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Ramamurthy K, Madesh S, Priya PS, Ayub R, Aljawdah HM, Arokiyaraj S, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Textile azo dye, Sudan Black B, inducing hepatotoxicity demonstrated in in vivo zebrafish larval model. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024:10.1007/s10695-024-01371-0. [PMID: 38970761 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution, particularly from textile industry effluents, raises concerns globally. The aim of this study is to investigate the hepatotoxicity of Sudan Black B (SBB), a commonly used textile azo dye, on embryonic zebrafish. SBB exposure led to concentration-dependent mortality, reaching 100% at 0.8 mM, accompanied by growth retardation and diverse malformations in zebrafish. Biochemical marker analysis indicated adaptive responses to SBB, including increased SOD, CAT, NO, and LDH, alongside decreased GSH levels. Liver morphology analysis unveiled significant alterations, impacting metabolism and detoxification. Also, glucose level was declined and lipid level elevated in SBB-exposed in vivo zebrafish. Inflammatory gene expressions (TNF-α, IL-10, and INOS) showcased a complex regulatory interplay, suggesting an organismal attempt to counteract pro-inflammatory states during SBB exposure. The increased apoptosis revealed a robust hepatic cellular response due to SBB, aligning with observed liver tissue damage and inflammatory events. This multidimensional study highlights the intricate web of responses due to SBB exposure, which is emphasizing the need for comprehensive understanding and targeted mitigation strategies. The findings bear the implications for both aquatic ecosystems and potentially parallels to human health, underscoring the imperative for sustained research in this critical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Ramamurthy
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvam Madesh
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rashid Ayub
- College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2454, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam M Aljawdah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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de Oliveira CRS, de Oliveira PV, Pellenz L, de Aguiar CRL, da Silva Júnior AH. Supercritical fluid technology as a sustainable alternative method for textile dyeing: An approach on waste, energy, and CO 2 emission reduction. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 140:123-145. [PMID: 38331495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The clothing industry is considered one of the most polluting industries on the planet due to the high consumption of water, energy, chemicals/dyes, and high generation of solid waste and effluents. Faced with environmental concerns, the textile ennoblement sector is the most critical of the textile production chain, especially the traditional dyeing processes. As an alternative to current problems, dyeing with supercritical CO2 (scCO2) has been presented as a clean and efficient process for a sustainable textile future. Supercritical fluid dyeing (SFD) has shown a growing interest due to its significant impact on environmental preservation and social, economic, and financial gains. The main SFD benefits include economy and reuse of non-adsorbed dyes; reduction of process time and energy expenditure; capture of atmospheric CO2 (greenhouse gas); use and recycling of CO2 in SFD; generation of carbon credits; water-free process; effluent-free process; reduction of CO2 emission and auxiliary chemicals. Despite being still a non-scalable and evolving technology, SFD is the future of dyeing. This review presented a comprehensive overview of the environmental impacts caused by traditional processes and confronted the advantages of SFD. The SFD technique was introduced, along with its latest advances and future perspectives. Financial and environmental gains were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rafael Silva de Oliveira
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Textile Engineering Department, 2514 João Pessoa St., Blumenau, SC, 89036-004, Brazil; Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemical Engineering Department, S/n Biotério Central St., Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Viera de Oliveira
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemical Engineering Department, S/n Biotério Central St., Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro Pellenz
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemical Engineering Department, S/n Biotério Central St., Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Catia Rosana Lange de Aguiar
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Textile Engineering Department, 2514 João Pessoa St., Blumenau, SC, 89036-004, Brazil
| | - Afonso Henrique da Silva Júnior
