1
|
Li Z, Yang D, Li S, Yang L, Yan W, Xu H. Advances on electrochemical disinfection research: Mechanisms, influencing factors and applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169043. [PMID: 38070567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection, a vital barrier against pathogenic microorganisms, is crucial in halting the spread of waterborne diseases. Electrochemical methods have been extensively researched and implemented for the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms from water and wastewater, primarily owing to their simplicity, efficiency, and eco-friendliness. This review succinctly outlined the core mechanisms of electrochemical disinfection (ED) and systematically examined the factors influencing its efficacy, including anode materials, system conditions, and target species. Additionally, the practical application of ED in water and wastewater treatment was comprehensively reviewed. Case studies involving various scenarios such as drinking water, hospital wastewater, black water, rainwater, and ballast water provided concrete instances of the expansive utility of ED. Finally, coupling ED with other technologies and the resulting synergies were introduced as pivotal foundations for subsequent engineering advancements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Duowen Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China; Research Institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311200, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Zhang S, Fang H, Wang Q, Jiang S, Zhang C, Qiu P. Inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacterium Escherichia coli by electrochemical disinfection on molybdenum carbide electrode. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132398. [PMID: 34597647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) pose a substantial threat to public health worldwide. Electrochemistry, as a low energy consumption and environmentally friendly technique, is ideal for inactivating ARB. This study explored the utility of electrochemical disinfection (ED) for inactivating ARB (Escherichia coli K-12 LE392 resistant to kanamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin) and the regrowth potential of the treated ARB. The results revealed that 5.12-log ARB removal was achieved within 30 min of applying molybdenum carbide as the anode and cathode material under a voltage of 2.0 V. No ARB regrowth was observed in the cathode chamber after 60 min of incubation in unselective broth, demonstrating that the process in the cathode chamber was more effective for permanent inactivation of ARB. The mechanisms underlying the ARB inactivation were verified based on intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, membrane integrity detection, and genetic damage assessment. Higher ROS production and membrane permeability were observed in the cathode and anode groups (p < 0.001) compared to the control group (0 V). In addition, the DNA was more likely to be damaged during the ED process. Collectively, our results demonstrate that ED is a promising technology for disinfecting water to prevent the spread of ARB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Hao Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Shan Jiang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, MEE, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Pengxiang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang C, Lu J. Legionella: A Promising Supplementary Indicator of Microbial Drinking Water Quality in Municipal Engineered Water Systems. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2021; 9:1-22. [PMID: 35004706 PMCID: PMC8740890 DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.684319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Opportunistic pathogens (OPs) are natural inhabitants and the predominant disease causative biotic agents in municipal engineered water systems (EWSs). In EWSs, OPs occur at high frequencies and concentrations, cause drinking-water-related disease outbreaks, and are a major factor threatening public health. Therefore, the prevalence of OPs in EWSs represents microbial drinking water quality. Closely or routinely monitoring the dynamics of OPs in municipal EWSs is thus critical to ensuring drinking water quality and protecting public health. Monitoring the dynamics of conventional (fecal) indicators (e.g., total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli) is the customary or even exclusive means of assessing microbial drinking water quality. However, those indicators infer only fecal contamination due to treatment (e.g., disinfection within water utilities) failure and EWS infrastructure issues (e.g., water main breaks and infiltration), whereas OPs are not contaminants in drinking water. In addition, those indicators appear in EWSs at low concentrations (often absent in well-maintained EWSs) and are uncorrelated with OPs. For