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Nakornpakdee Y, Techawiwattanaboon T, Prasai S, Komanee P, Sangkanjanavanich N, Boonkea S, Patarakul K. In silico prediction and experimental evaluation of LIP3228 of pathogenic Leptospira as a potential subunit vaccine target against leptospirosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 745:151229. [PMID: 39724687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.151229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2024] [Revised: 12/05/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024]
Abstract
A protein subunit vaccine comprising conserved surface-exposed outer membrane proteins (SE-OMPs) is considered a promising platform for leptospirosis vaccine. The search for novel vaccine candidates that confer high protective efficacy against leptospirosis is ongoing. The LIP3228 protein was previously identified as a conserved and abundant SE-OMP with the potential to serve as an effective vaccine candidate. However, it is crucial to explore the immunological properties of this vaccine antigen before proceeding with animal experiments. This study aimed to assess the immunological characteristics of LIP3228 through in silico prediction and to validate its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in a hamster model of acute leptospirosis. The LIP3228 vaccine candidate was predicted in silico to be immunogenic, with strong binding B-cell and T-cell epitopes. In the immune simulator, it demonstrated stable interactions with Toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2) and 4 (TLR4) and induced immune responses, potentially stimulating host immune responses in vivo. The animal experiment showed that immunization with recombinant LIP3228 protein, formulated with AddaVax adjuvant, induced high and specific IgG responses in hamsters, with IgG2 being the predominant subclass. Although no significant improvement in survival was observed compared to the negative control after a homologous challenge with virulent leptospires, the vaccinated hamsters showed a reduction in histopathological changes and severity of lesions in target organs compared to unvaccinated hamsters. These results suggest that the immunoinformatic prediction is effective in predicting immunogenicity but not protective efficacy. Therefore, LIP3228 could be considered a potential vaccine candidate for mitigating severe tissue damage. These findings may have significant implications for the development of subunit vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowarin Nakornpakdee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Teerasit Techawiwattanaboon
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Saowaros Prasai
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pat Komanee
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Sukon Boonkea
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kanitha Patarakul
- Chula Vaccine Research Center (Chula VRC), Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Pinto GV, Rai P, Kabekkodu SP, Karunasagar I, Kumar BK. Identification of circulating miRNA biomarkers in leptospirosis for early detection: A promising diagnostic approach. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106781. [PMID: 38969187 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global significance, contributing to morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is endemic to tropical regions, with outbreaks during monsoons. The disease manifestations are similar to that of other febrile illness such as dengue, malaria hence often misdiagnosed and underreported. The zoonoses if undetected, progresses to cause severe life-threatening complications also known as Weil's disease. Routine diagnostic tests are based on the detection of antibodies in patient serum and are not accurate during the initial phase of the infection. Therefore, it is necessary to detect novel biomarkers that can be used in early detection of leptospirosis. Circulating miRNAs are known to be promising biomarkers for various diseases including cancer, tuberculosis, influenza; hence in this study the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers for leptospirosis was evaluated. A total of 30 leptospirosis cases were screened for the differential expression of 10 miRNA by RT-qPCR assay. The differential expression was calculated by relative quantification using healthy individuals as controls. Among the 10 miRNA,3 miRNA, miR-28-5p, miR-302c-3p and miR-302a-3p were reported to exhibit a significant trend of upregulation. Further their role in immune pathways and biological processes was investigated by KEGG analysis and Gene Ontology. The 3 miRNAs were observed to target various immune response pathways, thus confirming their role in host immune response. Based on the results obtained in this study, miR-28-5p, miR-302c-3p and miR-302a-3p can be considered as potential biomarkers for the detection of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillaine Vail Pinto
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Praveen Rai
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Shama Prakash Kabekkodu
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Department of General Medicine, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
- Nitte (Deemed to Be University), Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Deralakatte, Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
