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Wu Y, Zhang H, Chen H, Du Z, Li Q, Wang R. Fleagrass (Adenosma buchneroides Bonati) Acts as a Fungicide Against Candida albicans by Damaging Its Cell Wall. J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s12275-024-00146-9. [PMID: 38958871 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Fleagrass, a herb known for its pleasant aroma, is widely used as a mosquito repellent, antibacterial agent, and for treating colds, reducing swelling, and alleviating pain. The antifungal effects of the essential oils of fleagrass and carvacrol against Candida albicans were investigated by evaluating the growth and the mycelial and biofilm development of C. albicans. Transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate the integrity of the cell membrane and cell wall of C. albicans. Fleagrass exhibited high fungicidal activity against C. albicans at concentrations of 0.5% v/v (via the Ras1/cAMP/PKA pathway). Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy revealed damage to the cell wall and membrane after treatment with the essential oil, which was further confirmed by the increased levels of β-1,3-glucan and chitin in the cell wall. This study showed that fleagrass exerts good fungicidal and hyphal growth inhibition activity against C. albicans by disrupting its cell wall, and thus, fleagrass may be a potential antifungal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Wu
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhi Du
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Li
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, People's Republic of China.
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Yang C, Li G, Zhang Q, Bai W, Li Q, Zhang P, Zhang J. Histone deacetylase Sir2 promotes the systemic Candida albicans infection by facilitating its immune escape via remodeling the cell wall and maintaining the metabolic activity. mBio 2024; 15:e0044524. [PMID: 38682948 PMCID: PMC11237532 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00445-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylation affects Candida albicans (C. albicans) pathogenicity by modulating virulence factor expression and DNA damage. The histone deacetylase Sir2 is associated with C. albicans plasticity and maintains genome stability to help C. albicans adapt to various environmental niches. However, whether Sir2-mediated chromatin modification affects C. albicans virulence is unclear. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of Sir2 on C. albicans pathogenicity and regulation. Here, we report that Sir2 is required for C. albicans pathogenicity, as its deletion affects the survival rate, fungal burden in different organs and the extent of tissue damage in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. We evaluated the impact of Sir2 on C. albicans virulence factors and revealed that the Sir2 null mutant had an impaired ability to adhere to host cells and was more easily recognized by the innate immune system. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the disruption of C. albicans adhesion was due to a decrease in cell surface hydrophobicity rather than the differential expression of adhesion genes on the cell wall. In addition, Sir2 affects the distribution and exposure of mannan and β-glucan on the cell wall, indicating that Sir2 plays a role in preventing the immune system from recognizing C. albicans. Interestingly, our results also indicated that Sir2 helps C. albicans maintain metabolic activity under hypoxic conditions, suggesting that Sir2 contributes to C. albicans colonization at hypoxic sites. In conclusion, our findings provide detailed insights into antifungal targets and a useful foundation for the development of antifungal drugs. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen and can cause various superficial infections and even life-threatening systemic infections. To successfully propagate infection, this organism relies on the ability to express virulence-associated factors and escape host immunity. In this study, we demonstrated that the histone deacetylase Sir2 helps C. albicans adhere to host cells and escape host immunity by mediating cell wall remodeling; as a result, C. albicans successfully colonized and invaded the host in vivo. In addition, we found that Sir2 contributes to carbon utilization under hypoxic conditions, suggesting that Sir2 is important for C. albicans survival and the establishment of infection in hypoxic environments. In summary, we investigated the role of Sir2 in regulating C. albicans pathogenicity in detail; these findings provide a potential target for the development of antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanglin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhui Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingiqng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Cong H, Sun Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ma D, Jiang J, Li L, Li L. The APSES transcription factor CfSwi6 is required for growth, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity of Ceratocystis fimbriata. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127624. [PMID: 38295680 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Cell wall integrity (CWI) is crucial for the growth, development, and host invasion of pathogenic fungi. The APSES transcription factor Swi6 in fungi plays a role in mediating cell wall integrity through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Ceratocystis fimbriata is a notorious pathogenic fungus responsible for causing black rot in sweet potatoes. In this study, an orthologous APSES transcription factor Swi6 (CfSwi6) downstream of the CWI regulatory pathway in C. fimbriata was characterized. Deletion of CfSWI6 leads to impaired hyphal development, conidiation, and compromised cell wall integrity, resulting in a significant reduction in virulence. Transcriptome analysis revealed the involvement of CfSWI6 in various pathways, including the MAPK pathway, DNA synthesis and stress response. ChIP-seq data provided predictions of potential target genes regulated by CfSwi6. Through yeast one-hybrid, we confirmed the direct binding of CfSwi6 to the promoter of the chitin synthetase gene. In summary, these findings indicated that CfSwi6 plays an important role in the growth, development, and pathogenicity of C. fimbriata. This study provides new insights into the pathogenic mechanism of C. fimbriata in sweet potato and inspires potential strategies to control sweet potato black rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cong
