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Recipes of Ancient Egyptian kohls more diverse than previously thought. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5932. [PMID: 35396488 PMCID: PMC8994005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Kohl, a dark eye cosmetic, is a well-known part of Ancient Egyptian culture. Modern chemical analyses of kohls have largely found lead-based inorganic constituents, whereas earlier studies argued for a much broader range of constituents. Furthermore, organic materials in kohls remain severely understudied. This raises questions regarding the true diversity of materials and recipes used to produce kohls. We analysed the contents of 11 kohl containers from the Petrie Museum collection in London. The objects selected cover a broad range of times and locations in Egypt. Our multi-analytical approach allowed us to characterise both inorganic and organic components. Our data show that inorganic ingredients in kohl recipes are not only lead-based but also manganese- and silicon-based. Our analyses also revealed that organic ingredients derived from both plant and animal sources were commonly used in kohl recipes and sometimes even represent the main constituent. All these findings point towards more varied recipes than initially thought and significantly shift our understanding of Ancient Egyptian kohls.
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An Insight to the Composition of Pre-Hispanic Mayan Funerary Pigments by 1H-NMR Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102972. [PMID: 34067744 PMCID: PMC8157014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The funerary rites of particular members of the pre-Hispanic Mayan society included the pigmentation of the corpse with a red color. In order to understand this ritual, it is first necessary to identify the constituents of the pigment mixture and then, based on its properties, analyze the possible form and moment of application. In the present approach, 1H-NMR analysis was carried to detect organic components in the funerary pigments of Xcambó, a small Maya settlement in the Yucatan Peninsula. The comparison of the spectra belonging to the pigment found in the bone remains of seven individuals, and those from natural materials, led to the identification of beeswax and an abietane resin as constituents of the pigment, thus conferring it agglutinant and aromatic properties, respectively. The 1H-NMR analysis also allowed to rule out the presence of copal, a resin found in the pigment cover from paramount chiefs from the Mayan society. Additionally, a protocol for the extraction of the organic fraction from the bone segment without visible signs of analysis was developed, thus broadening the techniques available to investigate these valuable samples.
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Analytical Pyrolysis and Mass Spectrometry to Characterise Lignin in Archaeological Wood. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the capability of analytical pyrolysis-based techniques to provide data on lignin composition and on the chemical alteration undergone by lignin in archaeological wooden objects. Applications of Direct Exposure Mass Spectrometry (DE-MS), Evolved Gas Analysis Mass Spectrometry (EGA-MS), and single and double-shot Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) in archaeological lignin characterisation are described. With comparison to cellulose and hemicelluloses, lignin is generally less prone to most degradation processes affecting archaeological artefacts in burial environments, especially waterlogged ones, which are the most favourable for wood preservation. Nevertheless, lignin also undergoes significant chemical changes. As wood from waterlogged environments is mainly composed of lignin, knowledge of its chemical structure and degradation pathways is fundamental for choosing preventive conservation conditions and for optimising consolidation methods and materials, which directly interact with the residual lignin. Analytical pyrolysis coupled with mass spectrometry, used in several complementary operational modes, can gather information regarding the chemical modifications and the state of preservation of lignin, especially concerning oxidation and depolymerisation phenomena. Several applications to the analysis of wood from archaeological artefacts affected by different conservation problems are presented to showcase the potential of analytical pyrolysis in various scenarios that can be encountered when investigating archaeological waterlogged wood.
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Antonelli F, Bartolini M, Plissonnier ML, Esposito A, Galotta G, Ricci S, Davidde Petriaggi B, Pedone C, Di Giovanni A, Piazza S, Guerrieri F, Romagnoli M. Essential Oils as Alternative Biocides for the Preservation of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122015. [PMID: 33339447 PMCID: PMC7765822 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterlogged archaeological wood is exposed to a high risk of biological degradation during the post-excavation phases of storage and restoration. For this reason, often biocides must be used to preserve wooden remains. In the present work three essential oils (cinnamon, wild thyme, and common thyme) were tested as possible alternative biocides to use in the preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood. The oils were first tested in vitro to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and to evaluate the biocidal activity on selected fungal strains. Then, the established MIC was applied on waterlogged archaeological wood samples and during an actual restoration treatment. The effectiveness of the oils was evaluated through cultural analyses, ATP quantification, and next-generation sequencing. The results showed that the oils caused a significant decrease in the vitality of fungal mycelia grown in vitro and of the microbiota present in treated wood and storage water. Furthermore, an influence on the composition of the bacterial communities of treated wood samples was observed. Although further tests are needed to evaluate interferences with the materials used during restoration procedures, essential oils could be considered as a possible alternative to the currently used biocide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Antonelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forestry Systems (DIBAF), Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (F.G.)