instance, conventional indicators decay, while OPs regrow with increasing hydraulic residence time. As a result, conventional indicators are poor indicators of OPs (the major aspect of microbial drinking water quality) in EWSs. An additional or supplementary indicator that can well infer the prevalence of OPs in EWSs is highly needed. This systematic review argues that Legionella as a dominant OP-containing genus and natural inhabitant in EWSs is a promising candidate for such a supplementary indicator. Through comprehensively comparing the behavior (i.e., occurrence, growth and regrowth, spatiotemporal variations in concentrations, resistance to disinfectant residuals, and responses to physicochemical water quality parameters) of major OPs (e.g., Legionella especially L. pneumophila, Mycobacterium, and Pseudomonas especially P. aeruginosa), this review proves that Legionella is a promising supplementary indicator for the prevalence of OPs in EWSs while other OPs lack this indication feature. Legionella as a dominant natural inhabitant in EWSs occurs frequently, has a high concentration, and correlates with more microbial and physicochemical water quality parameters than other common OPs. Legionella and OPs in EWSs share multiple key features such as high disinfectant resistance, biofilm formation, proliferation within amoebae, and significant spatiotemporal variations in concentrations. Therefore, the presence and concentration of Legionella well indicate the presence and concentrations of OPs (especially L. pneumophila) and microbial drinking water quality in EWSs. In addition, Legionella concentration indicates the efficacies of disinfectant residuals in EWSs. Furthermore, with the development of modern Legionella quantification methods (especially quantitative polymerase chain reactions), monitoring Legionella in ESWs is becoming easier, more affordable, and less labor-intensive. Those features make Legionella a proper supplementary indicator for microbial drinking water quality (especially the prevalence of OPs) in EWSs. Water authorities may use Legionella and conventional indicators in combination to more comprehensively assess microbial drinking water quality in municipal EWSs. Future work should further explore the indication role of Legionella in EWSs and propose drinking water Legionella concentration limits that indicate serious public health effects and require enhanced treatment (e.g., booster disinfection).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiqian Zhang
- Pegasus Technical Services, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jingrang Lu
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin CJ, Zhang R, Waisner SA, Nawaz T, Center L, Gent DB, Johnson JL, Holland S. Effects of process factors on the performance of electrochemical disinfection for wastewater in a continuous-flow cell reactor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36573-36584. [PMID: 33704635 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although electrochemical disinfection has been shown to be an effective approach to inactivate bacteria in saline water, the effects of process parameters and reactor design for its application in low-salinity water have not been well understood. In this study, factorial experiments were performed to investigate the direct and confounded effects of applied current (5-20 mA), contact time (2.5-20 min), anode surface area (185-370 cm2), and chloride concentration (50-400 mg L-1) on the disinfection efficiency in fresh water and the secondary effluent of municipal wastewater. An electrochemical disinfection reactor cell with an internal volume of 75 cm3 was designed and fabricated. Residence time distribution analysis showed that the internal mixing of the reactor is similar to that of a dispersed plug-flow reactor. All studied process parameters showed significant effect on the kill efficiency, with the applied current and contact time having the most dominant effect. Although the effect of chloride concentration, which is responsible for electrochemical production of free chlorine in water, is statistically significant, it is not as prominent as those reported for high salinity water. A synergistic effect between chloride concentration and anode surface area was identified, leading to high kill efficiency (99.9%, 3 log kill) at low current density (0.0135 mA cm-2). Response surface modeling results suggested that a scaled-up disinfection reactor can be designed using large anode surface area with long contact time for high chloride water (400 mg L-1) or high current density with short contact time for low chloride water (50 mg L-1). The power requirement of a portable system treating 37.85 m3 day-1 (10,000 gpd) of municipal wastewater was estimated to be 1.9 to 8.3 kW to achieve a 3 log kill, depending on the reactor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Che-Jen Lin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA.
