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de Sousa RDSDR, Lima GVS, Garcias JT, Gomes GDO, Mateus JR, Madeira LDPDS, Seldin L, Rogez HLG, Marques JM. The Microbial Community Structure in the Rhizosphere of Theobroma cacao L. and Euterpe oleracea Mart. Is Influenced by Agriculture System in the Brazilian Amazon. Microorganisms 2024; 12:398. [PMID: 38399802 PMCID: PMC10892126 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that cocoa monoculture (MS) and cocoa-açai agroforestry systems (AFS) may influence the microbial community structure and populations of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR). Accordingly, the aim was to analyze the microbial community structure and PGPR populations in different agroecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. To achieve this, the rhizosphere microbial community of cocoa and açai plants in both Amazonian seasons (dry and rainy) was analyzed using culture-dependent (PGPR screening) and -independent methods [PCR-DGGE based on rrs, alp, nifH gene, and intergenic region (ITS) of fungi]. Concerning PGPR screening, out of 48 isolated bacterial strains, 25% were capable of siderophore production, 29% of mineralized organic phosphate, 8% of inorganic phosphate solubilization, and 4% of indole acetic acid production. Moreover, 17% of isolates could inhibit the growth of various phytopathogenic fungi. Statistical analyses of DGGE fingerprints (p < 0.05) showed that bacterial and fungal community structures in the rhizosphere were influenced by the seasons, supporting the results of the physicochemical analysis of the environment. Furthermore, as hypothesized, microbial communities differed statistically when comparing the MS and AFS. These findings provide important insights into the influence of climate and cultivation systems on soil microbial communities to guide the development of sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosiane do Socorro dos Reis de Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (R.d.S.d.R.d.S.); (G.V.S.L.); (J.T.G.); (G.d.O.G.); (L.D.P.d.S.M.); (H.L.G.R.)
| | - Giulia Victória Silva Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (R.d.S.d.R.d.S.); (G.V.S.L.); (J.T.G.); (G.d.O.G.); (L.D.P.d.S.M.); (H.L.G.R.)
| | - Josinete Torres Garcias
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (R.d.S.d.R.d.S.); (G.V.S.L.); (J.T.G.); (G.d.O.G.); (L.D.P.d.S.M.); (H.L.G.R.)
| | - Graziane de Oliveira Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (R.d.S.d.R.d.S.); (G.V.S.L.); (J.T.G.); (G.d.O.G.); (L.D.P.d.S.M.); (H.L.G.R.)
| | - Jackeline Rossetti Mateus
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (J.R.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucimar Di Paula dos Santos Madeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (R.d.S.d.R.d.S.); (G.V.S.L.); (J.T.G.); (G.d.O.G.); (L.D.P.d.S.M.); (H.L.G.R.)
| | - Lucy Seldin
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (J.R.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Hervé Louis Ghislain Rogez
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (R.d.S.d.R.d.S.); (G.V.S.L.); (J.T.G.); (G.d.O.G.); (L.D.P.d.S.M.); (H.L.G.R.)
| | - Joana Montezano Marques
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil; (R.d.S.d.R.d.S.); (G.V.S.L.); (J.T.G.); (G.d.O.G.); (L.D.P.d.S.M.); (H.L.G.R.)
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (J.R.M.); (L.S.)
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Toppo P, Jangir P, Mehra N, Kapoor R, Mathur P. Bioprospecting of endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Anisomeles indica L. for their diverse role in agricultural and industrial sectors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:588. [PMID: 38182714 PMCID: PMC10770348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytes are microorganisms that inhabit various plant parts and cause no damage to the host plants. During the last few years, a number of novel endophytic fungi have been isolated and identified from medicinal plants and were found to be utilized as bio-stimulants and bio fertilizers. In lieu of this, the present study aims to isolate and identify endophytic fungi associated with the leaves of Anisomeles indica L. an important medicinal plant of the Terai-Duars region of West Bengal. A total of ten endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of A. indica and five were identified using ITS1/ITS4 sequencing based on their ability for plant growth promotion, secondary metabolite production, and extracellular enzyme production. Endophytic fungal isolates were identified as Colletotrichum yulongense Ai1, Colletotrichum cobbittiense Ai2, Colletotrichum alienum Ai2.1, Colletotrichum cobbittiense Ai3, and Fusarium equiseti. Five isolates tested positive for their plant growth promotion potential, while isolates Ai4. Ai1, Ai2, and Ai2.1 showed significant production of secondary metabolites viz. alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, etc. Isolate Ai2 showed maximum total phenolic concentration (25.98 mg g-1), while isolate Ai4 showed maximum total flavonoid concentration (20.10 mg g-1). Significant results were observed for the production of extracellular enzymes such as cellulases, amylases, laccases, lipases, etc. The isolates significantly influenced the seed germination percentage of tomato seedlings and augmented their growth and development under in vitro assay. The present work comprehensively tested these isolates and ascertained their huge application for the commercial utilization of these isolates both in the agricultural and industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Toppo
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India
| | - Pooja Jangir
- Plant-Fungus Interactions Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Namita Mehra
- Plant-Fungus Interactions Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rupam Kapoor
- Plant-Fungus Interactions Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India.
