Biological properties of exopolysaccharides produced by Bacillus spp

Structural characteristics, biotechnological production and applications of exopolysaccharides from Bacillus sp.: A comprehensive review

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Bacillus species display various biological activities and characteristics such as anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-bacterial, and bioadhesive effects. These attributes confer Bacillus species broad potential applications in diverse fields such as food, medicine, environment, and agriculture. Moreover, Bacillus-derived EPS are easier to produce and yield higher quantities than plant-derived polysaccharides. Despite these advantages, Bacillus-derived EPS still encounter numerous obstacles in industrial production and commercial applications, including elevated costs, the absence of mature fermentation tank production procedures, and the lack of systematic in vivo and in vitro activity and metabolic evaluation. Therefore, it is essential to gain insight into the current status of structure, production, and applications of Bacillus-derived EPS for facilitating their future broader application. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current research on the production, separation, characteristics and applications of these related biological products. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the current challenges impeding industrial production of Bacillus-derived EPS, along with potential solutions, and their prospective applications in enhancing the attributes of beneficial biofilms, laying a solid scientific foundation for the applications of Bacillus-derived EPS in industry and agriculture.

Larvicidal and cytotoxic activities of exopolysaccharides produced by thermophilic bacteria

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) synthesized by thermophilic bacteria are natural biopolymers, that have recently garnered attention due to their potential applications in areas such as pharmaceuticals and biomedicine. In this study, EPSs produced by five distinct thermophilic bacterial isolates from hot springs in Turkey were purified using ion exchange and gel chromatography, and the larvicidal and cytotoxic effects of these EPSs were examined. While Geobacillus thermodenitrificans HBB111 produced the highest quantity (650.9 mg mL-1) of EPS, the protein content of crude EPS samples ranged from 0.3 to 1.5%. EPS111 and EPS261 showed the most effective larvicidal action, eliminating 72% and 62.7% of Ae. albopictus larvae after 48 h, respectively. Among the purified samples, EPS111 exhibited the most significant effect on the proliferation of PC3 cells, resulting in a 68% inhibition (IC50 of 0.23 mg mL-1) followed by EPS106 in 55% (IC50 of 0.45 mg mL-1). According to our study's results, thermophilic EPSs show promise because of their insecticidal and anticancer properties.

Exploring the purification, characterization, and industrial applications of Exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BDIFST240014

BACKGROUND

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) derived from microbial sources hold great promise for various industrial applications due to their biodegradability and diverse biological activities.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In this study, EPS was isolated and characterized from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BDIFST240014, a Gram-positive bacterium known for its robust EPS production. Taxonomic classification was confirmed through 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. We optimized the growth conditions for EPS production, yielding a maximum of approximately 74.81 mg/L after 48 h of incubation at 37 °C. UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy were used to characterize the EPS, revealing key functional groups indicative of its polysaccharide nature. The EPS contained total carbohydrate and protein contents of 841.234 µg/5 mg and 630.54 µg/5 mg, respectively, along with a potent water holding capacity (WHC) of 103.31% and oil holding capacity (OHC) of 106.78%, underscoring its potential as a multifunctional biopolymer. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated significant activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative pathogens, including S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. typhi. Antioxidant assays confirmed its potent DPPH radical scavenging activity (71.52%) and Fe³⁺ reducing capacity. Furthermore, emulsification studies showed its efficacy with various oils (coconut oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, olive oil) and a hydrocarbon (n-hexane), with the highest emulsification indices (E1 and E24) of 60.78% and 60.39%, respectively, against coconut and sunflower oils. Notably, the EPS selectively promoted the growth of probiotic strains while not enhancing the growth of pathogenic bacteria, highlighting its prebiotic potential.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that EPS from B. amyloliquefaciens BDIFST240014 is a promising candidate for diverse industrial and biomedical applications.

Bacillus sonorinses derived exopolysaccharide enhances cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and COX-2 down regulation in liver cancer cells

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most serious types of cancer that accounts for numerous cancer deaths worldwide. HCC is poorly prognosed and is a highly chemotherapy-resistant tumor. Therefore, new treatments are urgently needed. Exopolysaccharides (EPS-1) produced from the novel Bacillus sonorensis strain was found to exhibit chemopreventive effects against cancer.

Objective

Evaluating the anti-cancer cytotoxic effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS-1) produced by the newly studied Bacillus sonorensis strain SAmt2.