- Center for Advances in Water & Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA.
| | - Ruolin Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
| | - Scott A Waisner
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Tabish Nawaz
- Center for Advances in Water & Air Quality, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Lori Center
- Texas Research Institute for Environmental Studies, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| | - David B Gent
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Jared L Johnson
- Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Sabin Holland
- Texas Research Institute for Environmental Studies, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Synthesis and evaluation of the antibacterial effect of silica-coated modified magnetic poly-(amidoamine) G5 nanoparticles on E. coli and S. aureus. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
6
|
Kourdali S, Badis A, Boucherit A, Boudjema K, Saiba A. Electrochemical disinfection of bacterial contamination: Effectiveness and modeling study of E. coli inactivation by electro-Fenton, electro-peroxi-coagulation and electrocoagulation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 226:106-119. [PMID: 30114570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work undertakes an examination and comparison of electro-Fenton (EF), electro-peroxi-coagulation (EPC) and electrocoagulation (EC) applied to the E. coli inactivation in batch reactor. Indeed, platinum (Pt (anode), EF), stainless steel (SS (cathode), EF, EPC) and ordinary steel (Fe (anode), EPC) and aluminum (Al, EC) were used respectively. The current intensity, nature of electrolytic support, bacterial density and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration are the most influenced study parameters. The obtained results showed that the high current intensities were significant for better inactivation and destruction of E. coli cells and caused a maximum of energy consumption. Both disinfection and energy consumption were improved by adding NaCl (or Na2SO4) in the three processes. Higher cellular density limited the electrochemical process and has negative effect in E. coli inactivation and the energy consumption. Only in the EPC case, the disinfection was considerably increased in function with H2O2 concentration. The modeling parameters of the inactivation kinetics of E. coli showed a good fitting of the established model (0.9560 < R2 < 0.9979, 0.9267 < R2 adjusted <0.997 and 0.0189 < RMSE <0.4821), faster kinetics of E. coli inactivation (significant values of Kmax and Sl) in the case of high current intensity (0.2442<Kmax<0.7440 and 10.50 < Sl < 24.69), the presence of chlorides or sulfates (0.6662<Kmax<0.7818 and 11.67 < Sl < 18.59), and the sufficient H2O2 concentration (0.4712<Kmax<0.9204 and 13.00 < Sl < 16.38). Moreover, the analysis of the results revealed that the EF is more effective in terms of the E. coli inactivation and the energy consumption comparatively to the other studied processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidali Kourdali
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Saàd Dahlab Blida 1, P.O. Box 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria; National Centre for Research and Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA) 11, Bd Amirouche P.O. Box 67, Bousmail, W. Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Abdelmalek Badis
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Saàd Dahlab Blida 1, P.O. Box 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria; National Centre for Research and Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA) 11, Bd Amirouche P.O. Box 67, Bousmail, W. Tipaza, Algeria; Laboratory of Natural Substances Chemistry and Biomolecules, University of Saàd Dahlab Blida 1, P.O. Box 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria
| | - Ahmed Boucherit
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Saàd Dahlab Blida 1, P.O. Box 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria; Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, University Saad Dahlab of Blida 1, P.O.Box 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria
| | - Kamel Boudjema
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Saàd Dahlab Blida 1, P.O. Box 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria; National Centre for Research and Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA) 11, Bd Amirouche P.O. Box 67, Bousmail, W. Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Ali Saiba
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Saàd Dahlab Blida 1, P.O. Box 270, 09000, Blida, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bommer A, Böhler O, Johannsen E, Dobrindt U, Kuczius T. Effect of chlorine on cultivability of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and β-lactamase genes carrying E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:1105-1112. [PMID: 30262431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of toxin-producing and multi-drug resistant bacteria in water, food and the environment is considered a major threat to human health. Drinking water quality is controlled by inspection of fecal indicators presence whereby viable contaminants will be efficiently reduced by chlorination which is a common process for disinfection. However, the all-out efficiency is arguable, because bacterial regrowth has been documented after disinfection. In this study, we investigated the stability of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and β-lactamase expressing E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, both equipped with multiple or single β-lactamase resistance