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Timofeeva AM, Galyamova MR, Sedykh SE. Plant Growth-Promoting Soil Bacteria: Nitrogen Fixation, Phosphate Solubilization, Siderophore Production, and Other Biological Activities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4074. [PMID: 38140401 PMCID: PMC10748132 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the literature data on plant growth-promoting bacteria in soil, which can fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphates, produce and secrete siderophores, and may exhibit several different behaviors simultaneously. We discuss perspectives for creating bacterial consortia and introducing them into the soil to increase crop productivity in agrosystems. The application of rhizosphere bacteria-which are capable of fixing nitrogen, solubilizing organic and inorganic phosphates, and secreting siderophores, as well as their consortia-has been demonstrated to meet the objectives of sustainable agriculture, such as increasing soil fertility and crop yields. The combining of plant growth-promoting bacteria with mineral fertilizers is a crucial trend that allows for a reduction in fertilizer use and is beneficial for crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Timofeeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Maria R. Galyamova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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Akbaba M, Özden E. Salt tolerance of endophytic root bacteria and their effects on seed germination and viability on tomato plants. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:3147-3162. [PMID: 37768522 PMCID: PMC10689620 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most brutal environmental factors limiting the productivity of agricultural lands worldwide. It is considered that the salinity may be one of the important reasons for the low yield in Iğdır of the tomato plants, which is medium resistant (3-5 dS.m-1) among vegetables. Eco-friendly techniques such as endophytic root bacteria treatments (ERB) are needed to restore saline soils to agriculture and also to increase the yield of tomatoes. Endophytic bacteria colonizing the inside of plants increase plant growth by various mechanisms and also mitigate the adverse effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on plants. In this study, endophytic bacteria were isolated from the roots of tomato plants exposed to salt stress. Then, these isolates' tolerance levels to different NaCl (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 M) concentrations and their potential to promote plant growth (PGP) traits were determined. It was recorded that 14.8% of the isolates whose salt tolerance was tested were highly tolerant to NaCl and 18.5% were highly susceptible. The tested ERB isolates exhibited typical PGP characteristics such as siderophore production (4-30 mm diameter), phosphate solubilizing activity (6-16 mm diameter), and IAA production activity (24.9-171.6 µg/ml). Moreover, it was determined that the nitrogen fixation potential is high 55.7% of the isolates tested, and 11.1% low. In addition, the effects of ERB treatments on germination and vigor index in two tomato cultivars under standard and saline conditions in the lab were evaluated. Some ERB isolates in tomato plants under standard and saline conditions increased seed viability, hypocotyl length, root length, and seedling fresh weight, and also accelerated germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Akbaba
- Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey.
| | - Eren Özden
- Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey
- Horticulture and Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
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Choudhary N, Dhingra N, Gacem A, Yadav VK, Verma RK, Choudhary M, Bhardwaj U, Chundawat RS, Alqahtani MS, Gaur RK, Eltayeb LB, Al Abdulmonem W, Jeon BH. Towards further understanding the applications of endophytes: enriched source of bioactive compounds and bio factories for nanoparticles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1193573. [PMID: 37492778 PMCID: PMC10364642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1193573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The most significant issues that humans face today include a growing population, an altering climate, an growing reliance on pesticides, the appearance of novel infectious agents, and an accumulation of industrial waste. The production of agricultural goods has also been subject to a great number of significant shifts, often known as agricultural revolutions, which have been influenced by the progression of civilization, technology, and general human advancement. Sustainable measures that can be applied in agriculture, the environment, medicine, and industry are needed to lessen the harmful effects of the aforementioned problems. Endophytes, which might be bacterial or fungal, could be a successful solution. They protect plants and promote growth by producing phytohormones and by providing biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Endophytes produce the diverse type of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, quinones, chinones, phenolic acids etc. and are known for various therapeutic advantages such as anticancer, antitumor, antidiabetic, antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidant activity. Proteases, pectinases, amylases, cellulases, xylanases, laccases, lipases, and other types of enzymes that are vital for many different industries can also be produced by endophytes. Due to the presence of all these bioactive compounds in endophytes, they have preferred sources for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. This review aims to comprehend the contributions and uses of endophytes in agriculture, medicinal, industrial sectors and bio-nanotechnology with their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Choudhary
- Dept of Biosciences, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Naveen Dhingra
- Department of Agriculture, Medi-Caps University, Pigdamber Road, Rau, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amel Gacem
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University 20 Août 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Dept of Biosciences, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Verma
- Dept of Biosciences, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mahima Choudhary
- Dept of Biosciences, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Uma Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida International University, Noida, U.P., India
| | - Rajendra Singh Chundawat
- Dept of Biosciences, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mody University of Science and Technology, Lakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- BioImaging Unit, Space Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Rajarshi Kumar Gaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya (D.D.U.) Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lienda Bashier Eltayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin AbdulAziz University- Al-Kharj, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang YZ, Zhou SYD, Zhou XY, An XL, Su JQ. Manure and biochar have limited effect on lettuce leaf endophyte resistome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160515. [PMID: 36442632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil amendment with manure compost and biochar is widely adopted to improve soil fertility and promote plant growth, and their effects on soil microbial communities and resistome have been well documented. However, there is sparse information regarding their effects on vegetable endophytes, which represent a major source of human exposure to pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) when eaten raw. Here, we investigated the impacts of manure compost or biochar addition on the bacterial community compositions and ARGs in the soil-lettuce continuum including soil, seed, leaf, and root samples. A total of 137 ARGs and 31 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected in all the samples after 60 days of cultivation. The relative abundance of ARGs and the diversity of bacteria communities presented a consistent decreasing trend from soil to root endophytes, then leaf endophytes. Manure compost addition increased the diversity and abundance of ARGs in soil, while significant changes in the ARG profiles and bacterial communities were not observed in leaf endophytes after manure compost or biochar addition, or both. Bipartite networks analysis suggested that seed microbiome was one of the major sources of plant endophytes and ARGs. Twenty potential human pathogens were isolated from lettuce, indicating potential exposure risk to pathogens via the consumption of raw lettuce. These results suggest limited impacts of manure compost and biochar addition on lettuce endophytes and highlight the contribution of seed microbiome to endophyte ARG profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shu-Yi-Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin-Li An
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Nagrale DT, Chaurasia A, Kumar S, Gawande SP, Hiremani NS, Shankar R, Gokte-Narkhedkar N, Renu, Prasad YG. PGPR: the treasure of multifarious beneficial microorganisms for nutrient mobilization, pest biocontrol and plant growth promotion in field crops. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:100. [PMID: 36792799 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have multifarious beneficial activities for plant growth promotion; act as source of metabolites, enzymes, nutrient mobilization, biological control of pests, induction of disease resistance vis-a-vis bioremediation potentials by phytoextraction and detoxification of heavy metals, pollutants and pesticides. Agrochemicals and synthetic pesticides are currently being utilized widely in all major field crops, thereby adversely affecting human and animal health, and posing serious threats to the environments. Beneficial microorganisms like PGPR could potentially substitute and supplement the toxic chemicals and pesticides with promising application in organic farming leading to sustainable agriculture practices and bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated sites. Among field crops limited bio-formulations have been prepared till now by utilization of PGPR strains having plant growth promotion, metabolites, enzymes, nutrient mobilization and biocontrol activities. The present review contributes comprehensive description of PGPR applications in field crops including commercial, oilseeds, leguminous and cereal crops to further extend the utilization of these potent groups of beneficial microorganisms so that even higher level of crop productivity and quality produce of field crops could be achieved. PGPR and bacteria based commercialized bio-formulations available worldwide for its application in the field crops have been compiled in this review which can be a substitute for the harmful synthetic chemicals. The current knowledge gap and potential target areas for future research have also been projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Nagrale
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India.
