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Shi X, Sun N, Liu J, Pu S, Chen Z, Sheng D, Hao K, Li X, Ye S. Dynamic pathology and pathogen distribution of the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024:e13993. [PMID: 38950086 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the "milky disease" model of Eriocheir sinhensis was constructed via intramuscular injection with the pathogenic yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata. The dynamic pathological changes of E. sinensis after injection were elucidated with two staining methods (haemotoxylin-eosin and alcian blue periodic acid-Schiff) and fluorescence in situ hybridization technology. Anatomical observation revealed three stages of the "milky disease": no clinical signs (1-4 days after infection), the appearance of signs of disease (5-7 days), and significant liquefaction (10 days). Histological observation also revealed three stages of the disease: yeast diffusion (1-2 days after infection), yeast slow development (3-4 days), and yeast rapid proliferation (5 days). And FISH technique was suitable for the early detection of infection with M. bicuspidata in E. sinensis. We found that M. bicuspidata spread to the whole body of the crab through the haemolymph and developed into fungal septicaemia. These results elucidate the systemic pathological characteristics of "milky disease" in E. sinensis and suggest the pathogenic mechanism of M. bicuspidata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Shi
- Aquatic Animal Hospital of Dalian Ocean University, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Na Sun
- Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Panjin Guanghe Crab Industry Co., Ltd., Panjin, China
| | - Jiannan Liu
- Aquatic Animal Hospital of Dalian Ocean University, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Senting Pu
- Aquatic Animal Hospital of Dalian Ocean University, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhouling Chen
- Aquatic Animal Hospital of Dalian Ocean University, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Sheng
- Aquatic Animal Hospital of Dalian Ocean University, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Kexin Hao
- Aquatic Animal Hospital of Dalian Ocean University, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Panjin Guanghe Crab Industry Co., Ltd., Panjin, China
| | - Shigen Ye
- Aquatic Animal Hospital of Dalian Ocean University, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Hansali K, Zhang ZR, Liu GL, Chi Z, Chi ZM. The Pathogenic Yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata var. bicuspidata in the Aquacultured Ecosystem and Its Biocontrol. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1024. [PMID: 37888280 PMCID: PMC10607588 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
M. bicuspidata var. bicuspidata is a pathogenic yeast which can affect aquacultured and marine-cultured animals such as brine shrimp, ridgetail white prawn, chinook salmon, giant freshwater prawn, the Chinese mitten crab, marine crab, the mud crab, the mangrove land crab, the Chinese grass shrimp, sea urchins, sea urchins, Daphnia dentifera and even snails, causing a milky disease, and it has caused big economic losses in aquacultural and marine-cultural industries in the past. However, the detailed mechanisms and the reasons for the milky disease in the diseased aquatic animals are still completely unknown. So far, only some antimycotics, killer toxins and Massoia lactone haven been found to be able to actively control and kill its growth. The ecofriendly, green and renewable killer toxins and Massoia lactone have high potential for application in controlling the milky disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalef Hansali
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhao-Rui Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guang-Lei Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhe Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen-Ming Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
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3
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Screening and identification of lactic acid bacteria with antimicrobial abilities for aquaculture pathogens in vitro. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:689. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jiang H, Bao J, Xing Y, Cao G, Li X, Chen Q. Metabolomic and metagenomic analyses of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis after challenge with Metschnikowia bicuspidata. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:990737. [PMID: 36212869 PMCID: PMC9538530 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.990737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Milky disease caused by Metschnikowia bicuspidata fungus has significantly harmed the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis aquaculture industry. However, the effect of M. bicuspidata infection on the metabolism and intestinal flora of the crab remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the changes in the metabolism and intestinal flora E. sinensis after 48 h of infection with M. bicuspidata, using metabolomic and metagenomic analyses. Metabolomic analysis results revealed 420 significantly different metabolites between the infected and control groups, and these metabolites were enriched in 58 metabolic pathways. M. bicuspidata infection decreased the levels of metabolites related to amino acid biosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as lysine, histidine, linolenic, arachidonic, and linoleic acid metabolism. These results indicated that M. bicuspidata infection significantly affected the energy metabolism, growth, and immunity of E. sinensis. The results of metagenomic analysis showed that the anaerobes and ascomycetes populations significantly increased and decreased, respectively, after M. bicuspidata infection. These changes in intestinal flora significantly upregulated metabolic and synthetic pathways while downregulating immunity-related pathways. The results of integrated metabolomic and metagenomic analyses showed that 55 differentially expressed genes and 28 operational taxonomic units were correlated with 420 differential metabolites. Thus, the intestinal flora changes caused by M. bicuspidata infection also affected the metabolites. This study provides novel insights into the metabolic-and intestinal microflora-based effects of M. bicuspidata infection in E. sinensis, as well as a theoretical basis for the interaction between fungi and crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Jiang
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Bao
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuenan Xing
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gangnan Cao
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qijun Chen,
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Jiang H, Bao J, Xing Y, Li X, Chen Q. Comparative Genomic Analyses Provide Insight Into the Pathogenicity of Metschnikowia bicuspidata LNES0119. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:939141. [PMID: 35770163 PMCID: PMC9234493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.939141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metschnikowia bicuspidata is a globally distributed pathogenic yeast with a wide range of aquatic hosts. A new strain, M. bicuspidata LNES0119, isolated from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, has caused a serious reduction in production and marked economic loss for the aquaculture industry in China. Therefore, the whole-genome sequence of M. bicuspidata LNES0119 was sequenced using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technology; whole-genome annotation and comparative genomic analyses of this pathogen were performed as well. A high-quality genome of M. bicuspidata LNES0119 was 16.13 Mb in size, with six scaffolds and six contigs, and encoded 5,567 putative predicted genes. Of these, 1,467 genes shared substantial homology with genes in the pathogen–host interactions database. Comparative genomic analyses of three M. bicuspidata strains and one non-pathogenic yeast, M. aff. pulcherrima, showed 331 unique genes in M. bicuspidata LNES0119, 30 of which were putatively related to pathogenicity. Overall, we identified several meaningful characteristics related to pathogenicity and virulence that may play essential roles in the infection and pathogenicity of M. bicuspidata LNES0119. Our study will aid in identifying potential targets for further exploration of the molecular basis of the pathogenicity of M. bicuspidata as well as the therapeutic intervention of M. bicuspidata infection.