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Chemical Engineering Department, S/n Biotério Central St., Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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Singh S, Gautam RL, Chaudhary DK, Singh D, Naraian R. Biodecolorization and biodegradation of Reactive Green 12 textile industry dye and their post-degradation phytotoxicity-genotoxicity assessments. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:262. [PMID: 38753198 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The employment of versatile bacterial strains for the efficient degradation of carcinogenic textile dyes is a sustainable technology of bioremediation for a neat, clean, and evergreen globe. The present study has explored the eco-friendly degradation of complex Reactive Green 12 azo dye to its non-toxic metabolites for safe disposal in an open environment. The bacterial degradation was performed with the variable concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, and 500 mg/L) of Reactive Green 12 dye. The degradation and toxicity of the dye were validated by high-performance liquid chromatography, Fourier infrared spectroscopy analysis, and phytotoxicity and genotoxicity assay, respectively. The highest 97.8% decolorization was achieved within 12 h. Alternations in the peaks and retentions, thus, along with modifications in the functional groups and chemical bonds, confirmed the degradation of Reactive Green 12. The disappearance of a major peak at 1450 cm-1 corresponding to the -N=N- azo link validated the breaking of azo bonds and degradation of the parent dye. The 100% germination of Triticum aestivum seed and healthy growth of plants verified the lost toxicity of degraded dye. Moreover, the chromosomal aberration of Allium cepa root cell treatment also validated the removal of toxicity through bacterial degradation. Thereafter, for efficient degradation of textile dye, the bacterium is recommended for adaptation to the sustainable degradation of dye and wastewater for further application of degraded metabolites in crop irrigation for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, 222003, India
| | - Roshan Lal Gautam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, 222003, India
| | - Dhirendra K Chaudhary
- Centre for Renewable Energy, Prof. Rajendra Singh (Rajju Bhaiya) Institute of Physical Sciences for Study and Research, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, 222003, India
| | - Devendra Singh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, 225001, India
| | - Ram Naraian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, 222003, India.
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Ramamurthy K, Priya PS, Murugan R, Arockiaraj J. Hues of risk: investigating genotoxicity and environmental impacts of azo textile dyes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33190-33211. [PMID: 38676865 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The textile industry, with its extensive use of dyes and chemicals, stands out as a significant source of water pollution. Exposure to certain textile dyes, such as azo dyes and their breakdown products like aromatic amines, has been associated with health concerns like skin sensitization, allergic reactions, and even cancer in humans. Annually, the worldwide production of synthetic dyes approximates 7 × 107 tons, of which the textile industry accounts for over 10,000 tons. Inefficient dyeing procedures result in the discharge of 15-50% of azo dyes, which do not adequately bind to fibers, into wastewater. This review delves into the genotoxic impact of azo dyes, prevalent in the textile industry, on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Examining different families of textile dye which contain azo group in their structure such as Sudan I and Sudan III Sudan IV, Basic Red 51, Basic Violet 14, Disperse Yellow 7, Congo Red, Acid Red 26, and Acid Blue 113 reveals their carcinogenic potential, which may affect both industrial workers and aquatic life. Genotoxic and carcinogenic characteristics, chromosomal abnormalities, induced physiological and neurobehavioral changes, and disruptions to spermatogenesis are evident, underscoring the harmful effects of these dyes. The review calls for comprehensive investigations into the toxic profile of azo dyes, providing essential insights to safeguard the aquatic ecosystem and human well-being. The importance of effective effluent treatment systems is underscored to mitigate adverse impacts on agricultural lands, water resources, and the environment, particularly in regions heavily reliant on wastewater irrigation for food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Ramamurthy
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Peter Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghul Murugan
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulatur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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do Carmo Dias G, de Souza NCS, de Souza EIP, Puiatti GA, Moreira RPL. Enhanced degradation of Direct Red 80 dye via Fenton-like process mediated by cobalt ferrite: generated superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28025-28039. [PMID: 38523211 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Azo dyes, widely used in the textile industry, contribute to effluents with significant organic content. Therefore, the aim of this work was to synthesize cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) using the combustion method and assess its efficacy in degrading the azo dye Direct Red 80 (DR80). TEM showed a spherical structure with an average size of 33 ± 12 nm. Selected area electron diffraction and XRD confirmed the presence of characteristic crystalline planes specific to CoFe2O4. The amount of Co and Fe metals were determined by ICP-OES, indicating an n(Fe)/n(Co) ratio of 2.02. FTIR exhibited distinct bands corresponding to Co-O (455 