| | - A Chaurasia
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221305, India.
| | - S Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - S P Gawande
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
| | - N S Hiremani
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
| | - Raja Shankar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru, 560089, India
| | - N Gokte-Narkhedkar
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
| | - Renu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Y G Prasad
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
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Medison RG, Tan L, Medison MB, Chiwina KE. Use of beneficial bacterial endophytes: A practical strategy to achieve sustainable agriculture. AIMS Microbiol 2022; 8:624-643. [PMID: 36694581 PMCID: PMC9834078 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2022040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Beneficial endophytic bacteria influence their host plant to grow and resist pathogens. Despite the advantages of endophytic bacteria to their host, their application in agriculture has been low. Furthermore, many plant growers improperly use synthetic chemicals due to having no or little knowledge of the role of endophytic bacteria in plant growth, the prevention and control of pathogens and poor access to endobacterial bioproducts. These synthetic chemicals have caused soil infertility, environmental contamination, disruption to ecological cycles and the emergence of resistant pests and pathogens. There is more that needs to be done to explore alternative ways of achieving sustainable plant production while maintaining environmental health. In recent years, the use of beneficial endophytic bacteria has been noted to be a promising tool in promoting plant growth and the biocontrol of pathogens. Therefore, this review discusses the roles of endophytic bacteria in plant growth and the biocontrol of plant pathogens. Several mechanisms that endophytic bacteria use to alleviate plant biotic and abiotic stresses by helping their host plants acquire nutrients, enhance plant growth and development and suppress pathogens are explained. The review also indicates that there is a gap between research and general field applications of endophytic bacteria and suggests a need for collaborative efforts between growers at all levels. Furthermore, the presence of scientific and regulatory frameworks that promote advanced biotechnological tools and bioinoculants represents major opportunities in the applications of endophytic bacteria. The review provides a basis for future research in areas related to understanding the interactions between plants and beneficial endophytic microorganisms, especially bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Litao Tan
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou Hubei 434025, China
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Timofeeva A, Galyamova M, Sedykh S. Prospects for Using Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms as Natural Fertilizers in Agriculture. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162119. [PMID: 36015422 PMCID: PMC9414882 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphates are known to be essential for plant growth and development, with phosphorus compounds being involved in various physiological and biochemical reactions. Phosphates are known as one of the most important factors limiting crop yields. The problem of phosphorus deficiency in the soil has traditionally been solved by applying phosphate fertilizers. However, chemical phosphate fertilizers are considered ineffective compared to the organic fertilizers manure and compost. Therefore, increasing the bioavailability of phosphates for plants is one of the primary goals of sustainable agriculture. Phosphate-solubilizing soil microorganisms can make soil-insoluble phosphate bioavailable for plants through solubilization and mineralization. These microorganisms are currently in the focus of interest due to their advantages, such as environmental friendliness, low cost, and high biological efficiency. In this regard, the solubilization of phosphates by soil microorganisms holds strong potential in research, and inoculation of soils or crops with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria is a promising strategy to improve plant phosphate uptake. In this review, we analyze all the species of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria described in the literature to date. We discuss key mechanisms of solubilization of mineral phosphates and mineralization of organic phosphate-containing compounds: organic acids secreted by bacteria for the mobilization of insoluble inorganic phosphates, and the enzymes hydrolyzing phosphorus-containing organic compounds. We demonstrate that phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms have enormous potency as biofertilizers since they increase phosphorus bioavailability for the plant, promote sustainable agriculture, improve soil fertility, and raise crop yields. The use of phosphate-solubilizing microbes is regarded as a new frontier in increasing plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Timofeeva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria Galyamova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-91-3727-1000
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10
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Microbial endophytes: application towards sustainable agriculture and food security. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5359-5384. [PMID: 35902410 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial endophytes are ubiquitous and exist in each recognised plant species reported till date. Within the host plant, the entire community of microbes lives non-invasively within the active internal tissues without causing any harm to the plant. Endophytes interact with their host plant via metabolic communication enables them to generate signal molecules. In addition, the host plant's genetic recombination with endophytes helps them to imitate the host's physicochemical functions and develop identical active molecules. Therefore, when cultured separately, they begin producing the host plant phytochemicals. The fungal species Penicillium chrysogenum has portrayed the glory days of antibiotics with the invention of the antibiotic penicillin. Therefore, fungi have substantially supported social health by developing many bioactive molecules utilised as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory and anticancerous agents. But plant-related microbes have emanated as fountainheads of biologically functional compounds with higher levels of medicinal perspective in recent years. Researchers have been motivated by the endless need for potent drugs to investigate alternate ways to find new endophytes and bioactive molecules, which tend to be a probable aim for drug discovery. The current research trends with these promising endophytic organisms are reviewed in this review paper. KEY POINTS: • Identified 54 important bioactive compounds as agricultural relevance • Role of genome mining of endophytes and "Multi-Omics" tools in sustainable agriculture • A thorough description and graphical presentation of agricultural significance of plant endophytes.