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Timande CA, Kanyal DR, Bhargava AK, Sabale SR, Mahajan S, Dakre SM. Effective Management of Leptospirosis: A Case Report of Combined Doxycycline and Ceftriaxone Therapy. Cureus 2024; 16:e67909. [PMID: 39347175 PMCID: PMC11436254 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by the pathogen Leptospira. The disease is primarily transmitted through contact with animals (mainly rats) or through exposure to contaminated water or soil. Underdeveloped countries and places with poor housing and sanitation are at higher risk. Leptospirosis often presents with nonspecific symptoms, making it difficult to diagnose. This can delay the initiation of appropriate treatment. In the case presented, the patient had a history of cough, high fever, and a rash over various parts of the body. This combination of respiratory symptoms, systemic fever, and dermatological manifestations led to the suspicion of an infection. Initial blood examinations revealed a significantly increased white blood cell (WBC) count, indicating an infection. Further enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing was confirmed by active immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies specific to leptospira species, followed by a chest X-ray scan. The antibiotics doxycycline (for seven days) and ceftriaxone (two weeks) were used to treat the leptospirosis. The patient was also given antipyretics to bring down fever and antitussive agents to suppress the cough. Hydration and breathing exercises were also given high priority in healing from this illness. After treatment, the patient did very well, he sweated less before dawn, the rash started to go away, and finally, even coughing was controlled. Further blood tests have shown that now the WBC is in the normal range and the IgM antibody level has dropped. In other words, the infection has been eradicated. For detailed information, refer to the case study "A Moral Call," which argues that early treatment and intervention are critical in managing leptospirosis. Getting this severe infection with early antibiotic therapy and nursing care gives people a chance for complete recovery from their illness. There must be more studies into this disease's long-term effects and how to prevent it when the risk group is more significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan A Timande
- Hospital Administration, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Deepika R Kanyal
- Hospital Administration, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Aditya K Bhargava
- Hospital Administration, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Shantanu R Sabale
- Hospital Administration, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sanket Mahajan
- Clinical Embryology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sudhanshu M Dakre
- Clinical Embryology, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Lashkarbolouk N, Mazandarani M. Leptospirosis in a patient with cardiac manifestation: A case report study and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8883. [PMID: 38725931 PMCID: PMC11079537 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Common cardiac arrhythmias seen in patients with leptospirosis are usually atrial fibrillation or first-degree atrioventricular block, with bradyarrhythmia being rare in this group. It is essential to prioritize the examination of the patient's medical background, clinical symptoms, and comprehensive physical evaluation in order to promptly identify and address the patient's condition. Abstract Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease that is widespread worldwide, has a significant impact on tropical areas and can affect various organs throughout the infection. During the initial stage, symptoms are typically non-specific. Although cases of all three cardiac layers being affected have been reported, issues with the conduction system are especially significant in the early phase of the disease. The most frequent discoveries in these patients are atrial fibrillation or first-degree atrioventricular block, with bradyarrhythmia being rare. We describe a 37-year-old male farmer who initially sought medical attention for general symptoms that had been deteriorating despite receiving outpatient treatment for 3 days for a presumed diagnosis of influenza. During his initial assessment, he exhibited sinus bradycardia, anemia, leukocytosis, elevated levels of direct and total bilirubin, and abnormal liver function test results. Through thorough history-taking, physical examination, and laboratory analyses, a diagnosis of leptospirosis was conclusively established for him. Focusing on the patient's medical history, clinical manifestations, and thorough physical assessment is crucial for promptly diagnosing and treating patients. This becomes particularly significant for individuals who exhibit atypical symptoms, exemplified by our patient presenting with nonspecific indications and cardiac issues manifested as bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Lashkarbolouk
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Endocriniology and Metabolism Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mahdi Mazandarani
- Infectious Diseases Research CenterGolestan University of Medical SciencesGorganIran
- Endocriniology and Metabolism Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Natarajan S, Joseph J, Vinayagamurthy B, Estrela P. A Lateral Flow Assay for the Detection of Leptospira lipL32 Gene Using CRISPR Technology. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6544. [PMID: 37514838 PMCID: PMC10385553 DOI: 10.3390/s23146544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of leptospirosis is often misdiagnosed as other febrile illnesses such as dengue. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a precise diagnostic tool at the field level to detect the pathogenic Leptospira lipL32 gene at the molecular level for prompt therapeutic decisions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is widely used as the primary diagnostic tool, but its applicability is limited by high equipment cost and the lack of availability in every hospital, especially in rural areas where leptospirosis mainly occurs. Here, we report the development of a CRISPR dFnCas9-based quantitative lateral flow immunoassay to detect the lipL32 gene. The developed assay showed superior performance regarding the lowest detectable limit of 1 fg/mL. The test is highly sensitive and selective, showing that leptospirosis diagnosis can be achieved with a low-cost lateral flow device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Natarajan
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Jayaraj Joseph
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Pedro Estrela
