 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an acute infectious disease that spreads rapidly among pigs and seriously threatens the pig industry. Activation of ERK1/2 is a hallmark of most viral infections. RACK1 interacts with a variety of kinases and membrane receptors that closely associated with viral infections and the development and progression of cancer. However, no studies have clearly defined whether RACK1 can regulate PRRSV infection through ERK1/2 activation. In our study, using RT-qPCR, immunoblotting, indirect fluorescent staining, siRNA knockdown and protein overexpression techniques, we found that downregulation of cellular RACK1 inhibited ERK1/2 activation and subsequently suppressed PRRSV infection, while overexpression of RACK1 enhanced ERK1/2 activation and PRRSV infection. Bioinformatic and Co-immunoprecipitation experimental analysis revealed that cellular RACK1 could interact with viral N protein to exert its function. We elaborated that RACK1 promoted PRRSV replication in Marc-145 cells through ERK1/2 activation. Our study provides new insights into regulating the innate antiviral immune responses during PRRSV infection and contributes to further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying PRRSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxian Wang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Junlong Bi
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Lijun Li
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Runting Zhang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yongneng Li
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Meiling Cheng
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenying Li
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Guishu Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17176, Sweden
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Gefen Yin
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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2
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Sardana S, Singh KP, Saminathan M, Vineetha S, Panda S, Dinesh M, Maity M, Varshney R, Sulabh S, Sahoo M, Dutt T. Effect of inhibition of Toll-like receptor 3 signaling on pathogenesis of rabies virus in mouse model. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106589. [PMID: 35809612 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease with inevitably fatal outcome. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) could sense dsRNA viral infections, and implicated in pathogenesis of rabies and Negri bodies (NBs) formation. Present study was undertaken to elucidate the role of TLR3 in pathogenesis, NBs formation, and therapeutic potential of blocking TLR3/dsRNA interaction in rabies infection. Young Swiss albino mice were infected with 100 LD50 of street rabies virus (SRABV) intracerebrally (i/c) on day 0 and treated with 30 μg of CU CPT 4a (selective TLR3 inhibitor) i/c on 0, 3 and 5 days post-infection (DPI). Three mice each were sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 DPI to study sequential pathological consequences through histopathology, Seller's staining, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL assay, flow cytometry, and viral and cytokine genes quantification by real-time PCR. CU CPT 4a inhibited TLR3 expression resulted in delayed development and decreased intensity of clinical signs and pathological lesions, low viral load, significantly reduced NBs formation, and increased survival time in SRABV-infected mice. These parameters suggested that TLR3 did influence the SRABV replication and NBs formation. Inhibition of TLR3 led to decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons indicated an anti-inflammatory effect of CU CPT 4a during SRABV infection. Further, TLR3-inhibited group revealed normal CD4+/CD8+ T-cells ratio with less TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells indicated that immune cell kinetics are not affected during TLR3-inhibition. SRABV-infected and mock-treated mice were developed severe clinical signs and histopathological lesions, more NBs formation, high viral load, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in brain, which were correlated with higher expression levels of TLR3. In conclusion, these data suggested that TLR3/dsRNA signaling pathway could play critical role in pathogenesis of SRABV infection in vivo and opens up new avenues of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sardana
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Mani Saminathan
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sobharani Vineetha
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shibani Panda
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Murali Dinesh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulina Maity
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajat Varshney
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sourabh Sulabh
- Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- ICAR- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Khordha, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Richards A, Berth SH, Brady S, Morfini G. Engagement of Neurotropic Viruses in Fast Axonal Transport: Mechanisms, Potential Role of Host Kinases and Implications for Neuronal Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:684762. [PMID: 34234649 PMCID: PMC8255969 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.684762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown about mechanisms sustaining the various stages in the life cycle of neurotropic viruses. An understanding of those mechanisms operating before their replication and propagation could advance the development of effective anti-viral strategies. Here, we review our current knowledge of strategies used by neurotropic viruses to undergo bidirectional movement along axons. We discuss how the invasion strategies used by specific viruses might influence their mode of interaction with selected components of the host’s fast axonal transport (FAT) machinery, including specialized membrane-bounded organelles and microtubule-based motor proteins. As part of this discussion, we provide a critical evaluation of various reported interactions among viral and motor proteins and highlight limitations of some in vitro approaches that led to their identification. Based on a large body of evidence documenting activation of host kinases by neurotropic viruses, and on recent work revealing regulation of FAT through phosphorylation-based mechanisms, we posit a potential role of host kinases on the engagement of viruses in retrograde FAT. Finally, we briefly describe recent evidence linking aberrant activation of kinase pathways to deficits in FAT and neuronal degeneration in the context of human neurodegenerative diseases. Based on these findings, we speculate that neurotoxicity elicited by viral infection may involve deregulation of host kinases involved in the regulation of FAT and other cellular processes sustaining neuronal function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsia Richards