cm-1) and Fe-O (523 cm-1) bonds. Raman spectroscopy detected peaks associated with octahedral and tetrahedral sites. For the first time, the material was applied to degrade DR80 in an aqueous system, with the addition of persulfate. Consistently, within 60 min, these trials achieved nearly 100% removal of DR80, even after the material had undergone five cycles of reuse. The pseudo-second-order model was found to be the most fitting model for the experimental data (k2 = 0.07007 L mg-1 min-1). The results strongly suggest that degradation primarily occurred via superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen. Furthermore, the presence of UV light considerably accelerated the degradation process (k2 = 1.54093 L mg-1 min-1). The material was applied in a synthetic effluent containing various ions, and its performance consistently approached 100% in the photo-Fenton system. Finally, two degradation byproducts were identified through HPLC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gessica do Carmo Dias
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Noemi Cristina Silva de Souza
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Israel Pimenta de Souza
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Alves Puiatti
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Lopes Moreira
- Departament of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Benali J, Ben Atitallah I, Ghariani B, Mechichi T, Hadrich B, Zouari-Mechichi H. Optimized decolorization of two poly azo dyes Sirius Red and Sirius Blue using laccase-mediator system. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:93. [PMID: 38433848 PMCID: PMC10907334 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03937-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Factors, namely pH, laccase-like activity, dyes concentration as well as 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) concentration was examined. The results indicated that the maximum decolorization yield and rate reached 98.30 ± 0.10% and 5.84 ± 0.01%/min, respectively for Sirius Blue, and 99.34 ± 0.47% and 5.85 ± 0.12%/min, respectively for Sirius Red after 4 h. The presence of the redox mediator 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) greatly improved the decolorization levels. The optimum concentrations of HBT, dyes, and laccase were 0.62 mM, 50 mg/L, and 0.89 U/mL respectively at pH 4.58 for both dyes. Phytotoxicity tests using treated and untreated dyes proved that the applied treatment slightly decreased the toxicity of the by-products. However, the germination index (GI) increased from 14.6 to 36.08% and from 31.6 to 36.96% for Sirius Red and Sirius Blue, respectively. The present study focused on the treatment of two recalcitrant azo dyes, namely: Sirius Blue (Direct Blue 71) and Sirius Red (Direct Red 80). The decolorization was performed using cell-free supernatant from Coriolopsis gallica culture with high laccase activity. Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box-Behnken design were applied to optimize the decolorization of the two tested dyes. The effect of four.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihen Benali
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ben Atitallah
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bouthaina Ghariani
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tahar Mechichi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bilel Hadrich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, IMSIU, 11432 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Héla Zouari-Mechichi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Enzymatic Engineering of Lipases, National School of Engineers of Sfax, University of Sfax, PO box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Selvaraj S, Bhargav PB, Kumaravel V, Sadasivam SK, Chandra B. Polyol synthesis of one-dimensional Ag nanowires for the photocatalytic degradation of textile dye and effective removal of microbes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:122601-122610. [PMID: 37971586 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to the excess release of hazardous pollutants to the environment, the quest for the synthesis of effective nanomaterials for wastewater treatment is never-ending. Present study reports the polyol synthesis of Ag NWs of ~ 85 nm diameter and average length of 4.08 µm using PVP and ethylene glycol. The experimental data on the methylene blue dye degradation substantiated the photocatalytic efficiency of Ag NWs (88% degradation in 120 min). Furthermore, the Ag NWs exhibited microbial load reducing property in air conditioner condensate water (ACW) within a time period of 60 min. Also, the anti-bacterial effect of Ag NWs was estimated using two human pathogenic bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The antibacterial potential of Ag NWs against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus was revealed significant with an inhibition zone size of 14 ± 0.1 mm and 9 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. Hence, the present work validates the potential efficiency of Ag NWs in the degradation of textile dyes and reduction of microbial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilnathan Selvaraj
- Department of Physics, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India
| | - Pamula Balaji Bhargav
- Department of Physics, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India.