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Bioengineering & Biomedical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Cordonin C, Gomard Y, Monadjem A, Schoeman MC, Le Minter G, Lagadec E, Gudo ES, Goodman SM, Dellagi K, Mavingui P, Tortosa P. Ancestral African Bats Brought Their Cargo of Pathogenic Leptospira to Madagascar under Cover of Colonization Events. Pathogens 2023; 12:859. [PMID: 37513706 PMCID: PMC10385254 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Madagascar is home to an extraordinary diversity of endemic mammals hosting several zoonotic pathogens. Although the African origin of Malagasy mammals has been addressed for a number of volant and terrestrial taxa, the origin of their hosted zoonotic pathogens is currently unknown. Using bats and Leptospira infections as a model system, we tested whether Malagasy mammal hosts acquired these infections on the island following colonization events, or alternatively brought these bacteria from continental Africa. We first described the genetic diversity of pathogenic Leptospira infecting bats from Mozambique and then tested through analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) whether the genetic diversity of Leptospira hosted by bats from Mozambique, Madagascar and Comoros is structured by geography or by their host phylogeny. This study reveals a wide diversity of Leptospira lineages shed by bats from Mozambique. AMOVA strongly supports that the diversity of Leptospira sequences obtained from bats sampled in Mozambique, Madagascar, and Comoros is structured according to bat phylogeny. Presented data show that a number of Leptospira lineages detected in bat congeners from continental Africa and Madagascar are imbedded within monophyletic clades, strongly suggesting that bat colonists have indeed originally crossed the Mozambique Channel while infected with pathogenic Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Cordonin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 9192, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale 1187, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 249, Université de La Réunion, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Réunion
| | - Yann Gomard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 9192, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale 1187, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 249, Université de La Réunion, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Réunion
| | - Ara Monadjem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Private Bag 4, Kwaluseni M202, Eswatini
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag 20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - M Corrie Schoeman
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Gildas Le Minter
- Unité Mixte de Recherche PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 9192, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale 1187, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 249, Université de La Réunion, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Réunion
| | - Erwan Lagadec
- Unité Mixte de Recherche PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 9192, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale 1187, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 249, Université de La Réunion, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Réunion
| | | | - Steven M Goodman
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
- Association Vahatra, BP 3972, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 9192, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale 1187, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 249, Université de La Réunion, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Réunion
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Unité Mixte de Recherche PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 9192, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale 1187, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 249, Université de La Réunion, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Réunion
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Unité Mixte de Recherche PIMIT "Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical", Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 9192, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale 1187, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 249, Université de La Réunion, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, Réunion
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Petakh P, Isevych V, Kamyshnyi A, Oksenych V. Weil's Disease-Immunopathogenesis, Multiple Organ Failure, and Potential Role of Gut Microbiota. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1830. [PMID: 36551258 PMCID: PMC9775223 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease, causing about 60,000 deaths annually. In this review, we have described in detail the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis, the influence of cytokines, genetic susceptibility on the course of the disease, and the evasion of the immune response. These data are combined with information about immunological and pathomorphological changes in the kidneys, liver, and lungs, which are most affected by Weil's disease. The review also suggests a possible role of the gut microbiota in the clinical course of leptospirosis, the main mechanisms of the influence of gut dysbiosis on damage in the liver, kidneys, and lungs through several axes, i.e., gut-liver, gut-kidney, and gut-lungs. Modulation of gut microbiota by probiotics and/or fecal microbiota transplantation in leptospirosis may become an important area of scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliia Isevych
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Aleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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Safiee AWM, Mohd Ali MR, Zoqratt MZHM, Siew TH, Chuan CW, Huey LL, Fauzi MH, Besari AM, Yean Yean C, Ismail N. Putative Pathogenic Genes of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira weilii Isolated from Patients with Acute Febrile Illness. