Isolation of Trichoderma from forestry model base and the antifungal properties of isolate TpsT17 toward Fusarium oxysporum

Characterization and quantification of peptaibol produced by novel Trichoderma spp: Harnessing their potential to mitigate moisture stress through enhanced biochemical and physiological responses in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)

Trichoderma spp. is primarily applied to manage biotic stresses in plants. Still, they also can mitigate abiotic stresses by the stimulation of antioxidative protective mechanisms and enhanced synthesis of secondary metabolites. The study optimized the conditions to enhance peptaibol production by novel Trichoderma spp, characterized and quantified peptaibol- alamethicin using HPLC and LC MS-MS. The present study investigated these isolates efficacy in enhancing growth and the associated physio-biochemical changes in black pepper plants under moisture stress. Under in vitro conditions, out of 51 isolates studied, six isolates viz., T. asperellum (IISR NAIMCC 0049), T. erinaceum (IISR APT1), T. harzianum (IISR APT2), T. harzianum (IISR KL3), T. lixii (IISR KA15) and T. asperellum (IISR TN3) showed tolerance to low moisture levels (5, 10 and 20%) and higher temperatures (35 and 40 °C). In vivo evaluation on black pepper plants maintained under four different moisture levels (Field capacity [FC]; 75%, 50%, and 25%) showed that the plants inoculated with Trichoderma accumulated greater quantities of secondary metabolites viz., proline, phenols, MDA and soluble proteins at low moisture levels (50% and 25% FC). In the present study, plants inoculated with T. asperellum and T. harzianum showed significantly increased growth compared to uninoculated plants. The shortlisted Trichoderma isolates exhibited differences in peptaibol production and indicated that the peptide might be the key factor for their efficiency as biocontrol agents. The present study also demonstrated that Trichoderma isolates T. harzianum and T. asperellum (IISR APT2 & NAIMCC 0049) enhanced the drought-tolerant capabilities of black pepper by improving plant growth and secondary metabolite production.

Biocontrol mechanisms of poplar leaf blight due to Nigrospora oryzae

Nigrospora oryzae, a newly identified pathogen, is responsible for poplar leaf blight, causing significant harm to poplar growth. Here, we describe, for the first time, a biological control method for the control of poplar leaf blight via the applications of 3 dominant Trichoderma strains/species. In this study, dominant Trichoderma species/strains with the potential for biocontrol were identified and then further characterised via dual culture assays, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and culture filtrates. The biocontrol efficacy of these strains against N. oryzae was found to exceed 60%. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in Populus davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidalis (PdPap) leaves pretreated with these Trichoderma strains significantly decreased. Furthermore, pretreatment of PdPap with a combination of these Trichoderma (Tcom) resulted in 9.71-fold and 1.95-fold increases in peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, respectively, and 3.87-fold decrease in the MDA content compared to controls. Moreover, Tcom pretreatment activated the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathway-dependent defence responses of poplar, upregulating pathogenesis-related protein (PR) and MYC proto-oncogene (MYC-R) by more than 12-fold and 17.32-fold, respectively. In addition, Trichoderma treatments significantly increased the number of lateral roots, aboveground biomass, and stomata number and density of PdPap, and Tcom was superior to the single pretreatments. The soil pH also became weakly acidic in these pretreatments, which is beneficial for the growth of PdPap seedlings. These findings indicate that these dominant Trichoderma strains can effectively increase biocontrol and poplar growth promotion.

6-Pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one from Trichoderma erinaceum Is Fungicidal against Litchi Downy Blight Pathogen Peronophythora litchii and Preservation of Litchi

The postharvest losses of litchi caused by litchi downy blight are considerably high. We identified a natural antifungal volatile pyrone, 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6PP), synthesized by Trichoderma erinaceum LS019-2 and investigated as biocontrol for litchi downy blight and preservation. 6PP significantly inhibited the growth and sporangial germination of Peronophythora litchii, the causal agent of litchi downy blight, and caused severe cellular and intracellular destructions, as evidenced by electron microscopic analysis. Furthermore, in the treatment, the fruit kept better color, higher weight, and antioxidant activity, so it can maintain freshness and prolong shelf life. Metabolome analysis confirmed the decline of lipids and the accumulation of organic acids in litchi fruits in response to 6PP treatment. These effects from 6PP could alleviate disease effects and prolong the shelf life of litchi fruits. These findings suggested that 6PP could be a useful natural product to control downy blight disease and a new preservative of litchi fruits.