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Jiang H, Bao J, Cao G, Xing Y, Feng C, Hu Q, Li X, Chen Q. Experimental Transmission of the Yeast, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, in the Chinese Mitten Crab, Eriocheir sinensis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020210. [PMID: 35205964 PMCID: PMC8876508 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheirsinensis, is an important farmed crustacean species in China, outranking other farmed crabs in yield and economic importance. An infection called "milky disease", caused by the yeast, Metschnikowiabicuspidata, has emerged in E. sinensis farms in northeast China and has caused progressive economic losses. The diseased crabs present with opaque, whitish muscles and milky hemolymph. Currently, there are no effective drugs to treat the infection. Clarifying the transmission route of M. bicuspidata would help to treat and prevent the disease. We investigated the effects of three different M. bicuspidata infection methods (feeding, immersion, and cohabitation) on E. sinensis. All three infection methods led to a high infection rate in healthy crabs. After 35 d, the infection rate was 76.7%, 66.7%, and 53.3% in the feeding, immersion, and cohabitation groups, respectively. Diseased crabs exhibited the typical symptom of hemolymph emulsification, with a high pathogen load of M. bicuspidata. The yeast was not detected in the oocytes of infected crabs. Fertilized embryos, zoea larvae, and megalopae of infected ovigerous crabs tested negative for yeast, indicating that direct transmission from mother to offspring does not occur. Our results highlight avenues for the prevention and control of this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qijun Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-024-8848-7156
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Cao G, Bao J, Feng C, Li X, Lang Y, Xing Y, Jiang H. First report of Metschnikowia bicuspidata infection in Chinese grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sinensis) in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3133-3141. [PMID: 35076183 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sinensis) was found with white turbidity appearance in the Panjin area. After dissection, typical symptoms of milky disease with hemolymph emulsification and noncoagulation were observed; however, the pathogen was unknown. In this study, we aimed to isolate the pathogen of the diseased P. sinensis. We found that the pathogen could grow on the fungal medium Bengal red, and microscopic examination showed that it reproduced by budding. Molecular identification of the isolated and purified yeast strain LNMB2021 based on 26S rDNA sequence showed that the pathogenic pathogen was Metschnikowia bicuspidata (GenBank OK094821), with 98.74% homology with M. bicuspidata strain LNES0119 (GenBank OK073903) and 98.56% with M. bicuspidata strain Liao (GenBank MT856369). The results of an artificial infection test showed that M. bicuspidata caused the same clinical symptoms in P. sinensis, and the isolated pathogen was still the same, which proved that P. sinensis was a new host of M. bicuspidata. Histopathological analysis showed that there were obvious pathological changes in the hepatopancreas and muscle tissue of the diseased P. sinensis. Identification of the pathogen is essential for the prevention and control of the disease and the healthy culture of P. sinensis. Furthermore, considering the transmissibility and cross-host transmission of M. bicuspidata, its risk of infecting other aquatic animals deserves high attention. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangnan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, P R China
| | - Jie Bao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, P R China
| | - Chengcheng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, P R China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, P R China
| | - Yuxi Lang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, P R China
| | - Yuenan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, P R China
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, P R China
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Ma H, Lu X, Liu J, Guo S, Zhao X, Ye S. Metschnikowia bicuspidata isolated from milky diseased Eriocheir sinensis: Phenotypic and genetic characterization, antifungal susceptibility and challenge models. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:41-49. [PMID: 34525224 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A severe disease occurred in farmed Eriocheir sinensis characterized by milky liquid accumulation in the pectoral cavity, in the province of Liaoning, China, during October 2018-April 2019. Diseased crabs moved sluggishly, exhibited appetite loss and readily lost legs. Under the microscopic analysis, it was observed that the milky liquid contained a large number of yeastlike microorganisms (0.8-1.2 μm × 1.5-1.9 μm), which were also present in the muscle, hepatopancreas and gills. A dominant strain was isolated from the milky liquid and other tissues of diseased crabs. It grew on nutrient agar and formed 1- to 3-mm white opaque colonies, each with a protuberance in the centre. Besides, the results of TEM and SEM also demonstrate a typical multilateral budding model of the yeast clearly. We identified the strain, which we named 2EJM001, as Metschnikowia bicuspidata based on 18S rDNA, ITS and 26S rDNA sequence analyses and on its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 26S rDNA of 2EJM001 was clustered with M. bicuspidata (LNES0119) as reported by Bao et al. In addition, unlike Bao et al., two challenge experiments (injection and immersion) were used in this study. The results of challenge experiments show that 2EJM001 was pathogenic to E. sinensis and caused signs similar to those found in the naturally infected crabs. At the same time, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC80 and MIC90 ) were determined. This study further confirms that M. bicuspidata 2EJM001 was the pathogen responsible for 'milky disease' in E. sinensis from Liaoning Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaocen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Jiannan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Sicong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Shigen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
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Fernández de Ullivarri M, Bulacios GA, Navarro SA, Lanza L, Mendoza LM, Chalón MC. The killer yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus Cf20 exerts a broad anti-Candida activity through the production of killer toxins and volatile compounds. Med Mycol 2021; 58:1102-1113. [PMID: 32196549 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is a group of opportunistic infections caused by yeast of the genus Candida. The appearance of drug resistance and the adverse effects of current antifungal therapies require the search for new, more efficient therapeutic alternatives. Killer yeasts have aroused as suitable candidates for mining new antifungal compounds. Killer strains secrete antimicrobial proteins named killer toxins, with promissory antifungal activity. Here we found that the killer yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus Cf20 and its cell-free supernatant (CFS) inhibited six pathogenic strains and one collection strain of Candida spp. The inhibition is mainly mediated by secreted killer toxins and, to a lesser extent, by volatile compounds such as acetic acid and ethyl acetate. A new large killer toxin (>180 kDa) was purified, which exerted 70-74% of the total CFS anti-Candida activity, and the previously described glucanase KTCf20 was inhibitory in a lesser extent as well. In addition, we demonstrated that Cf20 possesses the genes encoding for the β-1,3-glucanases WaExg1 and WaExg2, proteins with extensively studied antifungal activity, particularly WaExg2. Finally, the 10-fold concentrated CFS exerted a high candidacidal effect at 37°C, completely inhibiting the fungal growth, although the nonconcentrated CFS (RCF 1) had very limited fungistatic activity at this temperature. In conclusion, W. anomalus Cf20 produces different low and high molecular weight compounds with anti-Candida activity that could be used to design new therapies for candidiasis and as a source for novel antimicrobial compounds as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández de Ullivarri
