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Nouraei H, Zare S, Nemati M, Amirzadeh N, Motamedi M, Shabanzadeh S, Zomorodian K, Pakshir K. Comparative analysis of enzymatic profiles and biofilm formation in clinical and environmental Candida kefyr isolates. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2024; 16:e13282. [PMID: 38923398 PMCID: PMC11194042 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The global landscape of Candida infections has seen a significant shift. Previously, Candida albicans was the predominant species. However, there has been an emergence of non-albicans Candida species, which are often less susceptible to antifungal treatment. Candida kefyr, in particular, has been increasingly associated with infections. This study aimed to investigate the profiles of enzymatic activity and biofilm formation in both clinical and non-clinical isolates of C. kefyr. A total of 66 C. kefyr isolates were analysed. The activities of proteinase and phospholipase were assessed using bovine serum albumin and egg yolk agar, respectively. Haemolysin, caseinolytic and esterase activities were evaluated using specific methods. Biofilm formation was investigated using crystal violet staining. The findings indicated that biofilm and proteinase activity were detected in 81.8% and 93.9% of all the isolates, respectively. Haemolysin activity was observed with the highest occurrence (95.5%) among normal microbiota isolates. Esterase activity was predominantly identified in dairy samples and was absent in hospital samples. Caseinase production was found with the highest occurrence (18.2%) in normal microbiota and hospital samples. Phospholipase activity was limited, found in only 3% of all the isolates. These findings reveal variations in enzyme activity between clinical and non-clinical C. kefyr isolates. This sheds light on their pathogenic potential and has implications for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Nouraei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Samira Zare
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Neda Amirzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Marjan Motamedi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Shafigheh Shabanzadeh
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
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Shahabudin S, Azmi NS, Lani MN, Mukhtar M, Hossain MS. Candida albicans skin infection in diabetic patients: An updated review of pathogenesis and management. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13753. [PMID: 38877612 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Candida species, commensal residents of human skin, are recognized as the cause of cutaneous candidiasis across various body surfaces. Individuals with weakened immune systems, particularly those with immunosuppressive conditions, are significantly more susceptible to this infection. Diabetes mellitus, a major metabolic disorder, has emerged as a critical factor inducing immunosuppression, thereby facilitating Candida colonization and subsequent skin infections. This comprehensive review examines the prevalence of different types of Candida albicans-induced cutaneous candidiasis in diabetic patients. It explores the underlying mechanisms of pathogenicity and offers insights into recommended preventive measures and treatment strategies. Diabetes notably increases vulnerability to oral and oesophageal candidiasis. Additionally, it can precipitate vulvovaginal candidiasis in females, Candida balanitis in males, and diaper candidiasis in young children with diabetes. Diabetic individuals may also experience candidal infections on their nails, hands and feet. Notably, diabetes appears to be a risk factor for intertrigo syndrome in obese individuals and periodontal disorders in denture wearers. In conclusion, the intricate relationship between diabetes and cutaneous candidiasis necessitates a comprehensive understanding to strategize effective management planning. Further investigation and interdisciplinary collaborative efforts are crucial to address this multifaceted challenge and uncover novel approaches for the treatment, management and prevention of both health conditions, including the development of safer and more effective antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakina Shahabudin
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nina Suhaity Azmi
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nizam Lani
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Md Sanower Hossain