Beneficial and biocontrol effects of Trichoderma atroviride, a dominant species in white birch rhizosphere soil

White birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) is a typical pioneer tree species that is important in forest restoration in northern China, Japan, and Korea. In the present study, 37 isolates were obtained from B. platyphylla rhizosphere soils in Heilongjiang Province; they were identified as T. pleuroticola (3 isolates), T. virens (2 isolates), T. hamatum (8 isolates), T. atroviride (21 isolates, dominant species) and T. asperelloides (3 isolates). Stress tolerance tests (salt, alkali, and nutritional stress that simulated saline alkali or barren soil) and confrontation assays (with four pathogens) were performed to determine which isolates had good biocontrol ability in barren soil; the results show that T. atroviride was outstanding. Then, in order to determine the effect of T. atroviride on plants and soil, Gynura cusimbua seeds were sown and treated with a T. atroviride spore suspension, as was unsown soil. The seedlings treated using T. atroviride had significantly greater height, stem diameter, soluble protein content, soluble sugar content, and malonaldehyde (MDA) content and their catalase (CAT) activity was also significantly increased. In addition, when the plants were inoculated with Alternaria alternata, the plants treated using T. atroviride had stronger CAT activity, significantly higher soluble protein content and soluble sugar content, and significantly lower MDA content, which indicates stronger resistance and less injury caused by the pathogen. In addition, T. atroviride not only increased the content of available nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil, but also promoted G. cusimbua seedlings' absorption of available nitrogen and available phosphorus. Thus, the characteristics of T. atroviride may make it the main factor that helps B. platyphylla colonise cut-over lands. T. atroviride, a promising biocontrol candidate, can be used in agriculture and forestry.

Assessment of Tunisian Trichoderma Isolates on Wheat Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Fusarium Seedling Blight Suppression

Beneficial microorganisms, including members of the Trichoderma genus, are known for their ability to promote plant growth and disease resistance, as well as being alternatives to synthetic inputs in agriculture. In this study, 111 Trichoderma strains were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Florence Aurore, an ancient wheat variety that was cultivated in an organic farming system in Tunisia. A preliminary ITS analysis allowed us to cluster these 111 isolates into three main groups, T. harzianum (74 isolates), T. lixii (16 isolates) and T. sp. (21 isolates), represented by six different species. Their multi-locus analysis (tef1, translation elongation factor 1; rpb2, RNA polymerase B) identified three T. afroharzianum, one T. lixii, one T. atrobrunneum and one T. lentinulae species. These six new strains were selected to determine their suitability as plant growth promoters (PGP) and biocontrol agents (BCA) against Fusarium seedling blight disease (FSB) in wheat caused by Fusarium culmorum. All of the strains exhibited PGP abilities correlated to ammonia and indole-like compound production. In terms of biocontrol activity, all of the strains inhibited the development of F. culmorum in vitro, which is linked to the production of lytic enzymes, as well as diffusible and volatile organic compounds. An in planta assay was carried out on the seeds of a Tunisian modern wheat variety (Khiar) by coating them with Trichoderma. A significant increase in biomass was observed, which is associated with increased chlorophyll and nitrogen. An FSB bioprotective effect was confirmed for all strains (with Th01 being the most effective) by suppressing morbid symptoms in germinated seeds and seedlings, as well as by limiting F. culmorum aggressiveness on overall plant growth. Plant transcriptome analysis revealed that the isolates triggered several SA- and JA-dependent defense-encoding genes involved in F. culmorum resistance in the roots and leaves of three-week-old seedlings. This finding makes these strains very promising in promoting growth and controlling FSB disease in modern wheat varieties.

