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Silva LAP, Campagnolo S, Fernandes SR, Marques SS, Barreiros L, Sampaio-Maia B, Segundo MA. Rapid and sustainable HPLC method for the determination of uremic toxins in human plasma samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:683-694. [PMID: 36464734 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein-bound uremic toxins, mainly indoxyl sulfate (3-INDS), p-cresol sulfate (pCS), and indole-3-acetic acid (3-IAA) but also phenol (Pol) and p-cresol (pC), are progressively accumulated during chronic kidney disease (CKD). Their accurate measurement in biomatrices is demanded for timely diagnosis and adoption of appropriate therapeutic measures. Multianalyte methods allowing the establishment of a uremic metabolite profile are still missing. Hence, the aim of this work was to develop a rapid and sensitive method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for the simultaneous quantification of Pol, 3-IAA, pC, 3-INDS, and pCS in human plasma. Separation was attained in 12 min, using a monolithic C18 column and isocratic elution with acetonitrile and phosphate buffer containing an ion-pairing reagent, at a flow rate of 2 mL min-1. Standards were prepared in plasma and quantification was performed using the background subtraction approach. LOQ values were ≤ 0.2 µg mL-1 for all analytes except for pCS (LOQ of 2 µg mL-1). The method proved to be accurate (93.5-112%) and precise (CV ≤ 14.3%). The multianalyte application of the method, associated to a reduced sample volume (50 µL), a less toxic internal standard (eugenol) in comparison to the previously applied 2,6-dimethylphenol and 4-ethylphenol, and a green extraction solvent (ethanol), resulted in the AGREE score of 0.62 which is in line with the recent trend of green and sustainable analytical chemistry. The validated method was successfully applied to the analysis of plasma samples from control subjects exhibiting normal levels of uremic toxins and CKD patients presenting significantly higher levels of 3-IAA, pC, 3-INDS, and pCS that can be further investigated as biomarkers of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís A P Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Stefano Campagnolo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara R Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara S Marques
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa Barreiros
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 280, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 280, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Insights on Ultrafiltration-Based Separation for the Purification and Quantification of Methotrexate in Nanocarriers. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081879. [PMID: 32325744 PMCID: PMC7221554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of encapsulation efficiency is a regulatory requirement for the characterization of drug delivery systems. However, the difficulties in efficiently separating nanomedicines from the free drug may compromise the achievement of accurate determinations. Herein, ultrafiltration was exploited as a separative strategy towards the evaluation of methotrexate (MTX) encapsulation efficiency in nanostructured lipid carriers and polymeric nanoparticles. The effect of experimental conditions such as pH and the amount of surfactant present in the ultrafiltration media was addressed aiming at the selection of suitable conditions for the effective purification of nanocarriers. MTX-loaded nanoparticles were then submitted to ultrafiltration and the portions remaining in the upper compartment of the filtering device and in the ultrafiltrate were collected and analyzed by HPLC-UV using a reversed-phase (C18) monolithic column. A short centrifugation time (5 min) was suitable for establishing the amount of encapsulated MTX in nanostructured lipid carriers, based on the assumption that the free MTX concentration was the same in the upper compartment and in the ultrafiltrate. The defined conditions allowed the efficient separation of nanocarriers from the free drug, with recoveries of >85% even when nanoparticles were present in cell culture media and in pig skin surrogate from permeation assays.
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Salandari-Jolge N, Ensafi AA, Rezaei B. A novel three-dimensional network of CuCr 2O 4/CuO nanofibers for voltammetric determination of anticancer drug methotrexate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:2443-2453. [PMID: 32025770 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Considering the importance of measuring anticancer drugs, a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with CuCr2O4/CuO nanofibers in the presence of hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL) was fabricated for methotrexate (MTX) sensing. CuCr2O4/CuO nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning method. Then, the morphology and structure of the nanofibers were studied by scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray, map analysis, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of MTX at CuCr2O4/CuO/IL/CPE surface was studied using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. After optimization of the experimental parameters, the prepared sensor showed a low detection limit of 25 nM MTX, based on signal-to-noise (S/N = 3), and it can determine in a wide range of 0.1-300 μM in Britton-Robinson buffer solution at pH 2.5. The modified electrode was used to determine MTX concentration in blood and urine samples with good recoveries of 94.1-104.3. This sensor has several advantages such as low cost, easy preparation, high-performance speed and high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and repeatability. Graphical abstract Scheme of preparation of CuCr2O4/CuO nanofibers by electrospinning method and design of a carbon past electrode using prepared nanofibers (CuCr2O4/CuO/IL/CPE). This electrode was used for methotrexate determination in plasma and urine samples using differential pulse voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Salandari-Jolge
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Ali A Ensafi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Behzad Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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