Methods

The cytotoxic activity was investigated through cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy analyses using flow cytometry technique. Also, the effect of EPS-1 on Huh7 release of COX-2 was examined using ELISA.

Results

Our results revealed that EPS-1exhibit an anti-proliferative effect on Huh7 cells through decreasing the percentage of cells at the S-phase and G2 phase, while increasing the cell population at the sub-G1 and G1 phases. Apoptosis analysis showed that EPS-1 increased necrotic and apoptotic cell fractions in EPS-1 treated Huh7. In addition, it induced significant autophagic cell death in the Huh7.Finally, antiproliferative and apoptosis induction results were supportedby ELISA assay results where the protein level of COX-2 was declined.

Conclusion

: In conclusion, EPS-1 derived from B. sonorensis SAmt2, is a promising proliferation inhibitor of Huh7 cells with potential anticancer effects.

Rhizosphere bacterial exopolysaccharides: composition, biosynthesis, and their potential applications

Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are biopolymers of carbohydrates, often released from cells into the extracellular environment. Due to their distinctive physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, EPS finds applications in various industrial sectors. However, the need for alternative EPS has grown over the past few decades as lactic acid bacteria's (LAB) low-yield EPS is unable to meet the demand. In this case, rhizosphere bacteria with the diverse communities in soil leading to variations in composition and structure, are recognized as a potential source of EPS applicable in various industries. In addition, media components and cultivation conditions have an impact on EPS production, which ultimately affects the quantity, structure, and biological functions of the EPS. Therefore, scientists are currently working on manipulating bacterial EPS by developing cultures and applying abiotic and biotic stresses, so that better production of exopolysaccharides can be attained. This review highlights the composition, biosynthesis, and effects of environmental factors on EPS production along with the potential applications in different fields of industry. Ultimately, an overview of potential future paths and tactics for improving EPS implementation and commercialization is pointed out.

High cadmium-accumulating Salix ecotype shapes rhizosphere microbiome to facilitate cadmium extraction

Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a significant threat to agricultural soils and food safety, necessitating effective remediation strategies. Salix species, with their high coverage and Cd accumulating capacity, hold promise for remediation efforts. The rhizosphere microbiome is crucial for enhancing Cd accumulating capacity for Salix. However, the mechanisms by how Salix interacts with its rhizosphere microbiome to enhance Cd extraction remains poorly understood. In this study, we compared the remediation performance of two Salix ecotypes: 51-3 (High Cd-accumulating Ecotype, HAE) and P646 (Low Cd-accumulating Ecotype, LAE). HAE exhibited notable advantages over LAE, with 10.80 % higher plant height, 43.80 % higher biomass, 20.26 % higher Cd accumulation in aboveground tissues (93.09 μg on average), and a superior Cd translocation factor (1.97 on average). Analysis of the rhizosphere bacterial community via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that HAE harbored a more diverse bacterial community with a distinct composition compared to LAE. Indicator analysis identified 84 genera specifically enriched in HAE, predominantly belonging to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, including beneficial microbes such as Streptomyces, Bacillus, and Pseudomonas. Network analysis further elucidated three taxa groups specifically recruited by HAE, which were highly correlated with functional genes that associated with biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins. These functions contribute to enhancing plant growth, Cd uptake, and resistance to Cd in Salix. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of the rhizosphere microbiome in facilitating Cd extraction and provide insights into microbiome-based strategies for sustainable agricultural practices.

Antibiotic resistance characterization, virulence factors and molecular characteristics of Bacillus species isolated from probiotic preparations in China

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to determine the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of antibiotic-resistant Bacillus spp. isolated from probiotic preparations in China.

METHODS

Bacillus strains were isolated from probiotic preparations and then identified using 16S rDNA sequencing. Drug sensitivity tests were conducted to determine their susceptibility to seven antibiotics. Whole genome sequencing was performed on the most resistant strains, followed by analysis of their molecular characteristics, resistance genes, and virulence factors.

RESULTS

In total, we isolated 21 suspected Bacillus species from seven compound probiotics, which were identified by 16S rDNA as 12 Bacillus licheniformis, six Bacillus subtilis and three Bacillus cereus. The determination of antimicrobial susceptibility showed widespread resistance to chloramphenicol (95.2%), erythromycin (85.7%) and gentamicin (42.9%). Whole genome sequencing of seven resistant strains revealed that J-6-A (Bacillus subtilis) and J-7-A (Bacillus cereus) contained a plasmid. The resistance gene analysis revealed that each strain contained more than ten resistance genes, among which J-7-A was the most. The streptomycin resistance gene strA was detected in all strains. The chloramphenicol resistance genes ykkC and ykkD were found in J-1-A to J-5-A and were first reported in Bacillus subtilis. The erythrocin resistance gene ermD was detected in strains J-1-A to J-4-A. There were also more than 15 virulence factors and gene islands (GIs) involved in each strain.