Antagonistic Strain Bacillus halotolerans Jk-25 Mediates the Biocontrol of Wheat Common Root Rot Caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana

Common root rot caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana infestation in wheat is one of the main reasons for yield reduction in wheat crops worldwide. The bacterium strain JK-25 used in the current investigation was isolated from wheat rhizosphere soil and was later identified as Bacillus halotolerans based on its morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular properties. The strain showed significant antagonism to B. sorokiniana, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium graminearum, and Rhizoctonia zeae. Inhibition of B. sorokiniana mycelial dry weight and spore germination rate by JK-25 fermentation supernatant reached 60% and 88%, respectively. The crude extract of JK-25 was found, by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), to contain the surfactin that exerted an inhibitory effect on B. sorokiniana. The disruption of mycelial cell membranes was observed under laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) after treatment of B. sorokiniana mycelium with the crude extract. The antioxidant enzyme activity of B. sorokiniana was significantly reduced and the oxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased after treatment with the crude extract. The incidence of root rot was significantly reduced in pot experiments with the addition of JK-25 culture fermentation supernatant, which had a significant biological control effect of 72.06%. Its ability to produce siderophores may help to promote wheat growth and the production of proteases and pectinases may also be part of the strain's role in suppressing pathogens. These results demonstrate the excellent antagonistic effect of JK-25 against B. sorokiniana and suggest that this strain has great potential as a resource for biological control of wheat root rot strains.

Analysis of the Properties of 44 ABC Transporter Genes from Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma asperellum ACCC30536 and Their Responses to Pathogenic Alternaria alternata Toxin Stress

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in transporting multiple substrates, such as toxins, and may be important for the survival of Trichoderma when encountering biotic toxins. In this study, genome searching revealed that there are 44 ABC transporters encoded in the genome of Trichoderma asperellum. These ABC transporters were divided into six types based on three-dimensional (3D) structure prediction, of which four, represented by 39 ABCs, are involved in transport and the remaining two, represented by 5 ABCs, are involved in regulating translation. The characteristics of nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) are important in the identification of ABC proteins. Even though the 3D structures of the 79 NBDs in the 44 ABCs are similar, multiple sequence alignment showed they can be divided into three classes. In total, 794 motifs were found in the promoter regions of the 44 ABC genes, of which 541 were cis-regulators related to stress responses. To characterize how their ABCs respond when T. asperellum interact with fungi or plants, T. asperellum was cultivated in either minimal media (MM) control, C-hungry, N-hungry, or poplar medium (PdPap) to simulate normal conditions, competition with pathogens, interaction with pathogens, and interaction with plants, respectively. The results show that 17 of 39 transport ABCs are highly expressed in at least one condition, whereas four of the five translation-regulating ABCs are highly expressed in at least one condition. Of these 21 highly expressed ABCs, 6 were chosen for RT-qPCR expression under the toxin stress of phytopathogen Alternaria alternata, and the results show ABC01, ABC04, ABC05, and ABC31 were highly expressed and may be involved in pathogen interaction and detoxifying toxins from A. alternata.

Assessment of beneficial fungal microorganism's bio-efficacy in stimulating morphological and physiological parameters of Allium cepa plants grown in soil amended with fish wastes

BACKGROUND

The increase in the human consumption of fish results in the production of organic fish wastes (FW). For enhanced soil fertility and plant growth at a lower cost and without the negative impacts of chemical fertilizers, these wastes could be employed as a valuable organic fertilizer. To determine the synergistic bio-efficacy of Trichoderma sp. and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in stimulating the morphological and physiological characteristics of FW-fertilized Alium cepa, as well as to investigate their involvement in boosting soil fertility, the current study was carried out. Overall, eight treatments were applied as follows: AM, Trichoderma sp., AM + Trichoderma sp., FW, AM + FW, Trichoderma sp. + FW, AM + Trichoderma sp. + FW, and control. Growth and physiological assessments of onion plants were taken after 8 weeks from FW application.