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Francioli D, Cid G, Hajirezaei MR, Kolb S. Leaf bacterial microbiota response to flooding is controlled by plant phenology in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:11197. [PMID: 35778470 PMCID: PMC9249782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf microbiota mediates foliar functional traits, influences plant fitness, and contributes to various ecosystem functions, including nutrient and water cycling. Plant phenology and harsh environmental conditions have been described as the main determinants of leaf microbiota assembly. How climate change may modulate the leaf microbiota is unresolved and thus, we have a limited understanding on how environmental stresses associated with climate change driven weather events affect composition and functions of the microbes inhabiting the phyllosphere. Thus, we conducted a pot experiment to determine the effects of flooding stress on the wheat leaf microbiota. Since plant phenology might be an important factor in the response to hydrological stress, flooding was induced at different plant growth stages (tillering, booting and flowering). Using a metabarcoding approach, we monitored the response of leaf bacteria to flooding, while key soil and plant traits were measured to correlate physiological plant and edaphic factor changes with shifts in the bacterial leaf microbiota assembly. In our study, plant growth stage represented the main driver in leaf microbiota composition, as early and late plants showed distinct bacterial communities. Overall, flooding had a differential effect on leaf microbiota dynamics depending at which developmental stage it was induced, as a more pronounced disruption in community assembly was observed in younger plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Francioli
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research E.V. (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany.
| | - Geeisy Cid
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Steffen Kolb
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research E.V. (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany.,Thaer Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Sai Aparna Devi N, Balachandar D. Authentication of putative competitive bacterial endophytes of rice by re-isolation and DNA fingerprinting assay. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1808-1820. [PMID: 35751483 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The plant-growth-promoting putative competitive endophytes offer significant benefits to sustainable agriculture. The unworthy opportunistic and passenger endophytes are inevitable during the isolation of putative competitive endophytes. This study aimed to discriminate the putative competitive endophytes undoubtedly from the opportunistic and passenger endophytes. METHODS AND RESULTS The newly-isolated endophytes from field-grown rice were inoculated to 5-days old rice seedlings under gnotobiotic conditions. Re-isolation of the inoculated strains from the root surface, inner tissues of the whole plant, root, and shoot was performed after 5-days. All the re-isolated colonies were compared with native isolate for the homology by BOX-A1R-based repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (BOX-PCR) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR) DNA fingerprints. The results revealed that the putative competitive endophyte (RE25 and RE10) showed positive for re-isolation and BOX and ERIC fingerprints for the whole plant, root, and shoot. The opportunistic (RE27 and RE8) and passenger endophytes (RE44 and RE18) failed in re-isolation either from root or shoot. The epiphytes (ZSB15 and Az204) showed negative for endophytic re-isolation and positive for surface colonization. CONCLUSION This modified procedure can discriminate the putative competitive endophytes from others. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Eliminating the opportunistic and passenger endophytes and epiphytes early by this method would help develop endophytic inoculants to enhance rice productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunna Sai Aparna Devi
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Danajeyan Balachandar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Xia Y, Liu J, Chen C, Mo X, Tan Q, He Y, Wang Z, Yin J, Zhou G. The Multifunctions and Future Prospects of Endophytes and Their Metabolites in Plant Disease Management. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051072. [PMID: 35630514 PMCID: PMC9146654 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytes represent a ubiquitous and magical world in plants. Almost all plant species studied by different researchers have been found to harbor one or more endophytes, which protect host plants from pathogen invasion and from adverse environmental conditions. They produce various metabolites that can directly inhibit the growth of pathogens and even promote the growth and development of the host plants. In this review, we focus on the biological control of plant diseases, aiming to elucidate the contribution and key roles of endophytes and their metabolites in this field with the latest research information. Metabolites synthesized by endophytes are part of plant disease management, and the application of endophyte metabolites to induce plant resistance is very promising. Furthermore, multi-omics should be more fully utilized in plant–microbe research, especially in mining novel bioactive metabolites. We believe that the utilization of endophytes and their metabolites for plant disease management is a meaningful and promising research direction that can lead to new breakthroughs in the development of more effective and ecosystem-friendly insecticides and fungicides in modern agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Xia
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (Q.T.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.)
| | - Junang Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (Q.T.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.)
| | - Cang Chen
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;
| | - Xiuli Mo
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (Q.T.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.)
| | - Qian Tan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (Q.T.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yuan He
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (Q.T.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhikai Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (Q.T.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jia Yin
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Control of Artificial Forest Diseases and Pests in South China, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Key Laboratory for Non-Wood Forest Cultivation and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (Q.T.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (G.Z.)