- Centre for Sustainability of Mineral and Resource Recovery Technology (Pusat SMaRRT), Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Ouchi C, Hasebe A, Sakata KI, Sato J, Yamazaki Y, Ohga N, Kitagawa Y. Genotypes and virulence-related activities of Candida albicans derived from oral cavity of patients in Hokkaido. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 157:105827. [PMID: 37918303 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the difference in virulence of Candida albicans derived from oral candidiasis and non-oral candidiasis patients, and its genotype differences in Hokkaido to obtain a clue of a platform to develop new approaches for diagnosis and treatment. DESIGN C. albicans strains were collected from patients who visited the Hokkaido University Hospital Dental Center. Each strain was examined to i) identify the Candida albicans genotype by PCR, ii) measure the strain's extracellular secretory enzyme activity, iii) determine the strain's ability to induce the production of interleukin-8, and iv) determine the strain's ability to induce cell death. RESULTS Certain virulence-related protease activities and cytotoxicity were higher in strains derived from patients with oral candidiasis compared with strains derived from patients without oral candidiasis. This is the first report on genotypes and the virulence-related activities, such as some protease secretion, IL-8 induction and cytotoxicity of C. albicans in Hokkaido. CONCLUSIONS The virulence-related activities of the fungal strain may influence the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis, such as production of secreted aspartyl protease and cytotoxicity. In addition, C. albicans genotype C may be important for pathogenicity in Hokkaido, because the ratio of genotype C was increased in strains derived from oral candidiasis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Ouchi
- Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Hasebe
- Department of Oral Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichiro Sakata
- Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun Sato
- Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamazaki
- Gerodontology, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ohga
- Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kitagawa
- Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Morales-López S, Ustate K, Pedrozo Z, Torres Y. Biochemical typing and evaluation of pathogenicity in vulvovaginal isolates of Candida albicans complex. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2023; 43:194-205. [PMID: 37721915 PMCID: PMC10588967 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, and C. africana form the Candida albicans complex. Objective To identify the phenotypic and pathogenic characteristics of isolates of the C. albicans complex preserved in a collection. Materials and methods Three hundred presumptive strains of the C. albicans complex were evaluated using CHROMagarTM Candida. Germ tube production was determined by three methods, chlamydospores formation was assessed and colonies were characterized in artisanal agars (Rosmarinus officinalis and Nicotiana tabacum). MALDI-TOF was used as the gold standard identification test. To detect pathogenicity factors, we evaluated the hemolytic activity of each isolate and cocultured with Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase enzyme production, and biofilm formation. Results Out of the 300 isolates, 43.7% produced germ tube in the heart-brain infusion broth and 47% of the isolates produced chlamydospores. In the artisan media, 6% of the isolates produced brown colonies on rosemary agar and 5% did so on tobacco agar. None of the strains hemolyzed the blood agar alone or cocultured with S. aureus. However, 50% of the isolates hemolyzed the potato dextrose agar supplemented with blood. All strains were coagulase producers, and biofilm production was variable. For germ tube production, the human serum method showed the same positivity as the milk broth method. All isolates were identified as C. albicans by MALDI-TOF. Conclusions The use of proteomics, molecular tests or a combination of methods is required for species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Morales-López
- Grupo CINBIOS, Programa de Microbiología, Universidad Popular del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia; Laboratorios Nancy Flórez García S.A.S., Valledupar, Colombia.
| | - Keiner Ustate
- Grupo CINBIOS, Programa de Microbiología, Universidad Popular del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia.
| | - Zulay Pedrozo
- Grupo CINBIOS, Programa de Microbiología, Universidad Popular del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia.
| | - Yulibeth Torres
- Grupo CINBIOS, Programa de Microbiología, Universidad Popular del Cesar, Valledupar, Colombia.