RESULTS

Our results showed that FW application combined with AM fungi and Trichoderma sp. inoculations increased aggregate stability of the soil (glomalin content) and soil chitinase activity. Moreover, using the bio-inoculations along with FW amendments significantly (p < 0.05) improved the photosynthetic pigments, protein, carbohydrates, and nutrients content of onion plants. It's interesting to note that the triple interaction of AM + Trichoderma sp. + FW led to the greatest increase in plant height, root length, number of leaves, and leaf area as well as total fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots. Besides, AM fungal colonization was at its highest percentage with Trichoderma sp. inoculation, although this percentage decreased with FW addition.

CONCLUSION

We concluded that the combined treatments of AM fungi and Trichoderma sp. along with FW application to the soil can be proposed as a successful strategy for plant performance in nutrient-deficient soils as both fungal inoculants are capable of degrading these wastes and converting them into manure suitable for farming so plants can uptake the minerals effortlessly.

Promotion of Plant Growth in Arid Zones by Selected Trichoderma spp. Strains with Adaptation Plasticity to Alkaline pH

Trichoderma species are filamentous fungi that support plant health and confer improved growth, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance. The objective of this study is to describe the physiological characteristics of the abundance and structure of Trichoderma model strains from arid zones and evaluate and describe their possible adaptation and modulation in alkaline pH. The presence of biotic factors such as phytopathogens forces farmers to take more actions such as using pesticides. In addition, factors such as the lack of water worldwide lead to losses in agricultural production. Therefore, the search for biocontrol microorganisms that support drought opens the door to the search for variations in the molecular mechanisms involved in these phenomena. In our case, we isolated 11 tested Trichoderma fungal strains from samples collected both from the rhizosphere and roots from two endemic plants. We probed their molecular markers to obtain their identity and assessed their resistance to alkaline conditions, as well as their response to mycoparasitism, plant growth promotion, and drought stress. The findings were worthy of being analyzed in depth. Three fungal taxa/species were grouped by phylogenetic/phenotypic characteristics; three T. harzianum strains showed outstanding capabilities to adapt to alkalinity stress. They also showed antagonistic activity against three phytopathogenic fungi. Additionally, we provided evidence of significant growth promotion in Sorghum bicolor seedlings under endemic agriculture conditions and a reduction in drought damage with Trichoderma infection. Finally, beneficial fungi adapted to specific ambient niches use various molecular mechanisms to survive and modulate their metabolism.

Rhizobiome engineering: Unveiling complex rhizosphere interactions to enhance plant growth and health

Crop plants are affected by a series of inhibitory environmental and biotic factors that decrease their growth and production. To counteract these adverse effects, plants work together with the microorganisms that inhabit their rhizosphere, which is part of the soil influenced by root exudates. The rhizosphere is a microecosystem where a series of complex interactions takes place between the resident microorganisms (rhizobiome) and plant roots. Therefore, this study analyzes the dynamics of plant-rhizobiome communication, the role of exudates (diffusible and volatile) as a factor in stimulating a diverse rhizobiome, and the differences between rhizobiomes of domesticated crops and wild plants. The study also analyzes different strategies to decipher the rhizobiome through both classical cultivation techniques and the so-called "omics" sciences. In addition, the rhizosphere engineering concept and the two general strategies to manipulate the rhizobiome, i.e., top down and bottom up engineering have been revisited. In addition, recent studies on the effects on the indigenous rhizobiome of inoculating plants with foreign strains, the impact on the endobiome, and the collateral effects on plant crops are discussed. Finally, understanding of the complex rhizosphere interactions and the biological repercussions of rhizobiome engineering as essential steps for improving plant growth and health is proposed, including under adverse conditions.

Trichoderma atroviride LZ42 releases volatile organic compounds promoting plant growth and suppressing Fusarium wilt disease in tomato seedlings

Background

The promotion of plant growth and suppression of plant disease using beneficial microorganisms is considered an alternative to the application of chemical fertilizers or pesticides in the field.