genes. The aim of the study was to analyze the efficiency of chlorine (Cl2) disinfection against shigatoxigenic or β-lactamase producing bacteria. Cl2 reacts with the bacterial cells after first contact. Counts of antibiotic resistant E. coli were lower after short than upon extended Cl2 treatment. P. aeruginosa counts decreased moderately upon 15-60 min treatment with 1.2 mg Cl2/l, while cells adapted to tap water were not cultivable anymore. We assume that the bacterial physiology changed to a temporary non-cultivatable state at first Cl2 contact followed by resuscitation of some cells at later stages. STEC viability went down continuously at low Cl2 concentrations and these toxigenic E. coli isolates exhibited slightly increased stability to Cl2 treatment compared with non-toxigenic E. coli. Controlling the efficiency of disinfection, realistic counts of cultivatable cells are achieved after extended Cl2 action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anni Bommer
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Strasse 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Olga Böhler
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Strasse 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Eva Johannsen
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Strasse 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Strasse 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Kuczius
- Institute for Hygiene, Westfälische Wilhelms-University and University Hospital Münster, Robert Koch-Strasse 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mao G, Song Y, Bartlam M, Wang Y. Long-Term Effects of Residual Chlorine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Simulated Drinking Water Fed With Low AOC Medium. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:879. [PMID: 29774019 PMCID: PMC5943633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual chlorine is often required to remain present in public drinking water supplies during distribution to ensure water quality. It is essential to understand how bacteria respond to long-term chlorine exposure, especially with the presence of assimilable organic carbon (AOC). This study aimed to investigate the effects of chlorination on Pseudomonas aeruginosa in low AOC medium by both conventional plating and culture-independent methods including flow cytometry (FCM) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). In a simulated chlorinated system using a bioreactor, membrane damage and DNA damage were measured by FCM fluorescence fingerprint. The results indicated membrane permeability occurred prior to DNA damage in response to chlorination. A regrowth of P. aeruginosa was observed when the free chlorine concentration was below 0.3 mg/L. The bacterial response to long-term exposure to a constant low level of free chlorine (0.3 mg/L) was subsequently studied in detail. Both FCM and qPCR data showed a substantial reduction during initial exposure (0–16 h), followed by a plateau where the cell concentration remained stable (16–76 h), until finally all bacteria were inactivated with subsequent continuous chlorine exposure (76–124 h). The results showed three-stage inactivation kinetics for P. aeruginosa at a low chlorine level with extended exposure time: an initial fast inactivation stage, a relatively stable middle stage, and a final stage with a slower rate than the initial stage. A series of antibiotic resistance tests suggested long-term exposure to low chlorine level led to the selection of antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa. The combined results suggest that depletion of residual chlorine in low AOC medium systems could reactivate P. aeruginosa, leading to a possible threat to drinking water safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhao Song
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mark Bartlam
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ezenarro JJ, Uria N, Castillo-Fernández Ó, Párraga N, Sabrià M, Muñoz Pascual FX. Development of an integrated method of concentration and immunodetection of bacteria. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:105-113. [PMID: 29063163 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The microbial quality of water is a key aspect to avoid environmental and public health problems. The low pathogen concentration needed to produce a disease outbreak makes it essential to process large water volumes and use sensitive and specific methods such as immunoassays for its detection. In the present work, we describe the development of a device based on microfiltration membranes to integrate the concentration and the immunodetection of waterborne bacteria. A microfiltration membrane treatment protocol was designed to reduce the non-specific binding of antibodies, for which different blocking agents were tested. Thus, the proof of concept of the microbial detection system was also carried out using Escherichia coli as the bacterial pathogen model. E. coli suspensions were filtered through the membranes at 0.5 mL s-1, and the E. coli concentration measurements were made by absorbance, at 620 nm, of the resultant product of the enzymatic reaction among the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) bonded to the antibody, and the substrate 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The results showed that the homemade concentration system together with the developed membrane treatment protocol is able to detect E. coli cells with a limit of detection (LoD) of about 100 CFU in 100 mL. Graphical abstract Scheme of the integrated method of concentration and immunodetection of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josune J Ezenarro