CONCLUSIONS

These results confirm the potential safety risks of probiotics and remind us to carefully select probiotic preparations containing strains of Bacillus species, especially Bacillus cereus, to avoid the potential spread of resistance and pathogenicity.

In Vivo and In Vitro Interactions between Exopolysaccharides from Bacillus thuringensis HD270 and Vip3Aa11 Protein

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) secretes the nutritional insecticidal protein Vip3Aa11, which exhibits high toxicity against the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). The Bt HD270 extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) enhances the toxicity of Vip3Aa11 protoxin against S. frugiperda by enhancing the attachment of brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs). However, how EPS-HD270 interacts with Vip3Aa11 protoxin in vivo and the effect of EPS-HD270 on the toxicity of activated Vip3Aa11 toxin are not yet clear. Our results indicated that there is an interaction between mannose, a monosaccharide that composes EPS-HD270, and Vip3Aa11 protoxin, with a dissociation constant of Kd = 16.75 ± 0.95 mmol/L. When EPS-HD270 and Vip3Aa11 protoxin were simultaneously fed to third-instar larvae, laser confocal microscopy observations revealed the co-localization of the two compounds near the midgut wall, which aggravated the damage to BBMVs. EPS-HD270 did not have a synergistic insecticidal effect on the activated Vip3Aa11 protein against S. frugiperda. The activated Vip3Aa11 toxin demonstrated a significantly reduced binding capacity (548.73 ± 82.87 nmol/L) towards EPS-HD270 in comparison to the protoxin (34.96 ± 9.00 nmol/L). Furthermore, this activation diminished the affinity of EPS-HD270 for BBMVs. This study provides important evidence for further elucidating the synergistic insecticidal mechanism between extracellular polysaccharides and Vip3Aa11 protein both in vivo and in vitro.

Comprehensive review on recent trends and perspectives of natural exo-polysaccharides: Pioneering nano-biotechnological tools

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs), originating from various microbes, and mushrooms, excel in their conventional role in bioremediation to showcase diverse applications emphasizing nanobiotechnology including nano-drug carriers, nano-excipients, medication and/or cell encapsulation, gene delivery, tissue engineering, diagnostics, and associated treatments. Acknowledged for contributions to adsorption, nutrition, and biomedicine, EPSs are emerging as appealing alternatives to traditional polymers, for biodegradability and biocompatibility. This article shifts away from the conventional utility to delve deeply into the expansive landscape of EPS applications, particularly highlighting their integration into cutting-edge nanobiotechnological methods. Exploring EPS synthesis, extraction, composition, and properties, the discussion emphasizes their structural diversity with molecular weight and heteropolymer compositions. Their role as raw materials for value-added products takes center stage, with critical insights into recent applications in nanobiotechnology. The multifaceted potential, biological relevance, and commercial applicability of EPSs in contemporary research and industry align with the nanotechnological advancements coupled with biotechnological nano-cleansing agents are highlighted. EPS-based nanostructures for biological applications have a bright future ahead of them. Providing crucial information for present and future practices, this review sheds light on how eco-friendly EPSs derived from microbial biomass of terrestrial and aquatic environments can be used to better understand contemporary nanobiotechnology for the benefit of society.

Exopolysaccharide production by salt-tolerant bacteria: Recent advances, current challenges, and future prospects

Natural biopolymers derived from exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are considered eco-friendly and sustainable alternatives to available traditional synthetic counterparts. Salt-tolerant bacteria inhabiting harsh ecological niches have evolved a number of unique adaptation strategies allowing them to maintain cellular integrity and assuring their long-term survival; among these, producing EPSs can be adopted as an effective strategy to thrive under high-salt conditions. A great diversity of EPSs from salt-tolerant bacteria have attracted widespread attention recently. Because of factors such as their unique structural, physicochemical, and functional characteristics, EPSs are commercially valuable for the global market and their application potential in various sectors is promising. However, large-scale production and industrial development of these biopolymers are hindered by their low yields and high costs. Consequently, the research progress and future prospects of salt-tolerant bacterial EPSs must be systematically reviewed to further promote their application and commercialization. In this review, the structure and properties of EPSs produced by a variety of salt-tolerant bacterial strains isolated from different sources are summarized. Further, feasible strategies for solving production bottlenecks are discussed, which provides a scientific basis and direct reference for more scientific and rational EPS development.