Results

A coconut-scented antagonistic Trichoderma strain LZ42, previously isolated from Ganoderma lucidum-cultivated soil, was investigated for biostimulatory and biocontrol functions in tomato seedlings. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses suggested that strain LZ42 is closely related to T. atroviride. Tomato seedlings showed increased aerial and root dry weights in greenhouse trials after treatment with T. atroviride LZ42 formulated in talc, indicating the biostimulatory function of this fungus. T. atroviride LZ42 effectively suppressed Fusarium wilt disease in tomato seedlings, with an 82.69% control efficiency, which is similar to that of the carbendazim treatment. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by T. atroviride LZ42 were found to affect the primary root growth direction and promote the root growth of tomato seedlings in root Y-tube olfactometer assays. The fungal VOCs from T. atroviride LZ42 were observed to significantly inhibit F. oxysporum in a sandwiched Petri dish assay. SPME–GC–MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted by T. atroviride LZ42; the dominant compound was tentatively identified as 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PP). The VOC 6-PP exhibited a stronger ability to influence the direction of the primary roots of tomato seedlings but not the length of the primary roots. The inhibitory effect of 6-PP on F. oxysporum was the highest among the tested pure VOCs, showing a 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) of 5.76 μL mL⁻¹ headspace.

Conclusions

Trichoderma atroviride LZ42, which emits VOCs with multiple functions, is a promising agent for the biostimulation of vegetable plants and integrated management of Fusarium wilt disease.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02511-3.

Trichogenic Silver-Based Nanoparticles for Suppression of Fungi Involved in Damping-Off of Cotton Seedlings

Mycogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by some biocontrol agents have shown the ability to inhibit the growth of numerous plant pathogenic fungi, which may be a unique method of disease management. This study describes the extracellular production of AgNPs by Trichoderma harzianum. The size, shape, charge, and composition of the AgNPs were subsequently studied by UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, zeta potential, TEM, SEM, and EDX, among other methods. The AgNPs had sizes ranging from 6 to 15 nm. The antifungal activities of bio-synthesized AgNPs and two commercial fungicides (Moncut and Maxim XL) were tested against three soil-borne diseases (Fusarium fujikuroi, Rhizoctonia solani, and Macrophomina phaseolina). Cotton seedling illnesses were significantly reduced under greenhouse settings after significant in vitro antifungal activity was documented for the control of plant pathogenic fungi. The use of biocontrol agents such as T. harzianum, for example, may be a safe strategy for synthesizing AgNPs and using them to combat fungus in Egyptian cotton.

Trichoderma harzianum-Mediated ZnO Nanoparticles: A Green Tool for Controlling Soil-Borne Pathogens in Cotton

ZnO-based nanomaterials have high antifungal effects, such as inhibition of growth and reproduction of some pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Therefore, we report the extracellular synthesis of ZnONPs using a potential fungal antagonist (Trichoderma harzianum). ZnONPs were then characterized for their size, shape, charge and composition by visual analysis, UV–visible spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The TEM test confirmed that the size of the produced ZnONPs was 8–23 nm. The green synthesized ZnONPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies to reveal the functional group attributed to the formation of ZnONPs. For the first time, trichogenic ZnONPs were shown to have fungicidal action against three soil–cotton pathogenic fungi in the laboratory and greenhouse. An antifungal examination was used to evaluate the bioactivity of the mycogenic ZnONPs in addition to two chemical fungicides (Moncut and Maxim XL) against three soil-borne pathogens, including Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. The findings of this study show a novel fungicidal activity in in vitro assay for complete inhibition of fungal growth of tested plant pathogenic fungi, as well as a considerable reduction in cotton seedling disease symptoms under greenhouse conditions. The formulation of a trichogenic ZnONPs form was found to increase its antifungal effect significantly. Finally, the utilization of biocontrol agents, such as T. harzianum, could be a safe strategy for the synthesis of a medium-scale of ZnONPs and employ it for fungal disease control in cotton.