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7100284. [PMID: 36288025 PMCID: PMC9610858 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important worldwide tropical disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. The determination of virulence genes is important, as it influences patients' clinical manifestations and clinical outcomes. This case report focused on detecting the pathogenic genes of Leptospira in association with the clinical manifestations of patients at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, who presented with acute febrile illness. Two cases were found and, to the best of our knowledge, these were the first two cases in Malaysia in which patients presented with febrile illness were associated with successful Leptospira isolation from clinical samples. Both clinical isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Leptospira weilii and Leptospira interrogans, respectively, and they were classified as pathogenic Leptospira by the presence of different pathogenic genes, based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of targeted genes. This report emphasizes that different infecting Leptospira species and the presence of different virulence factors cause a slight difference in clinical manifestations and laboratory findings of leptospirosis. Genomic sequencing and annotation revealed the detection of classical leptospiral virulence factor genes that were otherwise missed using PCR for detection of Leptospira weilii genome B208.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Wahida Mohamad Safiee
- Microbiology Transfusion Unit, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Queen Elizabeth II, Lorong Bersatu Off Jalan Damai, Kota Kinabalu 88300, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Ridhuan Mohd Ali
- Bacteriology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Center (IDRC), Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Complex, Setia Alam, Shah Alam 40170, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Tan Hock Siew
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chua Wei Chuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Lee Lih Huey
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hashairi Fauzi
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Alwi Muhd Besari
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nabilah Ismail
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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9
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Acute kidney injury in leptospirosis: A country-level report. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 49:102359. [PMID: 35660008 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Niroomandi E, Maleki S, Abdollahpour G, Zakian A, Ahmadvand H. The effect of natural infection with different Leptospira interrogans serovars on oxidative stress biomarkers and acute-phase responses in horses and cattle. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:84-92. [PMID: 35179227 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the important zoonotic bacterial diseases with a worldwide distribution that is often subclinical. We aimed to investigate the oxidant/antioxidant balance and acute-phase response in naturally infected horses and cattle with Leptospira interrogans. A total of 600 serum samples from horses and cattle were examined for L. interrogans antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test to determine anti-Leptospira IgG antibodies against a panel of eight important Leptospira antigens in Iran. Then, serum total antioxidant capacity, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde activities, and nitric oxide, total protein, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and albumin concentrations were measured in seropositive and seronegative samples. Serum catalase activities and malondialdehyde, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin concentrations in seropositive cattle and horses were significantly higher (P < .05) than in those that were seronegative. Antibody titers increased from 1:100 to ≥ 1:200 in cattle with L. interrogans infection, resulting in a decrease in the serum total antioxidant capacity (P < .05), an increase in serum glutathione peroxidase (P < .01) activity and nitric oxide (P < .05) , serum amyloid A (P < .01), and haptoglobin (P < .05) concentrations. Following the increase in the agglutinating antibody titers in horses infected with L. interrogans, the serum total antioxidant capacity (P < .01) decreased, and serum nitric oxide (P < .05), malondialdehyde (P < .05), and serum amyloid A (P < .01) concentrations were increased. In this study, horses and cattle had extensive changes in oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and acute-phase protein concentrations when infected with L. interrogans. We also demonstrated a direct link between antibody titers and the type of leptospiral serovar using serum oxidative and inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Niroomandi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shahram Maleki
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Abdollahpour
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Zakian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hasan Ahmadvand
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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The role of leptospiremia and specific immune response in severe leptospirosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14630. [PMID: 34272435 PMCID: PMC8285422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis can cause a high mortality rate, especially in severe cases. This multicenter cross-sectional study aimed to examine both host and pathogen factors that might contribute to the disease severity. A total of 217 leptospirosis patients were recruited and divided into two groups of non-severe and severe. Severe leptospirosis was defined by a modified sequential organ failure assessment (mSOFA) score of more than two or needed for mechanical ventilation support or had pulmonary hemorrhage or death. We found that leptospiremia, plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (pNGAL), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) at the first day of enrollment (day 1) and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titer at 7 days after enrollment (days 7) were significantly higher in the severe group than in the non-severe group. After adjustment for age, gender, and the days of fever, there were statistically significant associations of baseline leptospiremia level (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.23–2.34, p = 0.001), pNGAL (OR 9.46, 95% CI 4.20–21.33, p < 0.001), and IL-6 (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.96–4.07, p < 0.001) with the severity. In conclusion, a high leptospiremia, pNGAL, and IL-6 level at baseline were associated with severe leptospirosis.