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Mahmoodi M, Nouraei H, Nasr R, Zomorodian K, Khodadadi H, Pakshir K. Phenotypes characterization and ABC genotypes distribution of clinical Candida albicans isolates. J Clin Lab Anal 2023; 37:e24888. [PMID: 37096939 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidemia and vaginitis are the most common types of candidiasis mostly caused by Candida albicans species. C. albicans has several genotypes and the potential ability to form different phenotype colonies on specific media. This study aimed to evaluate the genotype distribution of blood and vaginal C. albicans isolates and phenotype characteristics on Spider and yeast peptone dextrose agar medium. METHODS A total of 40 clinical Candida albicans isolates comprising vagina (20) and blood (20) were used. ABC typing using CA-INT-R and CA-INT-L primers was performed to span the transposable group I intron of the 25S rDNA gene. For colony phenotypic characteristics, the Spider and YPDA media were used. RESULTS Among the blood and vaginal isolates, genotype A (12/60%) and genotype C (10/50%) were the most common types, respectively. The highest phenotype shape frequency of the colonies in blood and vaginal samples was the ring and the lowest was the hat/ring. The dominant color phenotype in blood and vaginal samples was gray. There was a significant relationship between genotype and phenotype forms in the blood sample on YPDA medium (p = 0.02). In the Spider medium, there were no significant differences between genotypes and phenotypes. CONCLUSION In this study, genotype A and genotype C were predominant in blood and vaginal samples, respectively. In both groups, YPD agar medium demonstrated the most variety of phenotypes that was related to genotypes A and C. The variety of phenotypes in both groups was the same in genotypes A and C on the Spider medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Mahmoodi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hasti Nouraei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Nasr
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Khodadadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Characterization of Virulence Factors in Candida Species Causing Candidemia in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030353. [PMID: 36983521 PMCID: PMC10059995 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidemia is often associated with high mortality, and Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis are common causes of this disease. The pathogenicity characteristics of specific Candida spp. that cause candidemia in Thailand are poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the virulence factors of Candida spp. Thirty-eight isolates of different Candida species from blood cultures were evaluated for their virulence properties, including exoenzyme and biofilm production, cell surface hydrophobicity, tissue invasion, epithelial cell damage, morphogenesis, and phagocytosis resistance; the identity and frequency of mutations in ERG11 contributing to azole-resistance were also determined. C. albicans had the highest epithelial cell invasion rate and phospholipase activity, with true hyphae formation, whereas C. tropicalis produced the most biofilm, hydrophobicity, protease activity, and host cell damage and true hyphae formation. ERG11 mutations Y132F and S154F were observed in all azole-resistant C. tropicalis. C. glabrata had the most hemolytic activity while cell invasion was low with no morphologic transition. C. glabrata was more easily phagocytosed than other species. C. parapsilosis generated pseudohyphae but not hyphae and did not exhibit any trends in exoenzyme production. This knowledge will be crucial for understanding the pathogenicity of Candida spp. and will help to explore antivirulence-based treatment.
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Fan X, Dai RC, Kudinha T, Gu L. A pseudo-outbreak of Cyberlindnera fabianii funguria: Implication from whole genome sequencing assay. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1130645. [PMID: 36960046 PMCID: PMC10030058 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1130645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the yeast Cyberlindnera fabianii (C. fabianii) has been rarely reported in human infections, nosocomial outbreaks caused by this organism have been documented. Here we report a pseudo-outbreak of C. fabianii in a urology department of a Chinese hospital over a two-week period. Methods Three patients were admitted to the urology department of a tertiary teaching hospital in Beijing, China, from Nov to Dec 2018, for different medical intervention demands. During the period Nov 28 to Dec 5, funguria occurred in these three patients, and two of them had positive urine cultures multiple times. Sequencing of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and MALDI-TOF MS were applied for strain identification. Further, sequencing of rDNA non-transcribed spacer (NTS) region and whole genome sequencing approaches were used for outbreak investigation purpose. Results All the cultured yeast strains were identified as C. fabianii by sequencing of ITS region, and were 100% identical to the C. fabianii type strain CBS 