| | - Varuna Kumaravel
- Geobiotechnology Laboratory, National College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620001, India
- PG and Research Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620001, India
| | - Senthil Kumar Sadasivam
- Geobiotechnology Laboratory, National College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620001, India
- PG and Research Department of Botany, National College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620001, India
| | - Balaji Chandra
- Department of Physics, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India
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Prado C, Pereira R, Durrant L, Júnior R, Piubeli F, Bonfá M. Fipronil Degradation in Soil by Enterobacter chengduensis Strain G2.8: Metabolic Perspective. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1935. [PMID: 37763338 PMCID: PMC10532730 DOI: 10.3390/life13091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fipronil is an insecticide widely used in the agricultural and veterinary sectors for its efficacy in pest control. The presence of fipronil in the environment is mainly due to agricultural and domestic practices and is frequently found in different types of environmental matrices in concentrations ranging from µg/L to mg/L and can be hazardous to non-target organisms due to its high toxicity. This study was carried out to obtain and characterize microorganisms from soil which are capable of biodegrading fipronil that could be of great biotechnological interest. For this purpose, bioprospecting was carried out using fipronil (0.6 g/L) as the main source of carbon and nitrogen for growth. Once obtained, the strain was identified by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and the capacity to degrade fipronil was monitored by GC-MS. Our study showed a presence in soil samples of the strain identified as Enterobacter chengduensis, which was able to metabolize fipronil and its metabolites during the mineralization process. Enterobacter chengduensis was able to biodegrade fipronil (96%) and its metabolites fipronil-sulfone (92%) and fipronil-sulfide (79%) in 14 days. Overall, the results of this study provided a bacterium with great potential that could contribute to the degradation of fipronil in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Prado
- Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena 12602-810, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Pereira
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil;
| | | | - Rômulo Júnior
- Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, Dourados 79804-970, Brazil;
| | | | - Maricy Bonfá
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados 79825-070, Brazil;
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Samuchiwal S, Mathur M, Bhattacharya A, Kalia S, Khandare RV, Malik A. Mechanistic insights on enzyme mediated-metabolite cascade during decolourization of Reactive Blue 13 using novel microbial consortium. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 329:121718. [PMID: 37105464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of oxido-reductase enzymes followed by deciphering the functional genes and their corresponding proteins are crucial for the speculation of molecular mechanism for azo dye degradation. In the present study, decolourization efficiency of developed microbial consortium was tested using 100 mgL-1 reactive blue 13 (RB13) and the results showed ∼92.67% decolourization of RB13 at 48 h of incubation. The fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were performed to identify the metabolites formed during RB13 degradation, followed by hypothesizing the metabolic pathway. The GC-MS analysis showed formation of 1,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-ol and 1,3,5-triazin-2-amine as the final degraded compounds after enzymatic breakdown of RB13 dye. The activity of different oxido-reductase enzymes was determined, and the results showed that NADH DCIP reductase and azo reductase had higher activity than other enzymes. It clearly indicated the degradation was initiated with the enzymatic cleavage of azo bond of RB13. Further, the functional genes were annotated against the database of clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG). It provided valuable information about the role of crucial functional genes and their corresponding proteins correlated with dominant bacterial species in degradation of RB13. Hence, the present research is the first systematic study that correlated the formation of degradation compounds with the functional genes/enzymes and their corresponding bacterial species responsible for RB13 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Samuchiwal
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Megha Mathur
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Arghya Bhattacharya
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Shweta Kalia
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, Delhi, 110016, India.
| | | | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, Delhi, 110016, India.