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Leptospirosis and rickettsiosis, a diagnostic challenge for febrile syndrome in endemic areas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 41:208-217. [PMID: 34214261 PMCID: PMC8372841 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 50 años de edad proveniente de la región de Urabá, Colombia, con una infección mixta por Rickettsia rickettsii y Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni ST78, y pruebas negativas para malaria y dengue. El paciente presentó un síndrome febril que no mejoró con el tratamiento antibiótico sistémico y, finalmente, falleció en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. El diagnóstico post mortem se hizo mediante tipificación molecular de los dos agentes etiológicos. En la inspección del domicilio del paciente, se encontró un ejemplar de Rattus rattus infectado con L. interrogans del mismo serovar detectado en él. No se encontraron garrapatas en los animales domésticos que habitaban con el paciente. Se reporta una infección mixta con síntomas clínicos progresivos y fatales en un paciente con antecedentes laborales de riesgo en una zona endémica para enfermedades tropicales, lo que obliga a tener presente la posibilidad de infecciones simultáneas en personas procedentes de áreas endémicas que consulten reiteradamente por síndrome febril sin resolución y tengan riesgo laboral relacionado con actividades agrícolas.
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Development of a Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection and Discrimination of Pathogenic and Saprophytic Leptospira in Water. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis prevalent in tropical countries and affects animals and humans alike. Leptospira interrogans, the causative organism for this waterborne infection, spreads through the urine of infected animals. There is a direct link between contaminated water and Leptospira outbreaks. This study reports a rapid assay to detect and differentiate pathogenic Leptospira from non-pathogenic in environmental water using multiplex PCR. The assay uses primers targeting the Lipl32 and Lipl21 gene. The multiplex PCR has been standardized using 11 pathogenic and one saprophytic serovar of Leptospira. The analytical sensitivity of the developed method was evaluated with different concentrations of template DNA. This method was used to screen water samples collected from 20 different sources from Chengalpattu town in Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. Of the 20 water samples screened, 13 samples tested positive for pathogenic Leptospira, and seven samples tested negative. Four water samples were found to carry both pathogenic and saprophytic species. The developed multiplex PCR assay is highly useful for detecting and distinguishing pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires in water.
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Taneja V, Goel M, Shankar U, Kumar A, Khilnani GC, Prasad HK, Prasad GBKS, Gupta UD, Sharma TK. An Aptamer Linked Immobilized Sorbent Assay (ALISA) to Detect Circulatory IFN-α, an Inflammatory Protein among Tuberculosis Patients. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2020; 22:656-666. [PMID: 33063508 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.0c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of IFN-α is the basis for pathogenesis of autoimmune as well as infectious diseases. Identifying inflammatory signatures in peripheral blood of patients is an approach for monitoring active infection. Hence, estimation of type I IFNs as an inflammatory biomarker to scrutinize disease status after treatment is useful. Accordingly, an Aptamer Linked Immobilized Sorbent Assay (ALISA) for the detection of IFN-α in serum samples was developed. Sixteen aptamers were screened for their ability to bind IFN-α. Aptamer IFNα-3 exhibited specificity for IFN-α with no cross-reactivity with interferons β and γ and human serum albumin. The disassociation constant (Kd) was determined to be 3.96 ± 0.36 nM, and the limit of detection was ∼2 ng. The characterized IFNα-3 aptamer was used in ALISA to screen tuberculosis (TB) patients' sera. An elevated IFN-α level in sera derived from untreated TB patients (median = 0.31), compared to nontuberculous household contacts (median = 0.13) and healthy volunteers (median = 0.12), and further a decline in IFN-α level among treated patients (median = 0.13) were seen. The ALISA assay facilitates direct estimation of inflammatory protein(s) in circulation unlike mRNA estimation by real time PCR. Designing of aptamers similar to the IFNα-3 aptamer provides a novel approach to assess other inflammatory protein(s) in patients before, during, and after completion of treatment and would denote clinical improvement in successfully treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Taneja
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, 282001, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 474011, India
- Aptamer Technology and Diagnostics Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Clinical and Translational Research Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Incubator, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad, Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Manish Goel
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Uma Shankar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Gopi C. Khilnani
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Hanumanthappa K. Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | | | - Umesh D. Gupta
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, 282001, India
| | - Tarun K. Sharma
- Aptamer Technology and Diagnostics Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Clinical and Translational Research Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Incubator, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Faridabad, Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, India
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15