| | - Marco Bartolini
- Biology Laboratory, Istituto Centrale per il Restauro (ICR), Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MIBACT), 00153 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Marie-Laure Plissonnier
- Epigenetics and Epigenomic of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69424 Lyon CEDEX 03, France;
| | - Alfonso Esposito
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology–CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (A.E.); (S.P.)
| | - Giulia Galotta
- Biology Laboratory, Istituto Centrale per il Restauro (ICR), Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MIBACT), 00153 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Sandra Ricci
- Biology Laboratory, Istituto Centrale per il Restauro (ICR), Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MIBACT), 00153 Rome, Italy; (M.B.); (G.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Barbara Davidde Petriaggi
- Underwater Archaeological Operations Unit, Istituto Centrale per il Restauro (ICR), Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MIBACT), 00153 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristian Pedone
- Restoration Laboratory of Organic Excavation Materials, Istituto Centrale per il Restauro (ICR), Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MIBACT), 00153 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Antonella Di Giovanni
- Restoration Laboratory of Organic Excavation Materials, Istituto Centrale per il Restauro (ICR), Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MIBACT), 00153 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Silvano Piazza
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology–CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; (A.E.); (S.P.)
- Computational Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Epigenetics and Epigenomic of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), 69424 Lyon CEDEX 03, France;
- Correspondence: (F.A.); (F.G.)
| | - Manuela Romagnoli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forestry Systems (DIBAF), Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
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Song JJ, Wang X, Wang YY, Zhang YY, Yu YJ. High-throughput identification of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in archaeological samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combined with advanced chemometrics methodology. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Zhao C, Zhang X, Liu L, Yu Y, Zheng W, Song P. Probing Chemical Changes in Holocellulose and Lignin of Timbers in Ancient Buildings. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E809. [PMID: 31064079 PMCID: PMC6572151 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wooden structures in China's ancient buildings hold highly historical and cultural values. There is an urgent need to repair and replace the damaged wooden structures after hundreds and thousands of years of exposure to weather. Unfortunately, to date there is still a lack of insightful understanding on how the chemical structure, composition, and micro-morphology evolve over the long-term natural aging before artificial ancient timbers can be developed. This work aims to systematically examine the outer surface, middle layer, and inner surface of the same piece of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolate) collected from an ancient Chinese building. Based on qualitative and quantitative analysis, both cellulose and hemicellulose in aged woods are found to experience significant degrees of degradation. The crystalline regions of cellulose are also determined to undergo moderate degradation as compared to the control fresh wood. In comparison, the lignin basically remains unchanged and its content in the inner layer slightly increases, as evidenced by more free phenol groups determined. Relative to the outer and inner layer, the middle layer of the ancient wood shows the lowest degree of degradation close to that of the fresh wood. This work offers guidelines for fabricating artificial ancient woods to repair the destroyed ones in China's ancient architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Zhao
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Lina Liu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Youming Yu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Wei Zheng
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang A& F University, Zhuji 311800, China.