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT) e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj," Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, San Miguel de Tucumán. Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Bulacios
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT) e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj," Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, San Miguel de Tucumán. Argentina
| | - Silvia A Navarro
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT) e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj," Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, San Miguel de Tucumán. Argentina
| | - Lucía Lanza
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT) e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj," Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, San Miguel de Tucumán. Argentina
| | - Lucia M Mendoza
- Centro de referencia para lactobacilos (CERELA, CONICET), Chacabuco 145, 4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Miriam C Chalón
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT) e Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr. Bernabé Bloj," Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Chacabuco 461, San Miguel de Tucumán. Argentina
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Prins RC, Billerbeck S. A buffered media system for yeast batch culture growth. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:127. [PMID: 33892647 PMCID: PMC8063419 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungi are premier hosts for the high-yield secretion of proteins for biomedical and industrial applications. The stability and activity of these secreted proteins is often dependent on the culture pH. As yeast acidifies the commonly used synthetic complete drop-out (SD) media that contains ammonium sulfate, the pH of the media needs to be buffered in order to maintain a desired extracellular pH during biomass production. At the same time, many buffering agents affect growth at the concentrations needed to support a stable pH. Although the standard for biotechnological research and development is shaken batch cultures or microtiter plate cultures that cannot be easily automatically pH-adjusted during growth, there is no comparative study that evaluates the buffering capacity and growth effects of different media types across pH-values in order to develop a pH-stable batch culture system. Results We systematically test the buffering capacity and growth effects of a citrate-phosphate buffer (CPB) from acidic to neutral pH across different media types. These media types differ in their nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate, urea or both). We find that the widely used synthetic drop-out media that uses ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source can only be effectively buffered at buffer concentrations that also affect growth. At lower concentrations, yeast biomass production still acidifies the media. When replacing the ammonium sulfate with urea, the media alkalizes. We then develop a medium combining ammonium sulfate and urea which can be buffered at low CPB concentrations that do not affect growth. In addition, we show that a buffer based on Tris/HCl is not effective in maintaining any of our media types at neutral pH even at relatively high concentrations. Conclusion Here we show that the buffering of yeast batch cultures is not straight-forward and addition of a buffering agent to set a desired starting pH does not guarantee pH-maintenance during growth. In response, we present a buffered media system based on an ammonium sulfate/urea medium that enables relatively stable pH-maintenance across a wide pH-range without affecting growth. This buffering system is useful for protein-secretion-screenings, antifungal activity assays, as well as for other pH-dependent basic biology or biotechnology projects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02191-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne C Prins
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Billerbeck
- Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Jiang H, Bao J, Xing Y, Feng C, Li X, Chen Q. Proteomic Analysis of the Hemolymph After Metschnikowia bicuspidata Infection in the Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659723. [PMID: 33868309 PMCID: PMC8047416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The “milky disease” of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, is a highly lethal fungal disease caused by Metschnikowia bicuspidata infection. To elucidate the immune responses of the hemolymph of E. sinensis to M. bicuspidata infection, a comparative analysis of the hemolymph of E. sinensis infected with M. bicuspidata and that treated with phosphate buffered saline was performed using label-free quantitative proteomics. A total of 429 proteins were identified. Using a 1.5-fold change in expression as a physiologically significant benchmark, 62 differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 38 were significantly upregulated and 24 were significantly downregulated. The upregulated proteins mainly included cytoskeleton-related proteins (myosin regulatory light chain 2, myosin light chain alkali, tubulin α-2 chain, and tubulin β-1 chain), serine protease and serine protease inhibitor (clip domain-containing serine protease, leukocyte elastase inhibitor, serine protein inhibitor 42Dd), catalase, transferrin, and heat shock protein 70. Upregulation of these proteins indicated that phenoloxidase system, phagocytosis and the ROS systems were induced by M. bicuspidata. The downregulated proteins were mainly organ and tissue regeneration proteins (PDGF/VEGF-related factor protein, integrin-linked protein kinase homing pat-4 gene) and hemagglutination-associated proteins (hemolymph clottable protein, hemocyte protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase). Downregulation of these proteins indicated that M. bicuspidata inhibited hemocyte regeneration and hemolymph agglutination. Fifteen differentially expressed proteins related to immunity were verified using a parallel reaction monitoring method. The expression trend of these proteins was similar to that of the proteome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteome of E. sinensis in response to M. bicuspidata infection. These results not only provide new and important information on the immune response of crustaceans to yeast infection but also provide a basis for further understanding the molecular mechanism of complex host pathogen interactions between crustaceans and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Bao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuenan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengcheng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases in Northeast China, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Metschnikowia bicuspidate associated with a milky disease in Eriocheir sinensis and its effectitve treatment by Massoia lactone. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126641. [PMID: 33191103 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast strain LIAO causing the milky disease in the Chinese mitten crab belonged to one member of Metschnikowia bicuspidate which could grow well at different temperatures from 28 to 4 °C. It was also found that the pathogenic yeast strain LIAO could grow in the extracts of the muscle, gill, heart tissues, intestinal tracts of the healthy Chinese mitten crabs by using the reducing sugars, amino acids and other nutrients in them. Massoia lactone released from liamocins produced by Aureobasidium melanogenum had high anti-fungal activity against the pathogenic yeast strain LIAO and M. bicuspidate WCY isolated from the diseased marine crabs. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) in the liquid culture against the pathogenic yeast strain LIAO were 0.15 mg/mL and 0.34 mg/mL, respectively. Massoia lactone as a bio-surfactant could damage the cell membrane, even break the whole cells of the pathogenic yeast strain LIAO and cause cellular necrosis of the pathogenic yeast LIAO. Therefore, Massoia lactone could be used to effectively kill the pathogenic yeast strains and as an effectitve treatment for milky disease in the Chinese mitten crab.