5640T. However, the MALDI-TOF MS system failed to correctly identify this yeast pathogen. Moreover, isolates from these three clustered cases shared 99.91%-100% identical NTS region sequences, which could not rule out the possibility of an outbreak. However, whole genome sequencing results revealed that only two of the C. fabianii cases were genetically-related with a pairwise SNP of 192 nt, whilst the third case had over 26,000 SNPs on its genome, suggesting a different origin. Furthermore, the genomes of the first three case strains were phylogenetically even more diverged when compared to a C. fabianii strain identified from another patient, who was admitted to a general surgical department of the same hospital 7 months later. One of the first three patients eventually passed away due to poor general conditions, one was asymptomatic, and other clinically improved. Conclusion In conclusion, nosocomial outbreaks caused by emerging and uncommon fungal species are increasingly being reported, hence awareness must be raised. Genotyping with commonly used universal gene targets may have limited discriminatory power in tracing the sources of infection for these organisms, requiring use of whole genome sequencing to confirm outbreak events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Chen Dai
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Timothy Kudinha
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Leeds Parade, Oranges, NSW, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Regional and Rural, Orange hospital, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Gu,
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Fraga-Silva TFDC, Munhoz-Alves N, Mimura LAN, de Oliveira LRC, Figueiredo-Godoi LMA, Garcia MT, Oliveira ES, Ishikawa LLW, Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, Bonato VLD, Junqueira JC, Bagagli E, Sartori A. Systemic Infection by Non-albicans Candida Species Affects the Development of a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040386. [PMID: 35448617 PMCID: PMC9032036 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis may affect the central nervous system (CNS), and although Candida albicans is predominant, non-albicans Candida species can also be associated with CNS infections. Some studies have suggested that Candida infections could increase the odds of multiple sclerosis (MS) development. In this context, we investigated whether systemic infection by non-albicans Candida species would affect, clinically or immunologically, the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an animal model used to study MS. For this, a strain of C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. parapsilosis was selected and characterized using different in vitro and in vivo models. In these analysis, all the strains exhibited the ability to form biofilms, produce proteolytic enzymes, and cause systemic infections in Galleria mellonella, with C. glabrata being the most virulent species. Next, C57BL/6 mice were infected with strains of C. glabrata, C. krusei, or C. parapsilosis, and 3 days later were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein to develop EAE. Mice from EAE groups previously infected with C. glabrata and C. krusei developed more severe and more prevalent paralysis, while mice from the EAE group infected with C. parapsilosis developed a disease comparable to non-infected EAE mice. Disease aggravation by C. glabrata and C. krusei strains was concomitant to increased IL-17 and IFN-γ production by splenic cells stimulated with fungi-derived antigens and with increased percentage of T lymphocytes and myeloid cells in the CNS. Analysis of interaction with BV-2 microglial cell line also revealed differences among these strains, in which C. krusei was the strongest activator of microglia concerning the expression of MHC II and CD40 and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Altogether, these results indicated that the three non-albicans Candida strains were similarly able to reach the CNS but distinct in terms of their effect over EAE development. Whereas C. glabrata and C. Krusei aggravated the development of EAE, C. parapsilosis did not affect its severity. Disease worsening was partially associated to virulence factors in C. glabrata and to a strong activation of microglia in C. krusei infection. In conclusion, systemic infections by non-albicans Candida strains exerted influence on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in both immunological and clinical aspects, emphasizing their possible relevance in MS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Fernanda de Campos Fraga-Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (N.M.-A.); (L.A.N.M.); (E.S.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (S.F.G.Z.-P.); (E.B.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natália Munhoz-Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (N.M.-A.); (L.A.N.M.); (E.S.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (S.F.G.Z.-P.); (E.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Luiza Ayumi Nishiyama Mimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (N.M.-A.); (L.A.N.M.); (E.S.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (S.F.G.Z.-P.); (E.B.); (A.S.)