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Pérez LJ, Lanka S, DeShambo VJ, Fredrickson RL, Maddox CW. A Validated Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assay for the Diagnosis of Infectious Leptospira spp.: A Novel Assay for the Detection and Differentiation of Strains From Both Pathogenic Groups I and II. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:457. [PMID: 32265882 PMCID: PMC7100377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is recognized as the most globally widespread reemerging zoonosis and represents a serious threat for both human and animal health. Indeed, leptospirosis is linked to more than 60,000 human deaths per year and to incalculable economic burden as consequence of medical treatment costs and livestock loss. The increasing number of reports from species of pathogenic Leptospira spp. group II causing disease in both humans and animals constitutes an additional concern to the complex epidemiology of this zoonotic agent. Diagnostic methods based on qPCR have improved the diagnosis of Leptospira spp. in terms of cost, time, and reliability, but most of the validated assays fail to detect species from the pathogenic group II. Hence, the current study was aimed to develop and validate a novel multiplex qPCR to enable the specific and selective detection of the whole group of infectious Leptospira spp., including both pathogenic groups I and II and moreover, selectively discriminate between them. To fit the "fitness of purpose" for the specific detection of infectious Leptospira spp. and further discrimination between both pathogenic groups three target regions on the 16S RNA gene were selected. These targets facilitated a broad and selective spectrum for the detection of all infectious Leptospira spp. with the exclusion of all saprophytic groups and the novel clade of environmental Leptospira spp. The analytical sensitivity (ASe) showed by the new assay also enables a wide window of detection for the agent at different stages of infection since the assay was able to efficiently detect at 95% of confidence ∼5 leptospires/reaction. From the evaluation of the analytical specificity (ASp) by in silico and in vitro approaches, it was congruently revealed that the primers and probes selected only recognized the specific targets for which the assay was intended. Bayesian latent class analysis of performance of the new assay on 684 clinical samples showed values of diagnostic sensitivity of 99.8% and diagnostic specificity of 100%. Thus, from the evaluation of the analytical and diagnostic parameters, the new multiplex qPCR assay is a reliable method for the diagnosis of Leptospira spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J. Pérez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Vanessa J. DeShambo
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Richard L. Fredrickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Carol W. Maddox
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Draft Genome Sequences of Leptospira interrogans Serovar Copenhageni Strains Isolated from Patients with Weil’s Disease in Brazil. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/7/e01538-19. [PMID: 32054712 PMCID: PMC7019067 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01538-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of
Leptospira
. In Brazil, this disease is endemic, presenting epidemic potential in rainy seasons. Here, we announce the whole-genome sequences of two
L. interrogans
serovar Copenhageni strains isolated from blood samples from two icteric patients associated with severe leptospirosis in Brazil.
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Wan Yusoff WSY, Abdullah M, Sekawi Z, Amran F, Yuhana MY, Mohd Taib N, Md Shah A, Amin Nordin S. Elevated levels of IL-8 in fatal leptospirosis. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:99-103. [PMID: 32024441 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1724356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis causes a wide range of clinical outcomes, including organ failure and death. Early treatment significantly increases the chances of cure. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemoattractant cytokine for neutrophil and is associated with multiple organ failure. Research has indicated IL-8 to be raised in severe and fatal cases of leptospirosis, but its suitability as a prognostic biomarker has yet to be confirmed. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of IL-8 with the clinical outcomes of leptospirosis patients. Plasma IL-8 was measured in fifty-two samples from hospitalized patients and nineteen healthy controls. The comparisons were made between mild, severe-survived and fatal groups identified by clinical or laboratory findings. IL-8 was significantly higher in fatal (p = 0.01) compared to mild cases. IL-8 was also significantly higher in fatal (p = 0.02) when compared to survived cases of leptospirosis. IL-8 levels in the plasma of fatal leptospirosis cases were significantly elevated compared to survived cases and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in determining the possible outcome of leptospirosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Shahriman Yushdie Wan Yusoff
- Centre of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Maha Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Fairuz Amran
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Bacteriology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Yazli Yuhana
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Niazlin Mohd Taib
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Anim Md Shah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Syafinaz Amin Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
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18
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Wan Yusoff WSY, Abdullah M, Sekawi Z, Amran F, Yuhana MY, Mohd Taib N, Yap IKS, Than LTL, Md Shah A, van Belkum A, Amin Nordin S. Raised levels of Il-6, Il-17a, and Il-22 in fatal leptospirosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:2349-2353. [PMID: 31529307 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of leptospirosis range from mild, common cold-like illness, to a life-threatening condition. The host immune response has been hypothesized to play a major role in leptospirosis outcome. Increased levels of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, may promote tissue damage that lead to increased disease severity. The question is whether cytokines levels may predict the outcome of leptospirosis and guide patient management. This study aimed to assess the association between Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-related cytokines with the clinical outcome of patients with leptospirosis. Different cytokine levels were measured in fifty-two plasma samples of