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Jia SL, Chi Z, Liu GL, Hu Z, Chi ZM. Fungi in mangrove ecosystems and their potential applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:852-864. [PMID: 32633147 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1789063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove fungi, their ecological role in mangrove ecosystems, their bioproducts, and potential applications are reviewed in this article. Mangrove ecosystems can play an important role in beach protection, accretion promotion, and sheltering coastlines and creeks as barriers against devastating tropical storms and waves, seawater, and air pollution. The ecosystems are characterized by high average and constant temperatures, high salinity, strong winds, and anaerobic muddy soil. The mangrove ecosystems also provide the unique habitats for the colonization of fungi which can produce different kinds of enzymes for industrial uses, recycling of plants and animals in the ecosystems, and the degradation of pollutants. Many mangrove ecosystem-associated fungi also can produce exopolysaccharides, Ca2+-gluconic acid, polymalate, liamocin, polyunsaturated fatty acids, biofuels, xylitol, enzymes, and bioactive substances, which have many potential applications in the bioenergy, food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, mangrove ecosystems are rich bioresources for bioindustries and ecology. It is necessary to identify more mangrove fungi and genetically edit them to produce a distinct array of novel chemical entities, enzymes, and bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lei Jia
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guang-Lei Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhong Hu
- Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Zhen-Ming Chi
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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14
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Tan C, Wang L, Xue Y, Lin S, Yu G, Yang S. Purification and molecular characterization of a Metschnikowia saccharicola killer toxin lethal to a crab pathogenic yeast. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4862471. [PMID: 29462299 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine yeast strain Metschnikowia saccharicola DD21-2, isolated from sediments in the Yalu River, produces a killer toxin with a lethal effect on Metschnikowia bicuspidate strain WCY, a pathogenic yeast strain that infects crabs. In this study, the killer toxin was purified and characterized. After sequential purification, the purity of the killer toxin was increased 72.2-fold over the purity of the yeast cell culture supernatant. The molecular weight of the purified killer toxin was 47.0 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature for killing activity were 5.5°C and 16°C, respectively. The killing activity was stable over a pH range of 4.0-6.5 and temperature range of 0°C-40°C. The purified killer toxin was only effective against toxin-sensitive integral cells and had no killing effect on the protoplasts of toxin-sensitive cells. When exerting the killing effect, the toxin bind to a cell wall receptor of the treated strain, disrupted cell wall integrity and eventually caused death. The amino acid sequence identified by mass spectroscopy indicated that the purified killer toxin might be a protein kinase, but did not show β-1,3-glucanase activity, consistent with the laminarin hydrolysis results. These findings provide a basis for disease prevention and control in marine aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunming Tan
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National Research and Development Center for Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Beihang-goertec Microelectronics Institute, Beihang Qingdao Research Institute, Qingdao 266041, China
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Department of Quality and Regulatory Affairs, Air Liquide Medical Systems, 92182 Antony CEDEX, France
| | - Gang Yu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National Research and Development Center for Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Shaoling Yang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, National Research and Development Center for Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
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15
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Hoondee P, Wattanagonniyom T, Weeraphan T, Tanasupawat S, Savarajara A. Occurrence of oleaginous yeast from mangrove forest in Thailand. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:108. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Guo Z, Wang Y, Hou Q, Li W, Zhao H, Sun Z, Zhang Z. Halobasidium xiangyangense gen. nov., sp. nov., a new xylose-utilizing yeast in the family Cystobasidiaceae, isolated from the pickling sauce used to make Datoucai, a high-salt fermented food. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:139-145. [PMID: 30614783 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe a new genus and species of yeast with high-salt tolerance. The strain was isolated from the pickling sauce used to make Datoucai, a traditional fermented food made from Brassica juncea in Xiangyang, China. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene and from the ITS region demonstrated that the strain, reference HBUAS51001T, was most closely related to members of the genera Occultifur and Cystobasidium. However, the greatest similarities between the D1/D2 and ITS nucleotide sequences of strain HBUAS51001T and the most closely related type strains from Occultifur and Cystobasidium were only 91 and 92 %, respectively. This suggests that strain HBUAS51001T does not belong to any currently described species. Strain HBUAS51001T grew readily on media in which xylose was the sole carbon source. The major ubiquinone was Q9. The genome of strain HBUAS51001T was 42.42 Mb with a G+C content of 53.93 mol%. Three candidate genes associated with xylose metabolism were identified. On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic data, strain HBUAS51001T can be considered as both a new species and a new genus, for which the name Halobasidium xiangyangense gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HBUAS51001T (=KCTC27810T=GDMCC 2.231T=CCTCC AY 2018002T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Guo
- 1Northwest Hubei Research Institute of Traditional Fermented Food, College of Food Science and Technology, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yurong Wang
- 1Northwest Hubei Research Institute of Traditional Fermented Food, College of Food Science and Technology, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiangchuan Hou
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, PR China
| | - Weicheng Li
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, PR China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- 1Northwest Hubei Research Institute of Traditional Fermented Food, College of Food Science and Technology, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, PR China
| | - Zhendong Zhang
- 1Northwest Hubei Research Institute of Traditional Fermented Food, College of Food Science and Technology, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, PR China
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17
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Wang H, Shi C, Kong M, Mu C, Wei H, Wang C. Cloning and expression of a transcription factor activator protein-1 member identified from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:1275-1282. [PMID: 30255490 PMCID: PMC6237694 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-018-0935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription activator proteins are regulatory proteins that bind to the promoter regions of target genes. Transcription activator protein-1 (AP-1) regulates numerous genes related to the immune system, apoptosis, and proliferation. In this study, the full-length cDNA of AP-1 from Portunus trituberculatus (PtAP-1) was identified by expressed sequence tag analysis and cDNA-end rapid amplification. The gene is 1183 bp and encodes a 256-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass and isoelectric point of 28.96 kDa and 8.90, respectively. PtAP-1 showed the highest expression level in the gonad tissue and the lowest expression level in blood, hemocyte, muscle, hepatopancreas, and gill, during the first 6 h of low-salinity stimulation (10%). Additionally, we observed steady decreases in PtAP-1 mRNA expression in the gill, but at 12 h, expression was initially upregulated, followed by a significant decrease until restoration to baseline levels at 48 h. Additionally, Vibrio alginolyticus challenge resulted in significant upregulation of PtAP-1 expression in the first 6 h, which was maintained at high levels for 48 h. From 48 to 72 h, we observed decreases in PtAP-1 levels, although they remained significantly higher than those detected at baseline. These results suggested that PtAP-1 is involved in the immune response and osmoregulation of crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Kong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Changkao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315211 People’s Republic of China
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18