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Abstract
Members of the genus Kocuria are often found in soils contaminated with toxic metals or exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation. The use of classical cultivation technics often leads to the isolation of Kocuria sp. from underground spring waters. These bacterial isolates have to adapt their metabolism to survive in such extreme environments. Four bacterial isolates of the genus Kocuria (Kocuria sp. 101, 208, 301, and 401) were obtained from radon spring water (Jachymov, Czech Republic). These isolates were tested for their ability to withstand stress and extreme conditions. Growth was observed at a temperature range of 10–45 °C with optimal growth temperature between 20 and 30 °C. The content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in all four isolates was proved to be temperature-dependent. The strain Kocuria sp. 301 showed high resistance to all studied extreme conditions (UV radiation, desiccation, and free radicals in medium). The results suggest that isolates from radioactive springs might have developed mechanisms that help them survive under several extreme conditions and could be used in biotechnological production.
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15
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Bioactive Compounds and Nanodelivery Perspectives for Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112211031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds are comprised of small quantities of extra nutritional constituents providing both health benefits and enhanced nutritional value, based on their ability to modulate one or more metabolic processes. Plant-based diets are being thoroughly researched for their cardiovascular properties and effectiveness against cancer. Flavonoids, phytoestrogens, phenolic compounds, and carotenoids are some of the bioactive compounds that aim to work in prevention and treating the cardiovascular disease in a systemic manner, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. Their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are the most important characteristics that make them favorable candidates for CVDs treatment. However, their low water solubility and stability results in low bioavailability, limited accessibility, and poor absorption. The oral delivery of bioactive compounds is constrained due to physiological barriers such as the pH, mucus layer, gastrointestinal enzymes, epithelium, etc. The present review aims to revise the main bioactive compounds with a significant role in CVDs in terms of preventive, diagnostic, and treatment measures. The advantages of nanoformulations and novel multifunctional nanomaterials development are described in order to overcome multiple obstacles, including the physiological ones, by summarizing the most recent preclinical data and clinical trials reported in the literature. Nanotechnologies will open a new window in the area of CVDs with the opportunity to achieve effective treatment, better prognosis, and less adverse effects on non-target tissues.
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16
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Patel JK, Gohel K, Patel H, Solanki T. Wheat Growth Dependent Succession of Culturable Endophytic Bacteria and Their Plant Growth Promoting Traits. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:4103-4114. [PMID: 34622308 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria present ubiquitously in all plant parts. Their community structure may vary depending on plant tissue and growth condition. This work mainly focused on exploring the diversity of culturable nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria in above-ground plant parts of wheat by harvesting it during various growth points (Seed stage, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd month old plants, respectively). Distinct endophytic bacterial colonies were selected on Jensen's agar plate. Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing, 43 putative nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria were identified. Most of the isolates were found unique to the plant growth phase except for Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Microbacterium sp., Exiguobacterium sp. Further, endophytic bacteria were scrutinized for their plant growth promoting traits. They were found positive for IAA production (100%), P-solubilization (21%), Zn-solubilization (63%), ammonia production (93%), and nifH gene (33%). Extracellular enzyme production was found positive for cellulase (98%), pectinase (98%), and protease (100%). Their endophytic colonization ability was assessed using reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction assay, upon their entry inside the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janki K Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, 388 421, India.
| | - Krupa Gohel
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, 388 421, India
| | - Hiral Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, 388 421, India
| | - Tanvi Solanki
- Department of Biological Sciences, P. D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, 388 421, India
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17
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Bargaz A, Elhaissoufi W, Khourchi S, Benmrid B, Borden KA, Rchiad Z. Benefits of phosphate solubilizing bacteria on belowground crop performance for improved crop acquisition of phosphorus. Microbiol Res 2021; 252:126842. [PMID: 34438221 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although research on plant growth promoting bacteria began in the 1950s, basic and applied research on bacteria improving use of phosphorus (P) continues to be a priority among many agricultural research institutions. Ultimately, identifying agriculturally beneficial microbes, notably P solubilizing bacteria (PSB), that enhance the efficient use of P supports more sustainable cropping systems and the judicious use of mineral nutrients. In parallel, there is more attention on improving crop root P acquisition of existing soil P pools as well as by increasing the proportion of fertilizer P that is taken up by crops. Today, new lines of research are emerging to investigate the co-optimization of PSB-fertilizer-crop root processes for improved P efficiency and agricultural performance. In this review, we compile and summarize available findings on the beneficial effects of PSB on crop production with a focus on crop P acquisition via root system responses at the structural, functional and transcriptional levels. We discuss the current state of knowledge on the mechanisms of PSB-mediated P availability, both soil- and root-associated, as well as crop uptake via P solubilization, mineralization and mobilization, mainly through the production of organic acids and P-hydrolyzing enzymes, and effects on phytohormone signaling for crop root developement. The systematic changes caused by PSB on crop roots are discussed and contextualized within promising functional trait-based frameworks. We also detail agronomic profitability of P (mineral and organic) and PSB co-application, in amended soils and inoculated crops, establishing the connection between the influence of PSB on agroecosystem production and the impact of P fertilization on microbial diversity and crop functional traits for P acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Bargaz
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Agrobiosciences Program, Plant & Soil Microbiome Subprogram, Bengurir, 43150, Morocco.