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yong Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Changgen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yongjing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Daifu Ma
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sweet Potato Research Institute, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221131, China
| | - Jihong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
| | - Ludan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal and Edible Plant Resources of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
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Montoya C, Kurylec J, Ossa A, Orrego S. Cyclic strain of poly (methyl methacrylate) surfaces triggered the pathogenicity of Candida albicans. Acta Biomater 2023; 170:415-426. [PMID: 37625677 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic yeast and the primary etiological factor in oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis. The pathogenesis of C. albicans could be triggered by several variables, including environmental, nutritional, and biomaterial surface cues. Specifically, biomaterial interactions are driven by different surface properties, including wettability, stiffness, and roughness. Dental biomaterials experience repetitive (cyclic) stresses from chewing and biomechanical movements. Pathogenic biofilms are formed over these biomaterial surfaces under cyclic strain. This study investigated the effect of the cyclic strain (deformation) of biomaterial surfaces on the virulence of Candida albicans. Candida biofilms were grown over Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surfaces subjected to static (no strain) and cyclic strain with different levels (ε˜x=0.1 and 0.2%). To evaluate the biomaterial-biofilm interactions, the biofilm characteristics, yeast-to-hyphae transition, and the expression of virulent genes were measured. Results showed the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity to be significantly higher when Candida adhered to surfaces subjected to cyclic strain compared to static surfaces. Examination of the yeast-to-hyphae transition showed pseudo-hyphae cells (pathogenic) in cyclically strained biomaterial surfaces, whereas static surfaces showed spherical yeast cells (commensal). RNA sequencing was used to determine and compare the transcriptome profiles of cyclically strained and static surfaces. Genes and transcription factors associated with cell adhesion (CSH1, PGA10, and RBT5), biofilm formation (EFG1), and secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) (CRH1, ADH5, GCA1, and GCA2) were significantly upregulated in the cyclically strained biomaterial surfaces compared to static ones. Genes and transcription factors associated with virulence (UME6 and HGC1) and the secretion of extracellular enzymes (LIP, PLB, and SAP families) were also significantly upregulated in the cyclically strained biomaterial surfaces compared to static. For the first time, this study reveals a biomaterial surface factor triggering the pathogenesis of Candida albicans, which is essential for understanding, controlling, and preventing oral infections. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Fungal infections produced by Candida albicans are a significant contributor to various health conditions. Candida becomes pathogenic when certain environmental conditions change, including temperature, pH, nutrients, and CO2 levels. In addition, surface properties, including wettability, stiffness, and roughness, drive the interactions between Candida and biomaterials. Clinically, Candida adheres to biomaterials that are under repetitive deformation due to body movements. In this work, we revealed that when Candida adhered to biomaterial surfaces subjected to repetitive deformation, the microorganism becomes pathogenic by increasing the formation of biofilms and the expression of virulent factors related to hyphae formation and secretion of enzymes. Findings from this work could aid the development of new strategies for treating fungal infections in medical devices or implanted biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Montoya
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Julia Kurylec
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alex Ossa
- Production Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Santiago Orrego
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Quiroga-Vargas E, Loyola-Cruz MÁ, Rojas-Bernabé A, Moreno-Eutimio MA, Pastelin-Palacios R, Cruz-Cruz C, Durán-Manuel EM, Calzada-Mendoza C, Castro-Escarpulli G, Hernández-Hernández G, Cureño-Díaz MA, Fernández-Sánchez V, Bello-López JM. Typing of Candida spp. from Colonized COVID-19 Patients Reveal Virulent Genetic Backgrounds and Clonal Dispersion. Pathogens 2023; 12:1206. [PMID: 37887722 PMCID: PMC10610241 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 allowed the survival of COVID-19 patients in intensive care units. However, due to the clinical characteristics of severe patients, they resulted in the appearance of colonization events. Therefore, we speculate that strains of Candida spp. isolated from COVID-19 patients have virulent genetic and phenotypic backgrounds involved in clinical worsening of patients. The aim of this work was to virutype Candida spp. strains isolated from colonized COVID-19 patients, analyze their genomic diversity, and establish clonal dispersion in care areas. The virulent potential of Candida spp. strains isolated from colonized COVID-19 patients was determined through adhesion tests and the search for genes involved with adherence and invasion. Clonal association was done by analysis of intergenic spacer regions. Six species of Candida were involved as colonizing pathogens in COVID-19 patients. The genotype analysis revealed the presence of adherent and invasive backgrounds. The distribution of clones was identified in the COVID-19 care areas, where C. albicans was the predominant species. Evidence shows that Candida spp. have the necessary genetic tools to be able colonize the lungs, and could be a possible causal agent of coinfections in COVID-19 patients. The detection of dispersion of opportunistic pathogens can be unnoticed by classical epidemiology. Epidemiological surveillance against opportunistic fungal pathogens in COVID-19 patients is an immediate need, since the findings presented demonstrate the potential virulence of Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Quiroga-Vargas
- Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico (M.Á.L.-C.); (E.M.D.-M.); (M.A.C.-D.)