| | | | - Lívia Mara Alves Figueiredo-Godoi
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil; (L.M.A.F.-G.); (M.T.G.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Maíra Terra Garcia
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil; (L.M.A.F.-G.); (M.T.G.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Evelyn Silva Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (N.M.-A.); (L.A.N.M.); (E.S.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (S.F.G.Z.-P.); (E.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Larissa Lumi Watanabe Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (N.M.-A.); (L.A.N.M.); (E.S.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (S.F.G.Z.-P.); (E.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Sofia Fernanda Gonçalves Zorzella-Pezavento
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (N.M.-A.); (L.A.N.M.); (E.S.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (S.F.G.Z.-P.); (E.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Vânia Luiza Deperon Bonato
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, Brazil;
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil; (L.M.A.F.-G.); (M.T.G.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Eduardo Bagagli
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (N.M.-A.); (L.A.N.M.); (E.S.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (S.F.G.Z.-P.); (E.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil; (N.M.-A.); (L.A.N.M.); (E.S.O.); (L.L.W.I.); (S.F.G.Z.-P.); (E.B.); (A.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Disease, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil;
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Potential Pathogenicity of Candida Species Isolated from Oral Cavity of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9982744. [PMID: 34136578 PMCID: PMC8175137 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9982744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction In the recent decade, the increased immunocompromised population such as diabetic patients makes a high incidence of invasive Candida infections. Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine metabolic disorder, and diabetic patients are more susceptible to oral candidiasis infection. Candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by many species of Candida. Secretion of exoenzymes plays an important role in the virulence and pathogenesis of Candida species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of phospholipase, esterase, and hemolytic activity of Candida species isolated from oral cavity lesions of diabetic patients. Methods A total of 108 Candida species including 75 Candida albicans and 33 non-Candida albicans species were recovered from the oral cavity of diabetic patients included in our study. Egg yolk agar, Tween 80 opacity medium, and blood agar plate assays were used for determining phospholipase, esterase, and hemolytic activities, respectively. Results Candida albicans species had the most exoenzyme activity in comparison to non-albicans isolates. Candida albicans isolates showed 97.3%, 100%, and 77.3% phospholipase, hemolysin, and esterase activities, respectively. The difference between Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans was significant in phospholipase (P < 0.001) and hemolytic activity (P = 0.027), but not significant in esterase activity (P = 0.076). Conclusion This study showed that most of the isolates had different enzymatic patterns, and Candida albicans isolates had the most exoenzyme activity. So due to the potential effects of these enzymes in pathogenesis and virulence effects of Candida species, we can conclude that the severity of extracellular enzymes may play a role in the severity of signs and symptoms of Candida oral cavity infections in diabetic patients.
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Jafarian H, Gharaghani M, Seyedian SS, Mahmoudabadi AZ. Genotyping, antifungal susceptibility, enzymatic activity, and phenotypic variation in Candida albicans from esophageal candidiasis. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23826. [PMID: 33988259 PMCID: PMC8274993 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal candidiasis is the most frequent form of esophagitis. The pathogenicity of Candida spp. is related to a combination of microbial factors, hydrolytic enzyme secretion and phenotypic switching. This study was designed to investigate esophageal candidiasis, antifungal activity, enzymatic activity patterns, phenotyping, and genotyping profiles of Candida albicans species. Methods Nine hundred thirty‐three visited patients were evaluated, and esophageal biopsies from patients were included in this study during 2019–2020. Direct smear, Gram staining, and culture on CHROMagar were performed for each sample. Isolated species were identified with conventional procedures and PCR‐RFLP. Susceptibility to antifungals was determined according to CLSI guidelines. ABC typing, phenotype switching, hemolysin, proteinase, phospholipase, and esterase activity were also determined with the appropriate protocols. Results Twenty‐three (2.5%) patients (mean age 55.2 years) were diagnosed with esophageal candidiasis. The species isolated were 19(82.6%) C. albicans, 3(13.1%) C. glabrata, and 1(4.3%) C. tropicalis. Genotype A (57.9%) was the predominant type in C. albicans isolates. 50% of C. albicans isolates exhibited a white phenotype. A high level of phospholipase (47.4%), hemolysin (68.4%), and proteinase activity (36.8%) was observed in the C. albicans isolates. Only three C. glabrata isolates displayed non‐wild type susceptibility to voriconazole and itraconazole. Conclusion This study shows that C. albicans are still the most frequent isolates from patients with esophageal candidiasis. The predominance of genotype A, the white phenotype, and strong hemolysin activity may indicate a high prevalence of pathogenicity in these isolates. Sensitivity to antifungal drugs was greatest for amphotericin and fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Jafarian
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maral Gharaghani
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Seyedian
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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