| | - Wissal Elhaissoufi
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Agrobiosciences Program, Plant & Soil Microbiome Subprogram, Bengurir, 43150, Morocco; Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Biology Dep., Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Said Khourchi
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Agrobiosciences Program, Plant & Soil Microbiome Subprogram, Bengurir, 43150, Morocco; University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bouchra Benmrid
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Agrobiosciences Program, Plant & Soil Microbiome Subprogram, Bengurir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Kira A Borden
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Zineb Rchiad
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Agrobiosciences Program, Plant & Soil Microbiome Subprogram, Bengurir, 43150, Morocco
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18
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Jhuma TA, Rafeya J, Sultana S, Rahman MT, Karim MM. Isolation of Endophytic Salt-Tolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria From Oryza sativa and Evaluation of Their Plant Growth-Promoting Traits Under Salinity Stress Condition. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.687531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as vital components for plant growth promotion against biotic and abiotic stresses could be a promising strategy to improve crop production in areas vulnerable to increasing salinity. Here, we isolated Seventy-five endophytic bacteria from roots of healthy Oryza sativa grown in a saline environment of the southern coastal region of Bangladesh. The endophytes in a culture of ~108 CFU/ml showed arrays of plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities: phytohormone (Indole acetic acid) production (1.20–60.13 μg/ ml), nutrient (phosphate) solubilization (0.02–1.81 μg/ml) and nitrogen fixation (70.24–198.70 μg/ml). Four genomically diverse groups were identified namely, Enterobacter, Achromobacter, Bacillus, and Stenotrophomonas using amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis followed by their respective 16S rDNA sequence analyses with that of the data available in NCBI GenBank. These four specific isolates showed tolerance to NaCl ranging from 1.37 to 2.57 mol/L in the nutrient agar medium. Under a 200 mmol/L salt stress in vitro, the bacteria in a culture of 108 CFU/ml exhibited competitive exopolysaccharide (EPS) production: Stenotrophomonas (65 μg/ml) and Bacillus (28 μg/ml), when compared to the positive control, Pseudomonas spp. (23.65 μg/ml), a phenomenon ably supported by their strong biofilm-producing abilities both in a microtiter plate assay, and in soil condition; and demonstrated by images of the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Overall, the isolated endophytic microorganisms revealed potential PGP activities that could be supported by their biofilm-forming ability under salinity stress, thereby building up a sustainable solution for ensuring food security in coastal agriculture under changing climate conditions.
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Aftab Uddin M, Akter S, Ferdous M, Haidar B, Amin A, Shofiul Islam Molla AHM, Khan H, Islam MR. A plant endophyte Staphylococcus hominis strain MBL_AB63 produces a novel lantibiotic, homicorcin and a position one variant. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11211. [PMID: 34045548 PMCID: PMC8159966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a jute endophyte Staphylococcus hominis strain MBL_AB63 isolated from jute seeds which showed promising antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus SG511 when screening for antimicrobial substances. The whole genome sequence of this strain, annotated using BAGEL4 and antiSMASH 5.0 to predict the gene clusters for antimicrobial substances identified a novel antimicrobial peptide cluster that belongs to the class I lantibiotic group. The predicted lantibiotic (homicorcin) was found to be 82% similar to a reported peptide epicidin 280 having a difference of seven amino acids at several positions of the core peptide. Two distinct peaks obtained at close retention times from a RP-HPLC purified fraction have comparable antimicrobial activities and LC-MS revealed the molecular mass of these peaks to be 3046.5 and 3043.2 Da. The presence of an oxidoreductase (homO) similar to that of epicidin 280- associated eciO or epilancin 15X- associated elxO in the homicorcin gene cluster is predicted to be responsible for the reduction of the first dehydrated residue dehydroalanine (Dha) to 2-hydroxypropionate that causes an increase of 3 Da mass of homicorcin 1. Trypsin digestion of the core peptide and its variant followed by ESI-MS analysis suggests the presence of three ring structures, one in the N-terminal and other two interlocking rings at the C-terminal region that remain undigested. Homicorcin exerts bactericidal activity against susceptible cells by disrupting the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane through pore formation as observed under FE-SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aftab Uddin
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shammi Akter
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbuba Ferdous
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Plant Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashuliya, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Badrul Haidar
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
- Divisional DNA Screening Laboratory, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Al Amin
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A H M Shofiul Islam Molla
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Haseena Khan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammad Riazul Islam
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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Eid AM, Fouda A, Abdel-Rahman MA, Salem SS, Elsaied A, Oelmüller R, Hijri M, Bhowmik A, Elkelish A, Hassan SED. Harnessing Bacterial Endophytes for Promotion of Plant Growth and Biotechnological Applications: An Overview. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:935. [PMID: 34067154 PMCID: PMC8151188 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria colonize plants and live inside them for part of or throughout their life without causing any harm or disease to their hosts. The symbiotic relationship improves the physiology, fitness, and metabolite profile of the plants, while the plants provide food and shelter for the bacteria. The bacteria-induced alterations of the plants offer many possibilities for biotechnological, medicinal, and agricultural applications. The endophytes promote plant growth and fitness through the production of phytohormones or biofertilizers, or by alleviating abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. Strengthening of the plant immune system and suppression of disease are associated with the production of novel antibiotics, secondary metabolites, siderophores, and fertilizers such as nitrogenous or other industrially interesting chemical compounds. Endophytic bacteria can be used for phytoremediation of environmental pollutants or the control of fungal diseases by the production of lytic enzymes such as chitinases and cellulases, and their huge host range allows a broad spectrum of applications to agriculturally and pharmaceutically interesting plant species. More recently, endophytic bacteria have also been used to produce nanoparticles for medical and industrial applications. This review highlights the biotechnological possibilities for bacterial endophyte applications and proposes future goals for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Eid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.A.A.-R.); (S.S.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Amr Fouda
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.A.A.-R.); (S.S.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Mohamed Ali Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.A.A.-R.); (S.S.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Salem S. Salem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.A.A.-R.); (S.S.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Albaraa Elsaied
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.A.A.-R.); (S.S.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.O.); (A.E.)
| | - Mohamed Hijri
- Biodiversity Centre, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal, QC 22001, Canada;
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Arnab Bhowmik
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (R.O.); (A.E.)
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Saad El-Din Hassan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (A.M.E.); (M.A.A.-R.); (S.S.S.); (A.E.)