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Giovati L, Santinoli C, Ferrari E, Ciociola T, Martin E, Bandi C, Ricci I, Epis S, Conti S. Candidacidal Activity of a Novel Killer Toxin from Wickerhamomyces anomalus against Fluconazole-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E68. [PMID: 29401638 PMCID: PMC5848169 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and characterization from the sand fly Phlebotomus perniciosus of a Wickerhamomyces anomalus yeast strain (Wa1F1) displaying the killer phenotype was recently reported. In the present work, the killer toxin (KT) produced by Wa1F1 was purified and characterized, and its antimicrobial activity in vitro was investigated against fluconazole- susceptible and -resistant clinical isolates and laboratory strains of Candida albicans and C. glabrata displaying known mutations. Wa1F1-KT showed a differential killing ability against different mutant strains of the same species. The results may be useful for the design of therapeutic molecules based on Wa1F1-KT and the study of yeast resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giovati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Claudia Santinoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Tecla Ciociola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Martin
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Ospedale "Luigi Sacco", 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Irene Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| | - Sara Epis
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Ospedale "Luigi Sacco", 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefania Conti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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19
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Wang Y, Li XC, Fu G, Zhao S, Chen Y, Wang H, Chen T, Zhou J, Fang W. Morphology and phylogeny of Ameson portunus n. sp. (Microsporidia) infecting the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus from China. Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:122-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Production, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Mycocin Produced by Debaryomyces hansenii DSMZ70238. Int J Microbiol 2017; 2017:2605382. [PMID: 28757872 PMCID: PMC5512030 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2605382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to estimate the antimicrobial activity and the potential biological control of the killer toxin produced by D. hansenii DSMZ70238 against several pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, the effects of NaCl, pH, and temperature, killer toxin production, and antimicrobial activity were studied. The results showed that the optimum inhibitory effect of killer toxin was at 8% NaCl, and the diameters of clear zones were 20, 22, 22, 21, 14, and 13 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, and Candida neoformans, respectively. The largest inhibition zones were observed at pH 4.5 with inhibition zone of 16, 18, 17, 18, 11, and 12 mm for the same microorganisms. The results also showed that 25°C is the optimal temperature for toxin killing activity against all targeted microorganisms. In addition, the activity of killer toxin significantly inhibited the growth of fungal mycelia for all target pathogenic fungi and the percentages of inhibition were 47.77, 48.88, 52.22, and 61.11% for Trichophyton rubrum, Alternaria alternata, Trichophyton concentricum, and Curvularia lunata, respectively. The results showed the highest growth rate of D. hansenii DSMZ70238 under condition of 8% NaCl concentration, pH 4.5, and 25°C for 72 h.
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21
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Urayama SI, Kimura Y, Katoh Y, Ohta T, Onozuka N, Fukuhara T, Arie T, Teraoka T, Komatsu K, Moriyama H. Suppressive effects of mycoviral proteins encoded by Magnaporthe oryzae chrysovirus 1 strain A on conidial germination of the rice blast fungus. Virus Res 2016; 223:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Muturi EJ, Bara JJ, Rooney AP, Hansen AK. Midgut fungal and bacterial microbiota of Aedes triseriatus and Aedes japonicus shift in response to La Crosse virus infection. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4075-90. [PMID: 27357374 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how midgut microbial communities of field-collected mosquitoes interact with pathogens is critical for controlling vector infection and disease. We used 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer sequencing to characterize the midgut bacterial and fungal communities of adult females of Aedes triseriatus and Aedes japonicus collected as pupae in tree holes, plastic bins and waste tires and their response to La Crosse virus (LACV) infection. For both mosquito species and across all habitat and virus treatments, a total of 62 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from six phyla and 21 fungal OTUs from two phyla were identified. The majority of bacterial (92%) and fungal (71%) OTUs were shared between the mosquito species; however, several OTUs were unique to each species. Bacterial and fungal communities of individuals that took either infectious or noninfectious bloodmeals were less diverse and more homogeneous compared to those of newly emerged adults. Interestingly, LACV-infected A. triseriatus and A. japonicus had higher bacterial richness and lower fungal richness compared to individuals that took a noninfectious bloodmeal, suggesting that viral infection was associated with an increase in bacterial OTUs and a decrease in fungal OTUs. For both mosquito species, several OTUs were identified that had both high fidelity and specificity to mosquito midguts that were infected with LACV. Overall, these findings demonstrate that bacterial and fungal communities that reside in mosquito midguts respond to host diet and viral infection and could play a role in modulating vector susceptibility to LACV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephantus J Muturi
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Bara
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Alejandro P Rooney
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, USDA, ARS, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Allison K Hansen
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Satora P, Cioch M, Tarko T, Wołkowicz J. Killer strains ofSaccharomyces: application for apple wine production. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Satora
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Technical Microbiology; University of Agriculture; Krakow Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology; Krakow Poland
| | - M. Cioch
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Technical Microbiology; University of Agriculture; Krakow Poland
| | - T. Tarko
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Technical Microbiology; University of Agriculture; Krakow Poland
| | - J. Wołkowicz
- Department of Fermentation Technology and Technical Microbiology; University of Agriculture; Krakow Poland
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Steyn A, Roets F, Botha A. Yeasts Associated with Culex pipiens and Culex theileri Mosquito Larvae and the Effect of Selected Yeast Strains on the Ontogeny of Culex pipiens. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:747-60. [PMID: 26573833 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The success of mosquitoes in nature has been linked to their microbiota and bacteria in particular. Yet, knowledge on their symbioses with yeasts is lacking. To explore possible associations, culturable yeasts were isolated from wild larvae of Culex pipiens and Culex theileri. These yeasts were classified using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses and identified by sequencing the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene. Representative strains of Candida, Cryptococcus, Galactomyces, Hannaella, Meyerozyma, Pichia, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Trichosporon and Wickerhamomyces were isolated. Our results provide, to our knowledge, the first records of the yeast microbiota from wild mosquito larvae and show that they may harbour potential clinically relevant yeast species, including the well-known opportunistic human pathogen Candida albicans. Also, diminished numbers of yeast isolates originating from adults, compared to larvae, support the hypothesis of microbial reduction/elimination during adult emergence and extend it to include yeasts. In addition, strains of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida pseudolambica, Cryptococcus gattii, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Wickerhamomyces anomalus were tested as sole feed during a 21-day feeding experiment wherein cumulative larval growth, survival and pupation of Cx. pipiens were recorded. Although most yeasts supported larval growth in a similar manner to the positive control S. cerevisiae strain, the different yeast strains impacted differently on Culex pipiens ontogeny. Notably, survival and pupation of larvae were negatively impacted by a representative strain of the primary pathogen C. gattii - signifying some yeasts to be natural antagonists of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Steyn
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - F Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - A Botha
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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25