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico (C.C.-M.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Loyola-Cruz
- Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico (M.Á.L.-C.); (E.M.D.-M.); (M.A.C.-D.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica y Ambiental, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Araceli Rojas-Bernabé
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico (C.C.-M.)
| | - Mario Adán Moreno-Eutimio
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.A.M.-E.); (R.P.-P.)
| | - Rodolfo Pastelin-Palacios
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.A.M.-E.); (R.P.-P.)
| | - Clemente Cruz-Cruz
- Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico (M.Á.L.-C.); (E.M.D.-M.); (M.A.C.-D.)
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico (C.C.-M.)
| | - Emilio Mariano Durán-Manuel
- Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico (M.Á.L.-C.); (E.M.D.-M.); (M.A.C.-D.)
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico (C.C.-M.)
| | - Claudia Calzada-Mendoza
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico (C.C.-M.)
| | - Graciela Castro-Escarpulli
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica y Ambiental, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Geovanni Hernández-Hernández
- Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico (M.Á.L.-C.); (E.M.D.-M.); (M.A.C.-D.)
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica y Ambiental, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Verónica Fernández-Sánchez
- Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico (M.Á.L.-C.); (E.M.D.-M.); (M.A.C.-D.)
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico
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Yang J, Wang W, Liu Y, Xie M, Yang J. The MADS-box transcription factor AoRlmA is involved in the regulation of mycelium development, conidiation, cell-wall integrity, stress response, and trap formation of Arthrobotrys oligospora. Microbiol Res 2023; 268:127299. [PMID: 36599176 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of cell-wall integrity (CWI) is important for mycelial growth, development, and pathogenicity in fungi. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a typical nematode-trapping (NT) fungus which can capture nematodes by producing adhesive networks. In this study, we characterized an orthologous MADS-box transcription factor RlmA (AoRlmA) downstream of the CWI regulatory pathway in A. oligospora. The deletion of AorlmA caused a reduction in mycelial growth, the number of nuclei, conidiation, and trap formation, as well as increased sensitivity to cell-wall synthesis-disrupting agents, osmotic agents, and oxidants; accordingly, the transcript levels of genes associated with sporulation, cell-wall biosynthesis, and DNA damage response were downregulated in the ΔAorlmA mutant. Furthermore, the absence of AorlmA resulted in a reduction in autophagy and endocytosis. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes in the absence of AorlmA were involved in membrane components, the oxidation-reduction process, transmembrane transport, metabolic processes, cellular components, organelles, cellular response to stress, and DNA damage response. In addition, metabolomic analysis showed that AoRlmA was involved in the regulation of secondary metabolites of A. oligospora. To summarize, our results highlighted the important roles of transcription factor RlmA in mycelial growth, conidiation, CWI, trap formation, stress response, autophagy, endocytosis, and secondary metabolism regulation in A. oligospora, providing a basis for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of the mycelial growth and development, pathogenicity, and stress response of NT fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangliu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Yankun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Meihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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Photoinactivation of Planktonic Cells, Pseudohyphae, and Biofilms of Candida albicans Sensitized by a Free-Base Chlorin and Its Metal Complexes with Zn(II) and Pd(II). Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010105. [PMID: 36671307 PMCID: PMC9854949 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and its occurrence is increasing due to the growing complexity of patients. In particular, Candida albicans exhibits several virulence factors that facilitate yeast colonization in humans. In this sense, the photodynamic inactivation of yeasts is a promising new alternative to eliminate fungal infections. Herein, the photodynamic activity sensitized by a free-base chlorin (TPCF16) and its complexes with Zn(II) (ZnTPCF16) and Pd(II) (PdTPCF16) was investigated in order to eliminate C. albicans under different forms of cell cultures. A decrease in cell survival of more than 5 log was found in planktonic cells incubated with 5 μM TPCF16 or ZnTPCF16 upon 15 min of white-light irradiation. The mechanism of action mainly involved a type II pathway in the inactivation of C. albicans cells. In addition, the photodynamic action induced by these chlorins was able to suppress the growth of C. albicans in a culture medium. These photosensitizers were also effective to photoinactivate C. albicans pseudohyphae suspended in PBS. Furthermore, the biofilms of C. albicans that incorporated the chlorins during the proliferation stage were completely eradicated using 5 μM TPCF16 or ZnTPCF16 after 60 min of light irradiation. The studies indicated that these chlorins are effective photosensitizing agents to eliminate C. albicans as planktonic cells, pseudohyphae, and biofilms.