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Zhao L, Huang L, Zheng Z, Wei J, Qiu Z, Zeng D. Enhanced degradation performance of Fe 75B 12.5Si 12.5 amorphous alloys on azo dye. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34428-34439. [PMID: 36512280 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Fe75B12.5Si12.5 and Fe75B12.5C12.5 amorphous alloy ribbons were prepared by the melt spinning method. The decolorization performances of these ribbons were investigated in details. It is found that the Fe75B12.5C12.5 amorphous ribbons and Fe75B12.5Si12.5 annealed ribbons only adsorbed the azo dye molecules, with no chemical degradation process. However, the Fe75B12.5Si12.5 amorphous ribbons can reduce -N = N- to -NH2 because of their high reactivity and the local galvanic effect that occurred during the reaction to accelerate electron transfer. The reaction rate constant kobs is 0.0872 min-1, 0.0474 min-1, and 0.0064 min-1 for Fe75B12.5Si12.5 amorphous ribbons, Fe75B12.5C12.5 amorphous ribbons, and Fe75B12.5Si12.5 annealed ribbons in the same condition, respectively. Fe75B12.5Si12.5 amorphous ribbons can effectively degrade Acid Orange II (AO II) azo dyes and achieve decolorization by breaking azo bonds in the dye in a short time, indicating the prominent capacity of Fe75B12.5Si12.5 ribbons on the degradation of AO II. Furthermore, the influence of chemical factors such as ribbons thickness, reaction temperature, initial pH, and AO II concentration of the solution on the reaction rate constant kobs of Fe75B12.5Si12.5 amorphous ribbons had also been studied. The kobs can reach 0.177 min-1 under optimal conditions. In addition, all the degradation processes in this work were fitted well with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The results are guidance for the practical applications, and they have important implications in developing Fe-based amorphous alloys for functional application materials in the field of wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zheng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
- Yangjiang Branch, Guangdong Laboratory Materials Science and Technology Yangjing Advanced Alloys Laboratory, Yangjiang, 529599, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoguo Qiu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Yangjiang Branch, Guangdong Laboratory Materials Science and Technology Yangjing Advanced Alloys Laboratory, Yangjiang, 529599, People's Republic of China
| | - Dechang Zeng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Yangjiang Branch, Guangdong Laboratory Materials Science and Technology Yangjing Advanced Alloys Laboratory, Yangjiang, 529599, People's Republic of China
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11
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Gomaa H, Emran MY, El-Gammal MA. Biodegradation of Azo Dye Pollutants Using Microorganisms. HANDBOOK OF BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS 2023:781-809. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-09710-2_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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12
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Ikram M, Naeem M, Zahoor M, Rahim A, Hanafiah MM, Oyekanmi AA, Shah AB, Mahnashi MH, Al Ali A, Jalal NA, Bantun F, Sadiq A. Biodegradation of Azo Dye Methyl Red by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Optimization of Process Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19169962. [PMID: 36011598 PMCID: PMC9408507 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution due to textile dyes is a serious threat to every life form. Bacteria can degrade and detoxify toxic dyes present in textile effluents and wastewater. The present study aimed to evaluate the degradation potential of eleven bacterial strains for azo dye methyl red. The optimum degradation efficiency was obtained using P. aeruginosa. It was found from initial screening results that P. aeruginosa is the most potent strain with 81.49% degradation activity and hence it was subsequently used in other degradation experiments. To optimize the degradation conditions, a number of experiments were conducted where only one variable was varied at a time and where maximum degradation was observed at 20 ppm dye concentration, 1666.67 mg/L glucose concentration, 666.66 mg/L sodium chloride concentration, pH 9, temperature 40 °C, 1000 mg/L urea concentration, 3 days incubation period, and 66.66 mg/L hydroquinone (redox mediator). The interactive effect of pH, incubation time, temperature, and dye concentration in a second-order quadratic optimization of process conditions was found to further enhance the biodegradation efficiency of P. aeruginosa by 88.37%. The metabolites of the aliquot mixture of the optimized conditions were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), GC-MS, proton, and carbon 13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques. FTIR results confirmed the reduction of the azo bond of methyl red. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results revealed that the degraded dye contains benzoic acid and o-xylene as the predominant constituents. Even benzoic acid was isolated from the silica gel column and identified by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. These results indicated that P. aeruginosa can be utilized as an efficient strain for the detoxification and remediation of industrial wastewater containing methyl red and other azo dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand at Chakdara, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rahim
- Department of Zoology, University of Malakand at Chakdara, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Marlia Mohd Hanafiah
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adeleke Abdulrahman Oyekanmi
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Bari Shah