| | - Pingan Song
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A& F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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7
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Degano I. Liquid chromatography: Current applications in Heritage Science and recent developments. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Liquid chromatography has been widely employed in the analysis of materials in Heritage Science, due to its ease of use and relatively low-cost, starting from thin layer chromatography of organic binders in paintings, of archaeological waxes and resins, and finally of natural dyes. High performance systems employing analytical columns containing packed stationary phases gradually supplanted thin layer chromatography (TLC) in the field, since the separation, detection and quantitation of specific species contained in a sample in the field of Cultural Heritage requires selective, sensitive and reliable methods, allowing for analysing a wide range of samples, in terms of analyte types and concentration range. Today, the main applications of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in this field are related to the separation and detection of dyestuffs in archaeological materials and paint samples by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with suitable detectors. Proteomics and lipidomics are also gaining momentum in the last decade, thanks to the increased availability of instrumentation and procedures. In this chapter, principles and theory of liquid chromatography will be presented. A short review of the instrumentation needed to perform an analysis will be provided and some general principles of sample preparation revised. More details on the detection systems, the chromatographic set-ups and specific sample treatment strategies will be provided in the individual sections dedicated to the applications to Heritage Science of the main types of liquid chromatographic techniques. In particular, the applications of thin layer chromatography will be shortly described in paragraph 4.1. The applications of Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) will be discussed in detail in paragraph 4.2, including the analysis of natural and synthetic dyes and pigments and the profiling of lipid materials. The possibility to perform proteomic analysis will be presented and a link to the relevant Chapter in this book provided. The most important and promising applications of ion exchange chromatography (IC) will be discussed in paragraph 4.3. Finally, size exclusion and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) will be presented in paragraph 4.4, including applications to the study of polymeric network formation in paint binders, of the phenomena related to the depolymerisation of cellulose in paper and of cellulose and lignin in wood samples. The possibility to study synthetic polymers as artists’ materials and restorers’ tools by size exclusion (SEC) or gel permeation (GPC) will also be introduced. In the conclusions, future perspectives of liquid chromatography in Heritage Science will be briefly discussed.
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Galli A, Gargano M, Bonizzoni L, Giorgione C, Ludwig N, Maspero F, Orlandi M, Zoia L, Martini M. A multidisciplinary investigation on a pair of Leonardesque canal lock gates. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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A critical evaluation of the degradation state of dry archaeological wood from Egypt by SEM, ATR-FTIR, wet chemical analysis and Py(HMDS)-GC-MS. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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11
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Chemical characterisation of the whole plant cell wall of archaeological wood: an integrated approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4233-4245. [PMID: 28484806 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Wood artefacts undergo complex alteration and degradation during ageing, and gaining information on the chemical composition of wood in archaeological artefacts is fundamental to plan conservation strategies. In this work, an integrated analytical approach based on innovative NMR spectroscopy procedures, gel permeation chromatography and analytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) was applied for the first time on archaeological wood from the Oseberg collection (Norway), in order to evaluate the chemical state of preservation of the wood components, without separating them. We adopted ionic liquids (ILs) as non-derivatising solvents, thus obtaining an efficient dissolution of the wood, allowing us to overcome the difficulty of dissolving wood in its native form in conventional molecular solvents. Highly substituted lignocellulosic esters were therefore obtained under mild conditions by reacting the solubilised wood with either acetyl chloride or benzoyl chloride. A phosphytilation reaction was also performed using 2-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholan. As a result, the functionalised wood developed an enhanced solubility in molecular solvents, thus enabling information about modifications of lignin, depolymerisation of cellulose and structure of lignin-carbohydrate complexes to be obtained by means of spectroscopic (2D-HSQC-NMR and 31P-NMR) and chromatographic (gel permeation chromatography) techniques. Py-GC-MS was used to investigate the degradation undergone by the lignocellulosic components on the basis of their pyrolysis products, without any pre-treatment of the samples. The application of all these combined techniques enabled a comprehensive characterisation of the whole cell wall of archaeological wood and the evaluation of its state of preservation. High depletion of carbohydrates and high extent of lignin oxidation were highlighted in the alum-treated objects, whereas a good preservation state was found for the untreated wood of the Oseberg ship. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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12