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Li M, Li C, Wang J, Song S. Molecular characterization and expression of a novel Toll gene from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:388-97. [PMID: 26190309 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tolls/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important cell-surface receptors serving as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the Tolls/TLRs signaling pathway of innate immune responses. In the present study, we isolated and characterized a novel Toll gene (PtToll) from Portunus trituberculatus, and further investigated its expression in various tissues of crab hosts challenged with the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium. The full-length cDNA of PtToll was 3745 bp, with a 3012 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1003 amino acids. Conserved domains consist of 15 tandem leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a single-pass transmembrane segment (TM) and a cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1R (TIR) domain. The PtToll protein shared high similarity to other crustacean Tolls and was clustered with the crustacean Tolls in the phylogenetic tree. The PtToll gene was constitutively expressed in various tissues of P. trituberculatus, with the highest expression in hemocytes. After being challenged with the parasite, the transcripts of PtToll reacted immediately with significant alterations in all the tested tissues, and decreased consistently in most of the detected tissues (e.g., hemocytes, gill, heart, and muscle) within 24h. Then the transcripts of PtToll were significantly up-regulated in hemocytes and heart at 48 h, and in hepatopancreas at 48 and 96 h post the parasitic challenge. By 192 h post challenge, the transcriptional level of PtToll indicated a significant suppression or a decreasing trend. The fluctuations of PtToll gene expression suggested that PtToll was closely associated with intrusion of the Hematodinium parasites, and may possess a vital and systematic function in the innate immunity of P. trituberculatus against the parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caiwen Li
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuqun Song
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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26
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Urayama SI, Fukuhara T, Moriyama H, Toh-E A, Kawamoto S. Heterologous expression of a gene ofMagnaporthe oryzaechrysovirus 1 strain A disrupts growth of the human pathogenic fungusCryptococcusneoformans. Microbiol Immunol 2014; 58:294-302. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Syun-Ichi Urayama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwaicho Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509
| | - Toshiyuki Fukuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwaicho Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509
| | - Hiromitsu Moriyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 3-5-8 Saiwaicho Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509
| | - Akio Toh-E
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical Mycology Research Center; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8673 Japan
| | - Susumu Kawamoto
- Division of Molecular Biology, Medical Mycology Research Center; Chiba University; Chiba 260-8673 Japan
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Liu GL, Chi Z, Wang GY, Wang ZP, Li Y, Chi ZM. Yeast killer toxins, molecular mechanisms of their action and their applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2013; 35:222-34. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2013.833582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Antifungal activity of the lipopeptides produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens anti-CA against Candida albicans isolated from clinic. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7141-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Stopiglia CDO, Heidrich D, Sorrentino JM, Vieira FJ, Landell MF, Valente P, Scroferneker ML. Susceptibility of species within theSporothrix schenckiicomplex to a panel of killer yeasts. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:578-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheila Denise Ottonelli Stopiglia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Daiane Heidrich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Julia Medeiros Sorrentino
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Fabiane Jamono Vieira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Melissa Fontes Landell
- Centro de Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Campus do Vale, Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Patrícia Valente
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Scroferneker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia; ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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A novel killer toxin produced by the marine-derived yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus YF07b. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012. [PMID: 23180377 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9855-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, it was found that the killer toxin produced by the marine-derived yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus YF07b has both killing activity and β-1,3-glucanase activity and the molecular mass of it is 47.0 kDa. In this study, the same yeast strain was found to produce another killer toxin which only had killing activity against some yeast strains, but had no β-1,3-glucanase activity and the molecular mass of the purified killer toxin was 67.0 kDa. The optimal pH, temperature and NaCl concentration for action of the purified killer toxin were 3.5, 16 °C and 4.0 % (w/v), respectively. The purified killer toxin could be bound by the whole sensitive yeast cells, but was not bound by manann, chitin and β-1,3-glucan. The purified killer toxin had killing activity against Yarrowia lipolytica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Metschnikowia bicuspidata WCY, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans and Kluyveromyces aestuartii. Lethality of the sensitive cells treated by the newly purified killer toxin from W. anomalus YF07b involved disruption of cellular integrity by permeabilizing cytoplasmic membrane function.
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31
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Veerareddy PR, Vemula SK. Formulation, evaluation and pharmacokinetics of colon targeted pulsatile system of flurbiprofen. J Drug Target 2012; 20:703-14. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.712131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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Xu JL, Zhang X, Sun HY, Chi ZM. Disruption of the gene encoding β-1, 3-glucanase in marine-derived Williopsis saturnus WC91-2 enhances its killer toxin activity. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:261-269. [PMID: 21984025 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-011-9409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As the β-1, 3-glucanase produced by the marine-derived Williopsis saturnus WC91-2 could inhibit the activity of the killer toxin produced by the same yeast, the WsEXG1 gene encoding exo-β-1, 3-glucanase in W. saturnus WC91-2 was disrupted. The disruptant WC91-2-2 only produced a trace amount of β-1, 3-glucanase but had much higher activity of killer toxin than W. saturnus WC91-2. After the disruption of the WsEXG1 gene, the expression of the gene was significantly decreased from 100% in the cells of W. saturnus WC91-2 to 27% in the cells of the disruptant WC91-2-2 while the expression of the killer toxin gene in W. saturnus WC91-2 and the disruptant WC91-2-2 was almost the same. During 2-l fermentation, the disruptant WC91-2-2 could produce the highest amount of killer toxin (the size of the inhibition zone was 22 ± 0.7 mm) within 36 h when the cell growth reached the middle of the log phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Li Xu
- UNESCO Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China
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33
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Liu GL, Wang K, Hua MX, Buzdar MA, Chi ZM. Purification and characterization of the cold-active killer toxin from the psychrotolerant yeast Mrakia frigida isolated from sea sediments in Antarctica. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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Mosquito/microbiota interactions: from complex relationships to biotechnological perspectives. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:278-84. [PMID: 22465193 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To date around 3500 different species of mosquito have been described, several tens of which are vectors of pathogens of remarkable interest in public health. Mosquitoes are present all around the world showing a great ability to adapt to very different types of habitats where they play relevant ecological roles. It is very likely that components of the mosquito microbiota have given the mosquito a great capacity to adapt to different environments. Current advances in understanding the mosquito-microbiota relationships may have a great impact in a better understanding of some traits of mosquito biology and in the development of innovative mosquito-borne disease-control strategies aimed to reduce mosquito vectorial capacity and/or inhibiting pathogen transmission.