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Mater H. Mahnashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66462, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Al Ali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif A. Jalal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farkad Bantun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Sadiq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Dir Lower Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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13
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Singh AL, Chaudhary S, Kumar S, Kumar A, Singh A, Yadav A. Biodegradation of Reactive Yellow-145 azo dye using bacterial consortium: A deterministic analysis based on degradable Metabolite, phytotoxicity and genotoxicity study. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134504. [PMID: 35398073 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are used at larger-scale as coloring agent in the textile industry. It generates a huge amount of dye containing wastewater and its toxicity threatens all kinds of life and also impacts human beings. At present, more impetus is being given to the biological treatment of dye effluent because of its azoreductase enzyme action to break down azo bond which leads to decolorization and degradation of dye. Bacterial consortium of E. asburiae and E. cloacae (1:1 ratio) was used for degradation and decolorization of Reactive Yellow-145 (RY-145) dye. The optimization of dye concentration, temperature, pH, and media has been carried out to determine the conditions required for maximum degradation and decolorization. The mixed consortium (10%) has shown 98.78% decolorization of RY-145 dye under static condition at 500 mgL-1 concentration, 35 °C and pH 7.0 at 12 h contact period. FTIR analysis showed formation of new functional groups in the treated dye, such as O-H stretch at 1361 cm-1, C-H stretch at 890 cm-1, N-H stretch at 1598 cm-1 and aromatic C-H at 671 cm-1 revealing degradation of dye. Biodegraded metabolites of RY-145 dye were identified through GC-MS analysis that includes 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 5-Nitroso-2, 4, 6-triaminopyrimidine, Octahydroquinoline-9-hydroxyperoxide, Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 9-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, respectively which have industrial applications. Cyclohexane was used in gasoline and adhesive while Octahydroquinoline-9-hydroxyperoxide and 5-Nitroso-2, 4, 6-triaminopyrimidine were used in manufacturing drugs. Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol, 9-Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester are antimicrobial and antioxidant. Phytotoxicity test also showed non-toxic effects of treated dye on germination of Cicer arietinum and Vigna radiata seeds. Similarly, genotoxicity study indicated less toxic effects of biodegraded dye products on Mitotic index (MI) and cell division of Allium cepa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Lata Singh
- Bioremediation Lab., Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Sneha Chaudhary
- Bioremediation Lab., Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440 020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aniruddha Kumar
- Bioremediation Lab., Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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14
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He Y, Fu X, Li B, Zhao H, Yuan D, Na B. Highly Efficient Organic Dyes Capture Using Thiol-Functionalized Porous Organic Polymer. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17941-17947. [PMID: 35664628 PMCID: PMC9161400 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop new materials for efficient capture cationic dyes methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG). In this work, a novel triptycene-based porous organic polymer with abundant thiol groups (TPP-SH) was prepared successfully by postmodification with a high surface area and robust triptycene-based porous organic polymer (TPP). The obtained TPP-SH exhibited a high surface area, good porosity, and good thermal stability. In addition, TPP-SH was highly effective at capturing MB and MG from aqueous solution because of the abundant thiols in its hierarchical structure. Under optimal adsorption conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities of MB and MG calculated by the Langmuir model at room temperature were 1146.3 and 689.6 mg g-1, respectively. These values are higher than those of many reported materials. The MB and MG adsorption rates were 0.0154 and 6.69 × 10-4 mg g-1 min-1, respectively. Furthermore, the polymer TPP-SH had a good recycling performance after adsorption-desorption at least five times. Therefore, the TPP-SH exhibited a high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption kinetics, and easy-recycling behavior, providing a new avenue for the preparation of green functionalized adsorbents with good performance for water decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Jiangxi
Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices,
School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xiaolei Fu
- Jiangxi
Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices,
School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Bo Li
- College
of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Jiangxi
Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices,
School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Dingzhong Yuan
- Jiangxi
Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices,
School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Bing Na
- Jiangxi
Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices,
School of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
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15