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sarah H Berth
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Scott Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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4
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Brito CVB, Rodrigues ÉDL, Martins FMS, Tavares LD, Lima ALDSN, Ferreira LC, Santana CJL, de Brito JAGDSM, Casseb LMN, Diniz JAP. Immunological impact of tetrahydrobiopterin on the central nervous system in a murine model of rabies virus infection. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2021; 63:e28. [PMID: 33852711 PMCID: PMC8046507 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202163028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the Milwaukee protocol presents healing results in human beings affected by the rabies virus. However, there are many points to clarify on the action of drugs and the immune mechanism involved in the evolution of the disease. One of the drugs used is biopterin, which is an important cofactor for nitric oxide, important for preventing vasospasm. Thus, we describe the effect of biopterin on some inflammatory factors in a rabies virus infection developed in an animal model. The immunological mediators studied in animals infected with rabies virus submitted to doses of sapropterin were Anti-RABV, IL-6, IL-2, IL-17a, INF-gamma and Anti-iNOS. It is suggested that the medication in the context of a RABV infection already installed, had the effect of modulating the inflammatory mechanisms mainly linked to the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and the migration of cytotoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Érika Dayane Leal Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Programa de Biologia e Agente
Infeciosos e Parasitários, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Lavinia Dias Tavares
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Programa de Iniciação Científica,
Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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5
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Raghuvanshi R, Bharate SB. Recent Developments in the Use of Kinase Inhibitors for Management of Viral Infections. J Med Chem 2021; 65:893-921. [PMID: 33539089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kinases are a group of therapeutic targets involved in the progression of numerous diseases, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, and viral infections. The majority of approved antiviral agents are inhibitors of virus-specific targets that are encoded by individual viruses. These inhibitors are narrow-spectrum agents that can cause resistance development. Viruses are dependent on host cellular proteins, including kinases, for progression of their life-cycle. Thus, targeting kinases is an important therapeutic approach to discovering broad-spectrum antiviral agents. As there are a large number of FDA approved kinase inhibitors for various indications, their repurposing for viral infections is an attractive and time-sparing strategy. Many kinase inhibitors, including baricitinib, ruxolitinib, imatinib, tofacitinib, pacritinib, zanubrutinib, and ibrutinib, are under clinical investigation for COVID-19. Herein, we discuss FDA approved kinase inhibitors, along with a repertoire of clinical/preclinical stage kinase inhibitors that possess antiviral activity or are useful in the management of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinky Raghuvanshi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division,CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division,CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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6
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Role of autophagy in nerve cell apoptosis in mice infected with street rabies virus. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2857-2867. [PMID: 33034763 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an important zoonotic disease in Iran. Autophagy is a process that maintains homeostasis and can be used as an innate defense mechanism against viruses. Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death induced by physiological and pathological conditions. The crosstalk of autophagy and apoptosis plays a key role in rabies virus infection. In the current study, NMRI mice intra-cranially received 3-Methyl Adenine (3-MA), rapamycin, street rabies virus (SRABV) and drugs plus SRABV. SRABV and Map1lc3, Beclin-1, Atg5 gene expression were assayed by real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry was carried out via LC3 protein staining as an autophagy marker, and apoptotic cell death was measured using a TUNEL assay. Map1lc3, Beclin-1 and Atg5 genes expression was significantly increased in drug-plus-SRBV-treated tissues compared to control at 24 hpi. Map1lc3 and Atg5 gene expression showed a slight change in the drugs-plus-virus group compared with the control at 72 hpi. The presence of LC3 in the tissues of the group treated with rapamycin plus SRBV confirmed induction of autophagy, but it was not present in the tissues treated with 3-MA plus SRBV. Our data revealed that apoptosis was induced only in the groups receiving the SRBV or rapamycin or both at 24 hpi. Apoptosis was observed after 72 hours, when the drugs' effect had disappeared in all but the autophagy inhibitor group. Understanding the interaction of SRABV with autophagy pathway genes and its effect on host cell apoptosis may open a new horizon for human intervention and allow a deeper understanding of rabies infections.