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35
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Sun HY, Wang K, Chi Z, Xu HM, Chi ZM. Simultaneous production of single cell protein and killer toxin by Wickerhamomyces anomalus HN1-2 isolated from mangrove ecosystem. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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36
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Chi ZM, Liu TT, Chi Z, Liu GL, Wang ZP. Occurrence and diversity of yeasts in the mangrove ecosystems in fujian, guangdong and hainan provinces of china. Indian J Microbiol 2012; 52:346-53. [PMID: 23997323 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-012-0251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove wetland is a unique ecosystem and has rich bioresources. In this article, the roots, stems, branches, leaves, barks, fruits, and flowers from 12 species of the mangrove plants and six species of the accompanying mangrove plants, seawater and sediments in mangrove ecosystems in China were used as sources for isolation of yeasts. A total of 269 yeasts strains were obtained from the samples. The results of routine identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that they belonged to 22 genera and 45 species. Of all the 269 strains, Candida spp. was predominant with the proportion of 44.61%, followed by Kluyveromyces spp. (8.55%), Pichia spp. (7.44%), Kodamaea ohmeri (5.58%), Issatchenkia spp. (4.83%) and Debaryomyces hansenii (4.46%). We also found that strains N02-2.3 and ST3-1Y3 belonged to the undescribed species of Pichia sp. and Trichosporon sp. respectively while strain HN-12 was not related to any known yeast strains. This means that different yeast strains of Candida spp. especially C. tropicalis were widely distributed in the mangrove ecosystems and may have an important role in the mangrove ecosystems. The results also showed that some of them may have potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ming Chi
- Unesco Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, China
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37
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Wang XX, Chi Z, Peng Y, Wang XH, Ru SG, Chi ZM. Purification, characterization and gene cloning of the killer toxin produced by the marine-derived yeast Williopsis saturnus WC91-2. Microbiol Res 2011; 167:558-63. [PMID: 22209575 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As the killer toxin produced by Williopsis saturnus WC91-2 could kill many sensitive yeast strains, including the pathogenic ones, the extracellular killer toxin in the supernatant of cell culture of the marine yeast strain was purified and characterized. The molecular mass of the purified killer toxin was estimated to be 11.0 kDa according to the data from SDS-PAGE. The purified killer toxin had killing activity, but could not hydrolyze laminarin. The optimal conditions for action of the purified killer toxin against the pathogenic yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidate WCY were the assay medium with 10% NaCl, pH 3-3.5 and temperature 16 °C. The gene encoding the killer toxin from the marine killer yeast WC91-2 was cloned and the ORF of the gene was 378 bp. The deduced protein from the cloned gene encoding the killer toxin had 125 amino acids with calculated molecular weight of 11.6 kDa. It was also found that the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified killer toxin had the same corresponding sequence deduced from the cloned killer toxin gene in this marine yeast, confirming that the purified killer toxin was indeed encoded by the cloned gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Wang
- UNESCO Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology and Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolution, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No. 5, Qingdao, China
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38
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Buzdar MA, Chi Z, Wang Q, Hua MX, Chi ZM. Production, purification, and characterization of a novel killer toxin from Kluyveromyces siamensis against a pathogenic yeast in crab. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:1571-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Ricci I, Damiani C, Scuppa P, Mosca M, Crotti E, Rossi P, Rizzi A, Capone A, Gonella E, Ballarini P, Chouaia B, Sagnon N, Esposito F, Alma A, Mandrioli M, Sacchi L, Bandi C, Daffonchio D, Favia G. The yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Pichia anomala) inhabits the midgut and reproductive system of the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. Environ Microbiol 2011; 13:911-21. [PMID: 21208355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While symbiosis between bacteria and insects has been thoroughly investigated in the last two decades, investments on the study of yeasts associated with insects have been limited. Insect-associated yeasts are placed on different branches of the phylogenetic tree of fungi, indicating that these associations evolved independently on several occasions. Isolation of yeasts is frequently reported from insect habitats, and in some cases yeasts have been detected in the insect gut and in other organs/tissues. Here we show that the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus, previously known as Pichia anomala, is stably associated with the mosquito Anopheles stephensi, a main vector of malaria in Asia. Wickerhamomyces anomalus colonized pre-adult stages (larvae L(1)-L(4) and pupae) and adults of different sex and age and could be isolated in pure culture. By a combination of transmission electron microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridization techniques, W. anomalus was shown to localize in the midgut and in both the male and female reproductive systems, suggesting multiple transmission patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ricci
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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40
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Ricci I, Mosca M, Valzano M, Damiani C, Scuppa P, Rossi P, Crotti E, Cappelli A, Ulissi U, Capone A, Esposito F, Alma A, Mandrioli M, Sacchi L, Bandi C, Daffonchio D, Favia G. Different mosquito species host Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Pichia anomala): perspectives on vector-borne diseases symbiotic control. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 99:43-50. [PMID: 21113816 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The genetic manipulation of the microbial community associated with hematophagus insects is particularly relevant for public health applications. Within mosquito populations, this relationship has been overlooked until recently. New advances in molecular biotechnology propose the genetic manipulation of mosquito symbionts to prevent the transmission of pathogens to humans by interfering with the obligatory life cycle stages within the insect through the use of effector molecules. This approach, defined as 'paratransgenesis', has opened the way for the investigation and characterization of microbes residing in the mosquito body, particularly those localised within the gut. Some interesting bacteria have been identified as candidates for genetic modification, however, endosymbiotic yeasts remain largely unexplored with little information on the symbiotic relationships to date. Here we review the recent report of symbiotic relationship between Wickerhamomyces anomalus (Pichia anomala) and several mosquito vector species as promising methods to implement control of mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ricci
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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41
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Immune responses and expression of immune-related genes in swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus exposed to elevated ambient ammonia-N stress. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 157:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Production of a novel and cold-active killer toxin by Mrakia frigida 2E00797 isolated from sea sediment in Antarctica. Extremophiles 2010; 14:515-21. [PMID: 20972898 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-010-0331-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The psychrotolerant yeast Mrakia frigida 2E00797 isolated from sea sediment in Antarctica was found to be able to produce killer toxin against the pathogenic yeast (Metschnikowia bicuspidata WCY) in crab. When the psychrotolerant yeast was grown in the medium with pH 4.5 and 3.0% (wt/vol) NaCl and at 15°C, it could produce the highest amount of killer toxin against the pathogenic yeast M. bicuspidata WCY. The crude killer toxin activity against the pathogenic yeast M. bicuspidata WCY was the highest when it grew at 15°C in the assay medium with 3.0% (wt/vol) NaCl and pH 4.5. At temperatures higher than 25°C, the killing activity produced by M. frigida 2E00797 was completely lost and after the crude killer toxin was pre-incubated at temperatures higher than 40°C for 4 h, the killing activity was also completely lost. The killer toxin produced by M. frigida 2E00797 could kill only M. bicuspidata WCY, Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans among all the fungal species and bacterial species tested in this study.