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McHale E, Braovac S, Steindal CC, Gillis RB, Adams GG, Harding SE, Benneche T, Kutzke H. Synthesis and characterisation of lignin-like oligomers as a bio-inspired consolidant for waterlogged archaeological wood. PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe development of new materials for the consolidation of waterlogged archaeological wood from sustainable sources is an important area of research, as the most widely used consolidant today is petroleum based. Ideally a new consolidant will interact with the existing wood structure, ensuring maximum compatibility. Lignin is often the major component remaining in archaeological wood, as it is less susceptible to degradation than holocellulose. Therefore, in order to maximise the potential for interaction with the wood cells, lignin-like oligomers have been synthesized from isoeugenol using a water soluble copper salen catalyst at pH 10, giving a weight average Mw of 1.6 kDa. Analysis by NMR spectroscopy has shown that the oligomers have a lignin-like structure with β-O-4′, β-β′ and β-5′ connections. A 10 w/w% solution of the oligomers in ethyl acetate was found to thoroughly penetrate 1 cm3 samples of waterlogged archaeological wood (density of 0.146 g/mL, maximum water content of 620%) after 14 days impregnation, as determined by FTIR spectroscopy. No impregnation material could be seen by SEM, suggesting that it coats the cell walls upon drying. This indicates that dehydrogenated polymers penetrate waterlogged archaeological wood well and have the potential to be developed into consolidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McHale
- 1Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Post Box 6762 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Post Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Susan Braovac
- 1Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Post Box 6762 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Calin C. Steindal
- 1Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Post Box 6762 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Richard B. Gillis
- 3Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- 4National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Gary G. Adams
- 3Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- 4National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stephen E. Harding
- 4National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tore Benneche
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Post Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hartmut Kutzke
- 1Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, Post Box 6762 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
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Traoré M, Kaal J, Martínez Cortizas A. Application of FTIR spectroscopy to the characterization of archeological wood. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 153:63-70. [PMID: 26291671 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Two archeological wood samples were studied by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. They originate from a shipwreck in Ribadeo Bay in the northwest of Spain and from a beam wood of an old nave of the Cathedral of Segovia in the central Spain. Principal component analysis was applied to the transposed data matrix (samples as columns and spectral bands as rows) of 43 recorded spectra (18 in the shipwreck and 25 in the beam wood). The results showed differences between the two samples, with a larger proportion of carbohydrates and smaller proportion of lignin in the beam than in the shipwreck wood. Within the beam wood, lignin content was significantly lower in the recent than the old tree rings (P=0.005). These variations can be attributed to species differences between the two woods (oak and pine respectively), with a mixture of guaiacyl and syringyl in hardwood lignin, whereas softwood lignin consists almost exclusively of guaiacyl moieties. The influence of environmental conditions on the FTIR fingerprint was probably reflected by enhanced oxidation of lignin in aerated conditions (beam wood) and hydrolysis of carbohydrates in submerged-anoxic conditions (shipwreck wood). Molecular characterization by analytical pyrolysis of selected samples from each wood type confirmed the interpretation of the mechanisms behind the variability in wood composition obtained by the FTIR-ATR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Traoré
- Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
| | - Joeri Kaal
- Instituto de Ciencias del Patrimonio (Incipit), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), San Roque 2, Santiago de Compostela 15704, Spain.
| | - Antonio Martínez Cortizas
- Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.
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14
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Chemical analyses of extremely degraded wood using analytical pyrolysis and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Bastone S, Spinella A, Chillura Martino DF, Tusa S, Caponetti E. More insight into characterization of the waterlogged wooden part of Acqualadroni Roman Rostrum by solid-state NMR. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Tamburini D, Łucejko JJ, Ribechini E, Colombini MP. Snapshots of lignin oxidation and depolymerization in archaeological wood: an EGA-MS study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1103-1113. [PMID: 26456777 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) was used for the first time to study archaeological wood, in order to investigate its chemical degradation. The archaeological wood was from an oak pile from a stilt house found in the Neolithic 'La Marmotta' village (Lake Bracciano, Rome, Italy). The sampling was performed from the external to the internal part of the pile, following the annual growth rings in groups of five. In addition, sound oak wood and isolated wood components (holocellulose and cellulose) were also analyzed, and the results were used to highlight differences because of degradation. Our study demonstrated that EGA-MS provides information on the thermo-chemistry of archaeological wood along with in-depth compositional data thanks to the use of MS. Our investigations not only highlighted wood degradation in terms of differences between carbohydrates and lignin content, but also showed that lignin oxidation and depolymerization took place in the archaeological wood. Mass spectral data revealed differences among the archaeological samples from the internal to the external part of the pile. An increase in the formation of wood pyrolysis products bearing a carbonyl group at the benzylic position and a decrease in the amount of lignin dimers were observed. These were related to oxidation and depolymerization reactions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Tamburini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Jeannette Jacqueline Łucejko
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
- Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (ICVBC), National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
| | - Maria Perla Colombini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, I-56124, Italy