Exopolysaccharides produced by Bacillus spp. inhibit biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with bovine mastitis

Bovine mastitis is a costly disease in the dairy sector worldwide. Here the objective was to identify and characterize anti-biofilm compounds produced by Bacillus spp. against S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis. Results showed that cell-free supernatants of three Bacillus strains (out of 33 analysed) reduced S. aureus biofilm formation by approximately 40 % without affecting bacterial growth. The anti-biofilm activity was associated with exopolysaccharides (EPS) secreted by Bacillus spp. The EPS decreased S. aureus biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, inhibiting biofilm formation by 83 % at 1 mg/mL. The EPS also showed some biofilm disruption activity (up to 36.4 %), which may be partially mediated by increased expression of the aur gene. The characterization of EPS produced by Bacillus velezensis 87 and B. velezensis TR47II revealed macromolecules with molecular weights of 31.2 and 33.7 kDa, respectively. These macromolecules were composed mainly of glucose (mean = 218.5 μg/mg) and mannose (mean = 241.5 μg/mg) and had similar functional groups (pyranose ring, beta-type glycosidic linkage, and alkynes) as revealed by FT-IR. In conclusion, this study shows the potential applications of EPS produced by B. velezensis as an anti-biofilm compound that could contribute to the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.

Advanced strategies for metabolic engineering of Bacillus to produce extracellular polymeric substances

Extracellular polymeric substances are mainly synthesized via a variety of biosynthetic pathways in bacteria. Bacilli-sourced extracellular polymeric substances, such as exopolysaccharides (EPS) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), can serve as active ingredients and hydrogels, and have other important industrial applications. However, the functional diversity and widespread applications of these extracellular polymeric substances, are hampered by their low yields and high costs. Biosynthesis of extracellular polymeric substances is very complex in Bacillus, and there is no detailed elucidation of the reactions and regulations among various metabolic pathways. Therefore, a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms is required to broaden the functions and increase the yield of extracellular polymeric substances. This review systematically summarizes the biosynthesis and metabolic mechanisms of extracellular polymeric substances in Bacillus, providing an in-depth understanding of the relationships between EPS and γ-PGA synthesis. This review provides a better clarification of Bacillus metabolic mechanisms during extracellular polymeric substance secretion and thus benefits their application and commercialization.

Exopolysaccharides Producing Bacteria: A Review

Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are essential natural biopolymers used in different areas including biomedicine, food, cosmetic, petroleum, and pharmaceuticals and also in environmental remediation. The interest in them is primarily due to their unique structure and properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, higher purity, hydrophilic nature, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, antibacterial, and immune-modulating and prebiotic activities. The present review summarizes the current research progress on bacterial EPSs including their properties, biological functions, and promising applications in the various fields of science, industry, medicine, and technology, as well as characteristics and the isolation sources of EPSs-producing bacterial strains. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in the study of such important industrial exopolysaccharides as xanthan, bacterial cellulose, and levan. Finally, current study limitations and future directions are discussed.

Characteristics of exopolysaccharides produced by isolates from natural bioflocculant of Ruditapes philippinarum conglutination mud

Three novel types of exopolysaccharides (EPS) EPS-S8, EPS-S5, and EPS-F10 were extracted and purified from bacterial isolates Bacillus sp. GHS8, Pseudoalteromonas sp. GHS5 and Psychrobacter sp. GHF10, which were originated from natural bioflocculant of Ruditapes philippinarum conglutination mud (RPM), respectively. The EPS had similar function groups C-H, N-H, C-O, and C = O. The EPS were composed of different monosaccharides (EPS-F10, Man: GlcN: GlcUA: GalUA = 1:0.66:5.75:0.51; EPS-S5, Man: Gal: GlcN: Rib = 1: 0.50: 2.94: 0.26; EPS-S8, Man: Gal: GlcN = 1:1.54:7.69). The molecular weights (Mw) of EPS were ordered as 51.4 kDa (EPS-S5) > 9.15 kDa (EPS-S8) > 4.41 kDa (EPS-F10). Three types of EPS all showed higher peak flocculation activities than the reported crude EPS from the RPM. Besides, the EPS also exhibited efficient decoloration and antioxidation activities, especially for EPS-S8, which might be due to the low Mw and specific monosaccharide composition.