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43
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Walker GM. Pichia anomala: cell physiology and biotechnology relative to other yeasts. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 99:25-34. [PMID: 20706871 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pichia anomala is a most interesting yeast species, from a number of environmental, industrial and medical aspects. This yeast has been isolated from very diverse natural habitats (e.g. in foods, insects, wastewaters etc.) and it also exhibits wide metabolic and physiological diversity. Some of the activities of P. anomala, particularly its antimicrobial action, make it a very attractive organism for biological control applications in the agri-food sectors of industry. Being a 'robust' organism, it additionally has potential to be exploited in bioremediation of environmental pollutants. This paper provides an overview of cell physiological characteristics (growth, metabolism, stress responses) and biotechnological potential (e.g. as a novel biocontrol agent) of P. anomala and compares such properties with other yeast species, notably Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which remains the most exploited industrial microorganism. We await further basic knowledge of P. anomala cell physiology and genetics prior to its fuller commercial exploitation, but the exciting biotechnological potential of this yeast is highlighted in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme M Walker
- Yeast Research Group, School of Contemporary Sciences, University of Abertay Dundee, Bell Street, Dundee, DD1 1HG, Scotland, UK.
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44
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Peng Y, Chi Z, Wang X, Li J. beta-1,3-glucanase inhibits activity of the killer toxin produced by the marine-derived yeast Williopsis saturnus WC91-2. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:479-485. [PMID: 19941023 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The marine-derived Williopsis saturnus WC91-2 was found to produce very high killer toxin activity against the pathogenic yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata WCY isolated from the diseased crab. It is interesting to observe that the purified beta-1,3-glucanase from W. saturnus WC91-2 had no killer toxin activity but could inhibit activity of the WC91-2 toxin produced by the same yeast. In contrast, the WC91-2 toxin produced had no beta-1,3-glucanase activity. We found that the mechanisms of the inhibition may be that the beta-1,3-glucanase competed for binding to beta-1,3-glucan on the sensitive yeast cell wall with the WC91-2 toxin, causing decrease in the amount of the WC91-2 toxin bound to beta-1,3-glucan on the sensitive yeast cell wall and the activity of the WC91-2 toxin against the sensitive yeast cells. In order to make W. saturnus WC91-2 produce high activity of the WC91-2 toxin against the yeast disease in crab, it is necessary to delete the gene encoding beta-1,3-glucanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Gene Resource Exploitation (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No.5, Qingdao, China
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45
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Yue F, Pan L, Miao J, Zhang L, Li J. Molecular cloning, characterization and mRNA expression of two antibacterial peptides: Crustin and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor in swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 156:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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46
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Chi ZM, Liu G, Zhao S, Li J, Peng Y. Marine yeasts as biocontrol agents and producers of bio-products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1227-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Bioflocculant exopolysaccharide production by Azotobacter indicus using flower extract of Madhuca latifolia L. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:1095-108. [PMID: 19921493 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Efficacy of Azotobacter indicus ATCC 9540 strain for production exopolysaccharide (EPS) bioflocculant was investigated. Mahua flower extract (Madhuca latifolia L), a natural substrate at the concentration of 20 g L(-1), gave maximum recovery of EPS followed by sucrose and mannitol as compared to other carbon sources after 172 h. Yeast extract was found to be the most effective nitrogen source as compared to beef extract, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, casein hydrolysate, and urea for the production of EPS. EPS production was increased in presence of nitrogen (5.51 g L(-1)) as compared to nitrogen-free medium (3.51 g L(-1)), and fermentation time was also reduced by 28 h. Maximum EPS production (6.10 g L(-1)) was found in the presence of 20 g L(-1) flower extract and 0.5 g L(-1) yeast extract containing Ashby's media with 180 rpm at 30 degrees C at 144 h, under controlled conditions in 2.5 L fermenter using optimized medium. The isolated EPS showed cation-dependent flocculating activity. Concentration of EPS played an important role in bioflocculating activity which increased in a concentration-dependent manner up to a certain limit, with the maximum flocculation of 72% at 500 mg L(-1) concentration but remained almost static after this concentration. Extracted polymer was characterized by different chemical tests, FT-IR spectroscopy, and TLC which showed presence of uronic acids, O-acetyl groups, and Orcinol with suggestive indication of alginate like polymer. This study suggests that use of M. latifolia L. flowers can be a potential alternative bioresource for production of exopolysaccharide.
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Chi Z, Chi Z, Zhang T, Liu G, Li J, Wang X. Production, characterization and gene cloning of the extracellular enzymes from the marine-derived yeasts and their potential applications. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:236-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Sheng J, Chi Z, Yan K, Wang X, Gong F, Li J. Use of response surface methodology for optimizing process parameters for high inulinase production by the marine yeast Cryptococcus aureus G7a in solid-state fermentation and hydrolysis of inulin. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2008; 32:333-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-008-0252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Wang X, Chi Z, Yue L, Li J. Purification and characterization of killer toxin from a marine yeast Pichia anomala YF07b against the pathogenic yeast in crab. Curr Microbiol 2007; 55:396-401. [PMID: 17687604 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-007-9010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mass of the purified killer toxin from the marine killer yeast YF07b was estimated to be 47.0 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of the purified killer toxin were 4.5 and 40 degrees C, respectively. The toxin was activated by Ca(2+), K(+), Na(+), Mg(2+), Na(+), and Co(2+). However, Fe(2+), Fe(3+), Hg(2+), Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+), and Ag(+) acted as inhibitors in decreasing activity of the toxin. The toxin was strongly inhibited by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), iodoacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and 1,10-phenanthroline. The Km of the toxin for laminarin was 1.17 g L(-1). The toxin also actively hydrolyzed laminarin and killed the whole cells of the pathogenic yeast in crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- UNESCO Chinese Center of Marine Biotechnology, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, No.5, Qingdao, China
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