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21
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Bacterial Endophytes of Spring Wheat Grains and the Potential to Acquire Fe, Cu, and Zn under Their Low Soil Bioavailability. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050409. [PMID: 34063099 PMCID: PMC8148187 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Unmasking the overall endophytic bacteria communities from wheat grains may help to identify and describe the microbial colonization of bread and emmer varieties, their link to the bioactive compounds produced, and their possible role in mineral nutrition. The possibility of using microorganisms to improve the microelemental composition of grain is an important food security concern, as approximately one-third of the human population experiences latent starvation caused by Fe (anemia), Zn, or Cu deficiency. Four wheat varieties from T. aestivum L. and T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum were grown in field conditions with low bioavailability of microelements in the soil. Varietal differences in the yield, yield characteristics, and the grain micronutrient concentrations were compared with the endophytic bacteria isolated from the grains. Twelve different bacterial isolates were obtained that represented the genera Staphylococcus, Pantoea, Sphingobium, Bacillus, Kosakonia, and Micrococcus. All studied strains were able to synthesize indole-related compounds (IRCs) with phytohormonal activity. IRCs produced by the bacterial genera Pantoea spp. and Bacillus spp. isolated from high-yielding Oksamyt myronivs’kyi and Holikovs’ka grains may be considered as one of the determinants of the yield of wheat and its nutritional characteristics. Abstract Wheat grains are usually low in essential micronutrients. In resolving the problem of grain micronutritional quality, microbe-based technologies, including bacterial endophytes, seem to be promising. Thus, we aimed to (1) isolate and identify grain endophytic bacteria from selected spring wheat varieties (bread Oksamyt myronivs’kyi, Struna myronivs’ka, Dubravka, and emmer Holikovs’ka), which were all grown in field conditions with low bioavailability of microelements, and (2) evaluate the relationship between endophytes’ abilities to synthesize auxins and the concentration of Fe, Zn, and Cu in grains. The calculated biological accumulation factor (BAF) allowed for comparing the varietal ability to uptake and transport micronutrients to the grains. For the first time, bacterial endophytes were isolated from grains of emmer wheat T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum. Generally, the 12 different isolates identified in the four varieties belonged to the genera Staphylococcus, Pantoea, Sphingobium, Bacillus, Kosakonia, and Micrococcus (NCBI accession numbers: MT302194—MT302204, MT312840). All the studied strains were able to synthesize the indole-related compounds (IRCs; max: 16.57 µg∙mL−1) detected using the Salkowski reagent. The IRCs produced by the bacterial genera Pantoea spp. and Bacillus spp. isolated from high-yielding Oksamyt myronivs’kyi and Holikovs’ka grains may be considered as one of the determinants of the yield of wheat and its nutritional characteristics.
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Ismail MA, Amin MA, Eid AM, Hassan SED, Mahgoub HAM, Lashin I, Abdelwahab AT, Azab E, Gobouri AA, Elkelish A, Fouda A. Comparative Study between Exogenously Applied Plant Growth Hormones versus Metabolites of Microbial Endophytes as Plant Growth-Promoting for Phaseolus vulgaris L. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051059. [PMID: 33946942 PMCID: PMC8146795 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial endophytes organize symbiotic relationships with the host plant, and their excretions contain diverse plant beneficial matter such as phytohormones and bioactive compounds. In the present investigation, six bacterial and four fungal strains were isolated from the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) root plant, identified using molecular techniques, and their growth-promoting properties were reviewed. All microbial isolates showed varying activities to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and different hydrolytic enzymes such as amylase, cellulase, protease, pectinase, and xylanase. Six bacterial endophytic isolates displayed phosphate-solubilizing capacity and ammonia production. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the promotion activity of the metabolites of the most potent endophytic bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis PB2 and Brevibacillus agri PB5) and fungal (Alternaria sorghi PF2 and, Penicillium commune PF3) strains in comparison to two exogenously applied hormone, IAA, and benzyl adenine (BA), on the growth and biochemical characteristics of the P. vulgaris L. Interestingly, our investigations showed that bacterial and fungal endophytic metabolites surpassed the exogenously applied hormones in increasing the plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate and protein contents, antioxidant enzyme activity, endogenous hormones and yield traits. Our findings illustrate that the endophyte Brevibacillus agri (PB5) provides high potential as a stimulator for the growth and productivity of common bean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Ismail
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.A.I.); (M.A.A.); (A.M.E.); or (H.A.M.M.); (I.L.); (A.T.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. Amin
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.A.I.); (M.A.A.); (A.M.E.); or (H.A.M.M.); (I.L.); (A.T.A.)
| | - Ahmed M. Eid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.A.I.); (M.A.A.); (A.M.E.); or (H.A.M.M.); (I.L.); (A.T.A.)
| | - Saad El-Din Hassan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.A.I.); (M.A.A.); (A.M.E.); or (H.A.M.M.); (I.L.); (A.T.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.E.-D.H.); (A.F.); Tel.: +20-102-3884804 (S.E.-D.H.); +20-111-3351244 (A.F.)
| | - Hany A. M. Mahgoub
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.A.I.); (M.A.A.); (A.M.E.); or (H.A.M.M.); (I.L.); (A.T.A.)
| | - Islam Lashin
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.A.I.); (M.A.A.); (A.M.E.); or (H.A.M.M.); (I.L.); (A.T.A.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al Mandaq, Albaha University, Al-Baha 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelrhman T. Abdelwahab
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.A.I.); (M.A.A.); (A.M.E.); or (H.A.M.M.); (I.L.); (A.T.A.)