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Edel J, Grinstein-Koren O, Winocur-Arias O, Kaplan I, Schnaiderman-Shapiro A, Buchner A, Vered M, Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A. Unexpected Candidal Hyphae in Oral Mucosa Lesions-A Clinico-Pathological Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101386. [PMID: 36290044 PMCID: PMC9598629 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral mucosal biopsies might harbor candidal hyphae (CH) in the absence of any clinical signs or symptoms. Aim: To assess oral mucosa biopsies for the frequency of unexpected CH and characterize their clinico-pathological features. Materials and Methods: All biopsy reports (2004−2019) were searched using CH/candida/candidiasis as key words. Cases with clinical diagnosis of oral candidiasis (OC) were excluded. Demographic data, health status, smoking habits, clinical features and diagnoses were collected. Statistical analysis included the chi-square test; significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Of all the biopsies, 100 (1.05%) reported microscopical evidence of CH without typical clinical signs/symptoms of OC. Fifteen cases were from healthy, non-smoking patients. CH was common on buccal mucosa (38%) and lateral tongue (23%). The tip of tongue (OR = 54.5, 95% CI 9.02−329.4, p < 0.001) and lateral tongue (OR = 3.83, 95% CI 2.4−6.09, p < 0.001) were more likely to harbor CH-positive lesions. CH-positive lesions were diagnosed as epithelial hyperplasia (55%) and exophytic reactive lesions (30%). No correlation was found between CH and the grade of epithelial dysplasia. Conclusions: Microscopic evidence of CH embedded into oral epithelium without typical signs/symptoms of OC is rare, especially in healthy, non-smokers. Since CH was occasionally found in oral sites prone to local trauma and in association with reactive lesions, in absence of host co-morbidities, the contribution of local mechanical forces to CH embedment cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Edel
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Osnat Grinstein-Koren
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Orit Winocur-Arias
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ilana Kaplan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel
| | - Anna Schnaiderman-Shapiro
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
| | - Amos Buchner
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262000, Israel
| | - Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Wang X, Liu P, Jiang Y, Han B, Yan L. The prophylactic effects of monoclonal antibodies targeting the cell wall Pmt4 protein epitopes of Candida albicans in a murine model of invasive candidiasis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992275. [PMID: 36081783 PMCID: PMC9446456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.992275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent opportunistic human pathogen, accounting for approximately half of all clinical cases of candidemia. Resistance to the existing antifungal drugs is a major challenge in clinical therapy, necessitating the development and identification of novel therapeutic agents and potential treatment strategies. Monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy represents a promising therapeutic strategy against disseminated candidiasis. Protein mannosyltransferase (Pmt4) encodes mannosyltransferases initiating O-mannosylation of secretory proteins and is essential for cell wall composition and virulence of C. albicans. Therefore, the Pmt4 protein of C. albicans is an attractive target for the discovery of alternative antibody agents against invasive C. albicans infections. In the present study, we found that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) C12 and C346 specifically targeted the recombinant protein mannosyltransferase 4 (rPmt4p) of C. albicans. These mAbs were produced and secreted by hybridoma cells isolated from the spleen of mice that were initially immunized with the purified rPmt4p to generate IgG antibodies. The mAbs C12 and C346 exhibited high affinity to C. albicans whole cells. Remarkably, these mAbs reduced the fungal burden, alleviated inflammation in the kidneys, and prolonged the survival rate significantly in the murine model of systemic candidiasis. Moreover, they could activate macrophage opsonophagocytic killing and neutrophil killing of C. albicans strain in vitro. These results suggested that anti-rPmt4p mAbs may provide immunotherapeutic interventions against disseminated candidiasis via opsonophagocytosis and opsonic killing activity. Our findings provide evidence for mAbs as a therapeutic option for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Han,
| | - Lan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Lan Yan,
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