- Institute for the Conservation and Promotion of Cultural Heritage (ICVBC), National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Florence, Italy
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17
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Pecoraro E, Pizzo B, Alves A, Macchioni N, Rodrigues JC. Measuring the chemical composition of waterlogged decayed wood by near infrared spectroscopy. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Nigra BT, Faull KF, Barnard H. Analytical Chemistry in Archaeological Research. Anal Chem 2014; 87:3-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5029616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Nigra
- Cotsen
Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, A331 Fowler
Museum, 308 Charles Young Drive North, Box 951510, Los Angeles, California 90095-1510, United States
| | - Kym F. Faull
- Department
of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Pasarow Mass Spectrometry
Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hans Barnard
- Cotsen
Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, A331 Fowler
Museum, 308 Charles Young Drive North, Box 951510, Los Angeles, California 90095-1510, United States
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19
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Warner G, Hansen TS, Riisager A, Beach ES, Barta K, Anastas PT. Depolymerization of organosolv lignin using doped porous metal oxides in supercritical methanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 161:78-83. [PMID: 24686374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An isolated, solvent-extracted lignin from candlenut (Aleurites moluccana) biomass was subjected to catalytic depolymerization in the presence of supercritical methanol, using a range of porous metal oxides derived from hydrotalcite-like precursors. The most effective catalysts in terms of lignin conversion to methanol-soluble products, without char formation, were based on copper in combination with other dopants based on relatively earth-abundant metals. Nearly complete conversion of lignin to bio-oil composed of monomers and low-mass oligomers with high aromatic content was obtained in 6h at 310°C using a catalyst based on a Cu- and La-doped hydrotalcite-like precursor. Product mixtures were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoa Warner
- Yale University, Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Thomas S Hansen
- Yale University, Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, United States; Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Riisager
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Evan S Beach
- Yale University, Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Katalin Barta
- Yale University, Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Paul T Anastas
- Yale University, Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering, 225 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
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Popescu CM, Demco DE, Möller M. Assessment of historic Tilia codrata wood by solid-state 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Melone F, Saladino R, Lange H, Crestini C. Tannin structural elucidation and quantitative ³¹P NMR analysis. 2. Hydrolyzable tannins and proanthocyanidins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9316-24. [PMID: 23998855 DOI: 10.1021/jf401664a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented analytical method that allows simultaneous structural and quantitative characterization of all functional groups present in tannins is reported. In situ labeling of all labile H groups (aliphatic and phenolic hydroxyls and carboxylic acids) with a phosphorus-containing reagent (Cl-TMDP) followed by quantitative ³¹P NMR acquisition constitutes a novel fast and reliable analytical tool for the analysis of tannins and proanthocyanidins with significant implications for the fields of food and feed analyses, tannery, and the development of natural polyphenolics containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Melone
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata' , Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
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22
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23
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Pizzo B, Pecoraro E, Macchioni N. A new method to quantitatively evaluate the chemical composition of waterlogged wood by means of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) measurements carried out on wet material. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 67:553-562. [PMID: 23643045 DOI: 10.1366/12-06819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Wood degradation in waterlogged conditions, although slow, is relevant in some specific contexts, such as in the case of cultural heritage preservation (e.g., ancient shipwrecks found under the water table). This decay process induces the selective depletion of the biopolymers constituting wood cell walls and mainly of their structural polysaccharides (both cellulose and hemicelluloses). Assessment of residual composition of cell walls is normally carried out using conventional chemical analyses, which, however, require elevated amounts of material. The present work reports on a new approach to quantitatively determine the residual chemical composition of wood (in terms of amount of lignin and holocellulose) and therefore its extent of degradation. This was accomplished by acquiring attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectra on material still in waterlogged conditions, which was simply placed in optical contact with the ATR crystal. Data for the calibration set were obtained by means of wet analyses, and the calibration model was based on multivariate statistical analysis through partial least square regression. Acquired spectra showed signals higher and better resolved than for dry wood. Calibration was selected after comparing two different normalization procedures and after processing signals of two different spectral ranges. Furthermore, the exclusion of some outliers led to a substantial improvement in the error parameters (R(2) and root mean square error of cross validation) associated with the calibration model, thus allowing for the selection of the best model. The stability of this best model was also established by means of the leave-more-out method. Finally, a procedure of external validation confirmed that the proposed model also could be applied to similar (for instance, belonging to Pinaceae) wood remains from other excavations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Pizzo