- Department of Botany Science, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Azab
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Adil A. Gobouri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amr Elkelish
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41511, Egypt; or
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Amr Fouda
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; (M.A.I.); (M.A.A.); (A.M.E.); or (H.A.M.M.); (I.L.); (A.T.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.E.-D.H.); (A.F.); Tel.: +20-102-3884804 (S.E.-D.H.); +20-111-3351244 (A.F.)
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Endophytes from Gnetum gnemon L. can protect seedlings against the infection of phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum as well as promote plant growth in tomato. Microbiol Res 2020; 238:126503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Drought-tolerant and plant growth-promoting endophytic Staphylococcus sp. having synergistic effect with silicate supplementation. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1899-1906. [PMID: 32448960 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria have been reported to have symbiotic, mutualistic, commensalistic or trophobiotic relationships with various plant parts. As part of its adaptation, many endophytic organisms are known to exhibit properties with multiple beneficial effects to the plant system. Even though many bacterial genera have been identified to have endophytic association, isolation of those which were previously demonstrated well for human association is quite interesting. In the study, endophytic bacteria Ceb1 isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as Staphylococcus sp. Further, Ceb1 was observed to have the ability to tolerate drought stress. While screening for the plant growth-promoting traits, Ceb1 was found to be positive for IAA production both under drought-stressed and normal conditions as confirmed by HPLC. The Ceb1 priming with Vigna unguiculata was observed to enhance the growth parameters of the plant. Analysis of Ceb1-treated plants by ICP-MS further showed modulation of both macro- and micronutrients. Upon drought stress induction in Vigna unguiculata, Ceb1 was found to provide synergistic plant growth-promoting effect to the plant along with the supplemented silicate sources. Under the changing agroclimatic conditions, exploring the plant stress-alleviating effects of endophytes is highly significant.
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Kushwaha P, Kashyap PL, Srivastava AK, Tiwari RK. Plant growth promoting and antifungal activity in endophytic Bacillus strains from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:229-241. [PMID: 31642002 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endophytes are well known inhabitants of living plant system and perform important assignments in maintaining plant growth and health. Currently, limited reports are available on the endophytes of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) reflecting antagonistic and plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes. Therefore, the major objectives of current investigation were to identify antagonistic strains of endophytic Bacillus from pearl millet and further illustrate their PGP capabilities. In this study, 19 endophytic Bacillus strains (EPP5, EPP21, EPP30, EPP32, EPP35, EPP42, EPP49, EPP55, EPP62, EPP65, EPP70, EPP71, EPP74, EPP78, EPP83, EPP86, EPP93, EPP100, and EPP102) displaying antagonistic activity towards Rhizoctonia solani (RS), Sclerotium rolfsii (SR), and Fusarium solani (FS) were isolated from different sections (root, leaf, stem, and root) of pearl millet. Phenotypic (shape, colony, gram staining reaction, endospore formation, and motility) and biochemical features (catalase, oxidase, citrate, gelatinase, urease, Voges Proskauer's, methyl red, indole, and nitrate reduction), along with the similarly comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequence with type strains identified eight antagonistic endophyhtes as B. amyloliquefaciens (EPP35, EPP 42, EPP62, and EPP 102), Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis (EPP65), and Bacillus cereus (EPP5, EPP71, and EPP74). The production of indole acetic acid and siderophores was varied among the isolated endophytes. Besides displaying enzymatic activities, these isolates varied in solubilizing capabilities of phosphate, potassium, and zinc. The presence of three antimicrobial peptide genes (ituD, bmyC, and srfA) also confirmed their antifungal nature. Further, single treatment of three promising strains (EPP5, EPP62, and EPP65) offered protection ranging from 35.68 to 45.74% under greenhouse conditions. However, microbial consortium (EPP5+ EPP62 + EPP65) provided the highest protection (71.96%) against root rot and wilt infection with significant increase in plant biomass. Overall, the current study indicated that pearl millet plant harbors various species of endophytic Bacillus that possess excellent biocontrol and growth promotion activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prity Kushwaha
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, 275103, India
- AMITY Institute of Biotechnology, AMITY University Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226028, India
| | - Prem Lal Kashyap
- ICAR- Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Karnal, 132001, India.
| | - Alok Kumar Srivastava
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, 275103, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Tiwari
- AMITY Institute of Biotechnology, AMITY University Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226028, India
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Appraising Endophyte–Plant Symbiosis for Improved Growth, Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation and Abiotic Stress Tolerance: An Experimental Investigation with Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chickpea is an important leguminous crop that improves soil fertility through atmospheric nitrogen fixation with the help of rhizobia present in nodules. Non-rhizobia endophytes are also capable of inducing nodulation and nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops. The aim of the current study was to isolate, characterize and identify the non-rhizobia endophytic bacterial strains from root nodules of chickpea. For this purpose, more than one hundred isolates were isolated from chickpea root nodules under aseptic conditions and were confirmed as endophytes through re-isolating them from root nodules of chickpea after their inoculation. Nineteen confirmed endophytic bacterial strains revealed significant production of indole acetic acid (IAA) both in presence and absence of L-tryptophan and showed their ability to grow under salt, pH and heavy metal stresses. These strains were evaluated for in vitro plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and results revealed that seven strains showed solubilization of P and colloidal chitin along with possessing catalase, oxidase, urease and chitinase activities. Seven P-solubilizing strains were further evaluated in a jar trial to explore their potential for promoting plant growth and induction of nodulation in chickpea roots. Two endophytic strains identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa ANM59 and Paenibacillus sp. ANM76 through partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed the maximum potential during in vitro PGP activities and improved plant growth and nodulation in chickpea under the jar trial. Use of these endophytic strains as a potential biofertilizer can help to reduce the dependence on chemical fertilizers while improving crop growth and soil health simultaneously.
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