hospitalized patients diagnosed with leptospirosis in Malaysia (January 2016-December 2017). Patients were divided into two separate categories: survived (n = 40) and fatal outcome (n = 12). Nineteen plasma samples from healthy individuals were obtained as controls. Cytokine quantification was performed using Simple Plex™ assays from ProteinSimple (San Jose, CA, USA). Measurements were done in triplicate and statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad software and SPSS v20. IL-6 (p = 0.033), IL-17A (p = 0.022), and IL-22 (p = 0.046) were significantly elevated in fatal cases. IL-17A concentration (OR 1.115; 95% CI 1.010-1.231) appeared to be an independent predictor of fatality of leptospirosis. Significantly higher levels of TNF-α (p ≤ 0.0001), IL-6 (p ≤ 0.0001), IL-10 (p ≤ 0.0001), IL-12 (p ≤ 0.0001), IL17A (p ≤ 0.0001), and IL-18 (p ≤ 0.0001) were observed among leptospirosis patients in comparison with healthy controls. Our study shows that certain cytokine levels may serve as possible prognostic biomarkers in leptospirosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Shahriman Yushdie Wan Yusoff
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maha Abdullah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fairuz Amran
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Bacteriology Unit, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Yazli Yuhana
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Niazlin Mohd Taib
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ivan Kok Seng Yap
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Taman Esplanade, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anim Md Shah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Clinical Unit, bioMérieux, 3 route de Port Michaud, 38390, La Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - Syafinaz Amin Nordin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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19
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Felix CR, Siedler BS, Barbosa LN, Timm GR, McFadden J, McBride AJA. An overview of human leptospirosis vaccine design and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:179-188. [PMID: 31777290 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1694508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: It's been 20 years since the first report of a recombinant vaccine that protected against leptospirosis. Since then, numerous recombinant vaccines have been evaluated; however, no recombinant vaccine candidate has advanced to clinical trials. With the ever-increasing burden of leptospirosis, there is an urgent need for a universal vaccine against leptospirosis.Areas covered: This review covers the most promising vaccine candidates that induced significant, reproducible, protection and how advances in the field of bioinformatics has led to the discovery of hundreds of novel protein targets. The authors also discuss the most recent findings regarding the innate immune response and host-pathogen interactions and their impact on the discovery of novel vaccine candidates. In addition, the authors have identified what they believe are the most challenging problems for the discovery and development of a universal vaccine and their potential solutions.Expert opinion: A universal vaccine for leptospirosis will likely only be achieved using a recombinant vaccine as the bacterins are of limited use due to the lack of a cross-protective immune response. Although there are hundreds of novel targets, due to the lack of immune correlates and the need for more research into the basic microbiology of Leptospira spp., a universal vaccine is 10-15 years away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Felix
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Bianca S Siedler
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Liana N Barbosa
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriana R Timm
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan J A McBride
- Biotechnology Department, Centre for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Chin VK, Basir R, Nordin SA, Abdullah M, Sekawi Z. Pathology and Host Immune Evasion During Human Leptospirosis: a Review. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:127-136. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Charo N, Scharrig E, Ferrer MF, Sanjuan N, Carrera Silva EA, Schattner M, Gómez RM. Leptospira species promote a pro-inflammatory phenotype in human neutrophils. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12990. [PMID: 30537301 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira. Neutrophils are key cells against bacterial pathogens but can also contribute to tissue damage. Because the information regarding the role of human neutrophils in leptospirosis is scant, we comparatively analysed the human neutrophil's response to saprophytic Leptospira biflexa serovar Patoc (Patoc) and the pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni (LIC). Both species triggered neutrophil responses involved in migration, including the upregulation of CD11b expression, adhesion to collagen, and the release of IL-8. In addition, both species increased levels of pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-6 associated with the inflammasome and NFκB pathway activation and delayed neutrophil apoptosis. LIC was observed on the neutrophil surface and not phagocytized. In contrast, Patoc generated intracellular ROS associated with its uptake. Neutrophils express the TYRO3, AXL, and MER receptor protein tyrosine kinases (TAM), but only LIC selectively increased the level of AXL. TLR2 but not TLR4-blocking antibodies abrogated the IL-8 secretion triggered by both Leptospira species. In summary, we demonstrate that Leptospira species trigger a robust neutrophil activation and pro-inflammatory response. These findings may be useful to find new diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies against leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Charo
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilia Scharrig
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María F Ferrer
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Norberto Sanjuan
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenio A Carrera Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo M Gómez
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
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