- CNR-IVALSA, Istituto per la Valorizzazione del Legno e delle Specie Arboree, via Madonna del Piano, 10, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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24
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Łucejko JJ, Zborowska M, Modugno F, Colombini MP, Prądzyński W. Analytical pyrolysis vs. classical wet chemical analysis to assess the decay of archaeological waterlogged wood. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 745:70-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Schnell G, Schaeffer P, Motsch E, Adam P. Triterpenoids functionalized at C-2 as diagenetic transformation products of 2,3-dioxygenated triterpenoids from higher plants in buried wood. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8276-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26191j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Ribechini E, Pérez-Arantegui J, Colombini MP. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the chemical characterisation of modern and archaeological figs (Ficus carica). J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3915-22. [PMID: 21570079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after alkaline hydrolysis, solvent extraction and trimethylsilylation, and analytical pyrolysis using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) for in situ derivatisation followed by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis (Pyrolysis-silylation-GC/MS) were used to investigate the hydrolysable and soluble constituents, and the polymerised macromolecules of an archaeological fig (Ficus carica) recovered in Zaragoza (Spain), as well as of modern figs. The main aim was to study the compositional alterations undergone by the fig tissues in a particular archaeological environment: the fig was in a vessel and covered by a layer of a mixture of orpiment and gypsum. A comparison between the GC/MS results from modern and archaeological figs revealed that degradative reactions took place, leading to the disappearance/depletion of reactive (unsaturated fatty acids) and sensitive compounds (phytosterols and triterpenes). Py-silylation-GC/MS data provided evidence of a significant degradation of the saccharide and lipid components of the fig tissue, which left a residue enriched in polyphenols and polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ribechini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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27
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28
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Łucejko JJ, Modugno F, Ribechini E, del Río JC. Characterisation of archaeological waterlogged wood by pyrolytic and mass spectrometric techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 654:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Bugani S, Modugno F, Łucejko JJ, Giachi G, Cagno S, Cloetens P, Janssens K, Morselli L. Study on the impregnation of archaeological waterlogged wood with consolidation treatments using synchrotron radiation microtomography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1977-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Crestini C, El Hadidi NM, Palleschi G. Characterisation of archaeological wood: A case study on the deterioration of a coffin. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Ganzerla R, Gambaro A, Cappelletto E, Fantin M, Montalbani S, Orlandi M. Characterization of selected paper documents from the archives of Palazzo Ducale (Venice), Italy using various analytical techniques. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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D'Andrea C, Farina A, Comelli D, Pifferi A, Taroni P, Valentini G, Cubeddu R, Zoia L, Orlandi M, Kienle A. Time-resolved optical spectroscopy of wood. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:569-574. [PMID: 18498699 DOI: 10.1366/000370208784344424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We have proposed and experimentally demonstrated that picosecond time-resolved optical spectroscopy in the visible/near-infrared (NIR) region (700-1040 nm) is a useful technique for noninvasive characterization of wood. This technique has been demonstrated on both softwood and hardwood samples treated in different ways simulating the aging process suffered by waterlogged woods. In all the cases, alterations of absorption and scattering spectra were observed, revealing changes of chemical and structural composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D'Andrea
- CNR-INFM and CNR-IFN, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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33
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Fabbri D, Marynowski L, Fabiańska MJ, Zatoń M, Simoneit BRT. Levoglucosan and other cellulose markers in pyrolysates of Miocene lignites: geochemical and environmental implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2957-2963. [PMID: 18497150 DOI: 10.1021/es7021472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Using the pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and off-line pyrolysis/silylation methods for lignites from three Miocene brown coal basins of Poland resulted in the characterization of many organic compounds, including dominant cellulose degradation products such as levoglucosan, 1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucofuranose, and 1,4:3,6-dianhydroglucopyranose. Levoglucosan is a general source-specific tracer for wood smoke in the atmosphere and recent sediments. The presence of unusually high levels of this compound in brown coal pyrolysates suggests that a portion of this compound concentration in some airsheds may originate from lignite combustion. On the other hand, nonglucose anhydrosaccharides, in particular, mannosan and galactosan, typical of hemicellulose, are not detected in those lignite pyrolysates investigated. This indicates that mannosan and galactosan are better specific tracers for combustion of contemporary biomass in those regions were the utilization of brown coals containing fossilized cellulose is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fabbri
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences "R. Sartori", CIRSA, University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48100 Ravenna, Italy
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Modugno F, Ribechini E, Calderisi M, Giachi G, Colombini M. Analysis of lignin from archaeological waterlogged wood by direct exposure mass spectrometry (DE-MS) and PCA evaluation of mass spectral data. Microchem J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Extending the molecular application range of gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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