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Chang F, Wu L, Xiong Z, Yang Y, Xia X, Wu Q, Ge C, Chen H. Light-induced expression of a novel marine laccase in Escherichia coli from Marinomonas profundimaris and its application in synthetic dye decolorization. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 197:106108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Xue C, Zheng J, Wang G, Feng L, Li F. Construction and Characterization of an Intergeneric Fusant That Degrades the Fungicides Chlorothalonil and Carbendazim. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:842736. [PMID: 35359711 PMCID: PMC8960146 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella sp. CTN-16 (GenBank FJ598326) can degrade chlorothalonil (CTN) but not carbendazim (MBC), and Microbacterium sp. MBC-3 (GenBank OK667229) can degrade MBC but not CTN. A functional strain BD2 was obtained by protoplast fusion of CTN-16 and MBC-3 to generate a fusant with improved degradation efficiency of CTN and MBC. Fusant-BD2 with eighth transfer on a medium containing CTN and two antibiotics was obtained. To identify and confirm the genetic relationship between parental strains and fusion strain BD2, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences analysis were carried out. SEM analysis illustrated BD2 and its parents had some slight differences in the cell morphology. Fusant-BD2 not only possessed the same bands as parental strains but also had its specific bands analyzed through RAPD. The genetic similarity indices for BD2 and its parental strains CTN-16 and MBC-3 are 0.571 and 0.428, respectively. The degradation rates of CTN and MBC were 79.8% and 65.2% in the inorganic salt solution containing 50 mg·L−1 CTN and 50 mg·L−1 MBC, respectively, and the degradation efficiencies were better than the parental strains CTN-16 and MBC-3. This study provides a prospect for the application of fusion strain BD2 in bioremediation of CTN and MBC contaminated sites.
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Al-Tohamy R, Ali SS, Li F, Okasha KM, Mahmoud YAG, Elsamahy T, Jiao H, Fu Y, Sun J. A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113160. [PMID: 35026583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 192.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic dyes used in the textile industry pollute a large amount of water. Textile dyes do not bind tightly to the fabric and are discharged as effluent into the aquatic environment. As a result, the continuous discharge of wastewater from a large number of textile industries without prior treatment has significant negative consequences on the environment and human health. Textile dyes contaminate aquatic habitats and have the potential to be toxic to aquatic organisms, which may enter the food chain. This review will discuss the effects of textile dyes on water bodies, aquatic flora, and human health. Textile dyes degrade the esthetic quality of bodies of water by increasing biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, impairing photosynthesis, inhibiting plant growth, entering the food chain, providing recalcitrance and bioaccumulation, and potentially promoting toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. Therefore, dye-containing wastewater should be effectively treated using eco-friendly technologies to avoid negative effects on the environment, human health, and natural water resources. This review compares the most recent technologies which are commonly used to remove dye from textile wastewater, with a focus on the advantages and drawbacks of these various approaches. This review is expected to spark great interest among the research community who wish to combat the widespread risk of toxic organic pollutants generated by the textile industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Al-Tohamy
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Sameh S Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
| | - Fanghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Kamal M Okasha
- Internal Medicine and Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Yehia A-G Mahmoud
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Tamer Elsamahy
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Haixin Jiao
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yinyi Fu
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; School of the Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Gomaa H, Emran MY, El-Gammal MA. Biodegradation of Azo Dye Pollutants Using Microorganisms. HANDBOOK OF BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS 2022:1-29. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83783-9_33-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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19
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Recent advances in the biodegradation of azo dyes. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:137. [PMID: 34273009 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
As dye demand continues to rapidly increase in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, paper, textile, and leather industries, an industrialization increase is occurring. Meanwhile, the degradation and removal of azo dyes have raised broad concern regarding the hazards posed by these dyes to the ecological environment and human health. Physicochemical treatments have been applied but are hindered by high energy and economic costs, high sludge production, and chemicals handling. Comparatively, the bioremediation technique is an eco-friendly, removal-efficient, and cost-competitive method to resolve the problem. This paper provides scientific and technical information about recent advances in the biodegradation of azo dyes. It expands the biodegradation efficiency, characteristics, and mechanisms of various microorganisms containing bacteria, fungi, microalgae, and microbial consortia, which have been reported to biodegrade azo dyes. In addition, information about physicochemical factors affecting dye biodegradation has been compiled. Furthermore, this paper also sketches the recent development and characteristics of advanced bioreactors.
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