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, CNM-CSIC, Esfera UAB-CEI, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Naroa Uria
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, CNM-CSIC, Esfera UAB-CEI, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Óscar Castillo-Fernández
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona, CNM-CSIC, Esfera UAB-CEI, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Noemí Párraga
- Unitat de Malalties Infeccioses, Fundació Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Sabrià
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Disinfection performance of adsorption using graphite adsorbent coupled with electrochemical regeneration for various microorganisms present in water. J IND ENG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Bruguera-Casamada C, Sirés I, Prieto MJ, Brillas E, Araujo RM. The ability of electrochemical oxidation with a BDD anode to inactivate Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in low conductivity sulfate medium. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:516-524. [PMID: 27567151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection of 100 mL of synthetic water containing 7 mM Na2SO4 with 10(6) CFU mL(-1) of either Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria has been studied by electrochemical oxidation. The electrolytic cell was a stirred tank reactor equipped with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a stainless steel cathode and the trials were performed at acidic and neutral pH, at 33.3 mA cm(-2) and 25 °C. Reactive oxygen species, pre-eminently hydroxyl radicals, were efficiently produced in both media from water oxidation at the BDD anode and the bacteria concentration was reduced by ≥ 5 log units after 60 min of electrolysis, thus constituting a good chlorine-free disinfection treatment. All the inactivation kinetics were described by a logistic model, with no significant statistical differences between acidic and neutral suspensions. The electrochemical disinfection with BDD was very effective for Gram-negative bacilli like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive ones like Bacillus atrophaeus, whereas the Gram-positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus hirae were more resistant. Thus, the latter organisms are a better choice than E. coli as process indicators. Scanning electron microscopy highlighted a transition from initial cells with standard morphology supported on clean filters to inactivated cells with a highly altered morphology lying on dirty filters with plenty of cellular debris. Larger damage was observed for Gram-negative cells compared to Gram-positive ones. The inactivation effect could then be related to the chemical composition of the outer layers of the cell structure along with the modification of the transmembrane potentials upon current passage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmina Bruguera-Casamada
- Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María J Prieto
- Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Araujo
- Departament de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Zhu X, Ni J. Comparison of electrochemical method with ozonation, chlorination and monochloramination in drinking water disinfection. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
13
|
Electrochemical treatment of water containing chlorides under non-ideal flow conditions with BDD anodes. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-011-0274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
14
|
Alvarez-Uriarte JI, Iriarte-Velasco U, Chimeno-Alanís N, González-Velasco JR. The effect of mixed oxidants and powdered activated carbon on the removal of natural organic matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 181:426-431. [PMID: 20605680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Present paper studies the influence of electrochemically generated mixed oxidants on the physicochemical properties of natural organic matter, and especially from the disinfection by-products formation point of view. The study was carried out in a full scale water treatment plant. Results indicate that mixed oxidants favor humic to non-humic conversion of natural organic matter. Primary treatment preferentially removes the more hydrophobic fraction. This converted the non-humic fraction in an important source of disinfection by-products with a 20% contribution to the final trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP(F)) of the finished water. Enhanced coagulation at 40 mg l(-1) of polyaluminium chloride with a moderate mixing intensity (80 rpm) and pH of 6.0 units doubled the removal efficiency of THMFP(F) achieved at full scale plant. However, gel permeation chromatography data revealed that low molecular weight fractions were still hardly removed. Addition of small amounts of powdered activated carbon, 50 mg l(-1), allowed reduction of coagulant dose by 50% whereas removal of THMFP(F) was maintained or even increased. In systems where mixed oxidants are used addition of powdered activated carbon allows complementary benefits by a further reduction in the THMFP(F) compared to the conventional only coagulation-flocculation-settling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon I Alvarez-Uriarte
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Y, Claeys L, van der Ha D, Verstraete W, Boon N. Effects of chemically and electrochemically dosed chlorine on Escherichia coli and Legionella beliardensis assessed by flow cytometry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:331-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|