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Important Role of WRKY28 in Fusarium oxysporum Resistance

Root rot of Populus davidiana × P. alba var. pyramidalis Louche (Pdpap) is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. We used RNA sequencing to study the molecular mechanisms and response pattern of Pdpap infected by F. oxysporum CFCC86068. We cloned the PdpapWRKY28 transcription factor gene and transformed the recombinant vector pBI121-PdpapWRKY28 into Pdpap. The resistance function of PdpapWRKY28 was verified using physiological and biochemical methods. By means of RNA sequencing, we detected 1,403 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are common in the different treatments by F. oxysporum. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of the PdpapWRKY28 gene may significantly improve the resistance of Pdpap plants to F. oxysporum. Our research reveals a key role for PdpapWRKY28 in the resistance response of Pdpap to F. oxysporum. Additionally, our results provide a theoretical basis for in-depth research on resistance breeding to combat root rot.

Biocontrol and growth-promoting effect of Trichoderma asperellum TaspHu1 isolate from Juglans mandshurica rhizosphere soil

To better apply the biocontrol agent Trichoderma spp. in Northeast China, collecting and screening more suitable native Trichoderma strains is necessary. In the present study, 10 isolates were obtained from Juglans mandshurica rhizosphere soils in Heilongjiang Province, and were identified as T. asperellum (four isolates), T. harzianum (four), T. hamatum (one), T. atroviride (one). The fastest-growing isolate per species on potato dextrose agar medium were further evaluated in stress tolerance tests (salt, alkali, nutritional stress, and low temperature) and confrontation assays (eight pathogens), which showed that T. asperellum TaspHu1 possessed the best adaptation and biological control ability. Then, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) seeds were sown and treated with a series of concentrations of TaspHu1 spore suspension, as was unsown soil. Tomato seedlings treated by TaspHu1 had a significantly greater height, stem diameter, soluble protein content and soluble sugar content. Furthermore, their nitrate reductase activity and catalase activity were significantly increased, and these promoting effects depended on the concentration of the spore suspension. Meanwhile, a decrease in chlorophyll content was observed in the tomato seedlings treated with TaspHu1. In addition, strain TaspHu1 enhanced the tomato seedlings' absorption of available nitrogen, but did not influence the soil available nitrogen content. Furthermore, the resistance of tomato seedlings against Alternaria alternata was enhanced by TaspHu1 (smaller, fewer leaf spots), the seedlings' hormone signal transduction genes JAR1, MYC2, NPR1, PR1, and GH3.2 were highly expressed. Thus, TaspHu1 is a promising biocontrol candidate for use in agriculture and forestry.

Isolation of Trichoderma in the rhizosphere soil of Syringa oblata from Harbin and their biocontrol and growth promotion function

For the effective biocontrol of Syringa powdery mildew (Mircosphaera syringejaponicae) and to promote seedling growth, we identified 44 of the 181 Trichoderma isolates (T1-T181) isolated from the rhizosphere soil. Analysis identified 10 Trichoderma species, and T. pseudoharzianum T1 (TpseT1), T. afroharzianum T52 (TafrT52), and T. asperelloides T57 (TaspT57) were selected to make Trichoderma biofertilizer because of their fast growth and high spore production. Exposing Syringa oblata to Trichoderma biofertilizer showed that TafrT52 and TaspT57 could induce abscisic acid (ABA) production, and promote the shedding of diseased leaves and the generation of new leaves. Furthermore, TafrT52 increased the catalase (CAT) activity and reduced the H₂O₂ content. And the disease incidence was reduced by 37.84 % by Tasp (highest) in 2017 year and by 13.84 % by TpseT1(lowest) in 2018 year. In addition, all Trichoderma strains we selected could promote the lateral root growth of S. oblata seedlings; however, because of the downregulated gene expression at the late stage of chlorophyll synthesis, the chlorophyll content decreased in the new leaves. Antagonism among different Trichoderma species led to low biocontrol and growth promotion effects, thus the Trichoderma mixture cannot be use as biofertilizer. TafrT52, with better biocontrol and growth promotion effects, could be used for biocontrol of M. syringejaponicae.