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7
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Luo Z, Lv L, Li Y, Sui B, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Pei J, Li M, Zhou M, Hooper DC, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Dual Role of Toll-Like Receptor 7 in the Pathogenesis of Rabies Virus in a Mouse Model. J Virol 2020; 94:e00111-20. [PMID: 32102880 PMCID: PMC7163154 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00111-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, caused by rabies virus (RABV), is a fatal encephalitis in humans and other mammals, which continues to present a public health threat in most parts of the world. Our previous study demonstrated that Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is essential in the induction of anti-RABV antibodies via the facilitation of germinal center formation. In the present study, we investigated the role of TLR7 in the pathogenicity of RABV in a mouse model. Using isolated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), we demonstrated that TLR7 is an innate recognition receptor for RABV. When RABV invaded from the periphery, TLR7 detected viral single-stranded RNA and triggered immune responses that limited the virus's entry into the central nervous system (CNS). When RABV had invaded the CNS, its detection by TLR7 led to the production of cytokines and chemokines and an increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Consequently, peripheral immune cells, including pDCs, macrophages, neutrophils, and B cells infiltrated the CNS. While this immune response, triggered by TLR7, helped to clear viruses, it also increased neuroinflammation and caused immunopathology in the mouse brain. Our results demonstrate that TLR7 is an innate recognition receptor for RABV, which restricts RABV invasion into the CNS in the early stage of viral infection but also contributes to immunopathology by inducing neuroinflammation.IMPORTANCE Developing targeted treatment for RABV requires understanding the innate immune response to the virus because early virus clearance is essential for preventing the fatality when the infection has progressed to the CNS. Previous studies have revealed that TLR7 is involved in the immune response to RABV. Here, we establish that TLR7 recognizes RABV and facilitates the production of some interferon-stimulated genes. We also demonstrated that when RABV invades into the CNS, TLR7 enhances the production of inflammatory cytokines which contribute to immunopathology in the mouse brain. Taken together, our findings suggest that treatments for RABV must consider the balance between the beneficial and harmful effects of TLR7-triggered immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - D Craig Hooper
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Smreczak M, Orłowska A, Marzec A, Trębas P, Kycko A, Reichert M, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD, Żmudziński JF. The effect of combined drugs therapy on the course of clinical rabies infection in a murine model. Vaccine 2019; 37:4701-4709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Status of antiviral therapeutics against rabies virus and related emerging lyssaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 35:1-13. [PMID: 30753961 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) constitutes a major social and economic burden associated with 60 000 deaths annually worldwide. Although pre-exposure and post-exposure treatment options are available, they are efficacious only when initiated before the onset of clinical symptoms. Aggravating the problem, the current RABV vaccine does not cross-protect against the emerging zoonotic phylogroup II lyssaviruses. A requirement for an uninterrupted cold chain and high cost of the immunoglobulin component of rabies prophylaxis generate an unmet need for the development of RABV-specific antivirals. We discuss desirable anti-RABV drug profiles, past efforts to address the problem and inhibitor candidates identified, and examine how the rapidly expanding structural insight into RABV protein organization has illuminated novel druggable target candidates and paved the way to structure-aided drug optimization. Special emphasis is given to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex as a promising target for direct-acting broad-spectrum RABV inhibitors.
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10
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Toll like receptor induces Ig synthesis in Catla catla by activating MAPK and NF-κB signalling. Mol Immunol 2019; 105:62-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Marosi A, Dufkova L, Forró B, Felde O, Erdélyi K, Širmarová J, Palus M, Hönig V, Salát J, Tikos R, Gyuranecz M, Růžek D, Martina B, Koraka P, Osterhaus ADME, Bakonyi T. Combination therapy of rabies-infected mice with inhibitors of pro-inflammatory host response, antiviral compounds and human rabies immunoglobulin. Vaccine 2018; 37:4724-4735. [PMID: 29805091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that inhibitors of pro-inflammatory molecular cascades triggered by rabies infection in the central nervous system (CNS) can enhance survival in mouse model and that certain antiviral compounds interfere with rabies virus replication in vitro. In this study different combinations of therapeutics were tested to evaluate their effect on survival in rabies-infected mice, as well as on viral load in the CNS. C57Bl/6 mice were infected with Silver-haired bat rabies virus (SHBRV)-18 at virus dose approaching LD50 and LD100. In one experimental group daily treatments were initiated 4 h before-, in other groups 48 or 96 h after challenge. In the first experiment therapeutic combination contained inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor-α (infliximab), caspase-1 (Ac-YVAD-cmk), and a multikinase inhibitor (sorafenib). In the treated groups there was a notable but not significant increase of survival compared to the virus infected, non-treated mice. The addition of human rabies immunoglobulins (HRIG) to the combination in the second experiment almost completely prevented mortality in the pre-exposure treatment group along with a significant reduction of viral titres in the CNS. Post-exposure treatments also greatly improved survival rates. As part of the combination with immunomodulatory compounds, HRIG had a higher impact on survival than alone. In the third experiment the combination was further supplemented with type-I interferons, ribavirin and favipiravir (T-705). As a blood-brain barrier opener, mannitol was also administered. This treatment was unable to prevent lethal consequences of SHBRV-18 infection; furthermore, it caused toxicity in treated mice, presumably due to interaction among the components. In all experiments, viral loads in the CNS were similar in mice that succumbed to rabies regardless of treatment. According to the findings, inhibitors of detrimental host response to rabies combined with antibodies can be considered among the possible therapeutic and post-exposure options in human rabies cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Marosi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23 - 25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lucie Dufkova
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Forró
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Felde
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Erdélyi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Tábornok u. 2, 1149 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jana Širmarová
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Palus
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Hönig
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Salát
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Réka Tikos
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23 - 25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Byron Martina
- Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Penelope Koraka
- Viroscience Lab, Erasmus Medical Centre, Wytemaweg 80 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health Research Foundation, Delft, The Netherlands; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Tamás Bakonyi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hungária krt. 23 - 25, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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