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Schroeder JW, Burch MJ, Perez MA. Multi-scale pore network modelling to evaluate connectivity in ceramic composites. Micron 2024; 176:103556. [PMID: 37856897 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Complex morphologies, such as open or connected feature networks, are present in a wide variety of materials. Characteristics of these networks can impact key performance attributes of the materials themselves, affecting transport properties such as thermal conductivity. Therefore, it is critical to analyze the microstructure of these materials to gain a better understanding of the fundamental characteristics of the morphology. This study utilized pore network modeling as a method to extract morphological information on the solid network formed by boron nitride ceramic flakes in a polymeric resin matrix and uses the characteristics of the model to analyze the connectivity of the flakes. In this work, Micro-CT and FIB/SEM tomography were used in tandem to provide complimentary analyses of the microstructure and nanostructure, respectively, of the flake network to understand how this may contribute to transport properties of the material. Rather than a pore network model (PNM), the flake network model (FNM) was extracted from the tomographic datasets and the coordination number distribution was determined for the flakes detected in each. Micro-CT analysis showed that the flakes had formed a cage-like network around the exterior of the sample with limited connectivity in the interior, likely due to flake agglomeration at the outer surface of the material. A comparison of the full and interior-only Micro-CT FNMs indicated lower connectivity in the interior. This was confirmed by flow rate models generated from the network analysis for the flake contact points. The FNM extracted from the FIB/SEM tomography dataset exhibited similar connectivity compared to the interior-only FNM, indicating that the connectivity of the material was consistent when measured at the micron scale and at the nanometer scale.
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2
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Yin R, Teng Q, Wu X, Zhang F, Xiong S. Three-dimensional reconstruction of granular porous media based on deep generative models. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:055303. [PMID: 38115524 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.055303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Reconstruction of microstructure in granular porous media, which can be viewed as granular assemblies, is crucial for studying their characteristics and physical properties in various fields concerned with the behavior of such media, including petroleum geology and computational materials science. In spite of the fact that many existing studies have investigated grain reconstruction, most of them treat grains as simplified individuals for discrete reconstruction, which cannot replicate the complex geometrical shapes and natural interactions between grains. In this work, a hybrid generative model based on a deep-learning algorithm is proposed for high-quality three-dimensional (3D) microstructure reconstruction of granular porous media from a single two-dimensional (2D) slice image. The method extracts 2D prior information from the given image and generates the grain set as a whole. Both a self-attention module and effective pattern loss are introduced in a bid to enhance the reconstruction ability of the model. Samples with grains of varied geometrical shapes are utilized for the validation of our method, and experimental results demonstrate that our proposed approach can accurately reproduce the complex morphology and spatial distribution of grains without any artificiality. Furthermore, once the model training is complete, rapid end-to-end generation of diverse 3D realizations from a single 2D image can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyan Yin
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qizhi Teng
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shuhua Xiong
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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3
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Firdaus G, Prasad M, Behura J. A novel anisotropy template for an improved interpretation of elastic anisotropy data. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16160. [PMID: 37758821 PMCID: PMC10533563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43271-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight unconventional rocks are characterized by the presence of laminations, preferentially oriented cracks, and an interconnected network of compliant minerals. Such anisotropic features can mechanically deform due to pressure depletion during production, leading to a human-induced change of elastic and fluid transport properties. Rock physics models allow us to better predict and assess stress- and direction-dependent elastic moduli of the rock, useful for horizontal stress estimates. However, elastic anisotropy can be challenging to measure and interpret. We have developed an anisotropy template that can be used to assess stress-dependent changes in elastic moduli and investigate rock textures. We present here the template construction using an effective medium model consisting of stiff and compliant layers and crack inclusions and evaluate the origin of stress-dependent stiffness changes in acoustic data from Berea, Bakken, Three Forks, and Mancos formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gama Firdaus
- Center for Rock & Fluid Multiphysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Manika Prasad
- Center for Rock & Fluid Multiphysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Jyoti Behura
- Center for Rock & Fluid Multiphysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
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4
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The upper percolation threshold and porosity-permeability relationship in sandstone reservoirs using digital image analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11311. [PMID: 35788682 PMCID: PMC9253316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Subsurface sandstone deposits represent globally ubiquitous reservoirs which can potentially provide the characteristics necessary for the effective geological storage of CO2. Geological carbon storage is widely agreed to be a key asset in tackling anthropogenic emissions and climate change to reach a sustainable 'net zero', despite the present financial challenges associated with it. Therefore, improved understanding of the characteristics of the materials in which we plan to store many gigatons of CO2 is critical. Developing cheaper characterisation techniques is therefore crucial to support the global push for net zero. In this work we use digital analysis of 3D microscale X-ray images of a range of sandstone samples to constrain the porosity-permeability relationship and the upper percolation threshold; the point at which near full pore structure connectivity is achieved. This is one of the most significant controls on the viability of carbon storage as a practical solution to achieving net zero. We find that the upper percolation threshold in sandstone occurs at ca. 14% total porosity whilst the relationship between porosity ([Formula: see text]) and permeability ([Formula: see text]) can be defined as [Formula: see text]. The investigation of the upper percolation threshold may allow a target criterion to be designated when assessing potential carbon storage reservoirs, whilst investigation of the porosity-permeability relationship allows for a greater understanding of the fluid flow regimes in the subsurface. By using a digital technique to assess carbon storage reservoir potentiality we show that initial characterisation of reservoirs can be carried out rapidly and relatively economically, prior to further full reservoir characterisation studies. This approach is also non-destructive, allowing samples to be reused and multiple analytical phases performed on the same materials.
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5
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Yu W, Zhou X, Kanj MY. Microfluidic Investigation of Foam Coarsening Dynamics in Porous Media at High-Pressure and High-Temperature Conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:2895-2905. [PMID: 35192368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coarsening or Oswald ripening, induced by interbubble gas diffusion, is considered to dominate foam structure evolution in porous media. We present the first study of trapped foam coarsening dynamics under realistic deep reservoir conditions (up to 3200 psi/22 MPa of pore pressure and 100 °C of temperature) in a high-pressure and high-temperature microfluidic system. The findings are expected to help predict foam structure evolution in applications such as enhanced oil recovery and CO2 geological sequestration. It is shown that, in porous media, larger bubbles grow at the expense of smaller bubbles. The growth rate of the average bubble area (⟨a⟩) over time shows a long-term linear increase when ⟨a⟩ is between 1/5 and 1/2 of the average pore size. The foam coarsening kinetics are determined by the liquid film permeability, gas-liquid interfacial tension, and the molar volume of the dispersed phase. In summary, foams prepared with less water-soluble gases (e.g., N2 and air) and lower foam quality show slower coarsening kinetics due to a lower film permeability. Foam coarsening is more sensitive to surfactant concentration (than surfactant type), as it determines the interfacial tension that controls the mass transfer driving force (capillary pressure difference). The transport properties of the dispersed phase depend strongly on its density, which increases with increasing pore pressure and decreasing temperature. At the same experimental conditions, gas CO2 foam shows a 10-fold faster coarsening rate than N2 foam. However, dense (i.e., liquid and supercritical) CO2 foams show a remarkable 20-500-fold reduction in coarsening kinetics compared with gas N2 and CO2 foams due to the significantly reduced mass transfer driving forces. In a sense, trapped CO2 foam can be stronger than N2 foam at high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xianmin Zhou
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen Yousef Kanj
- Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum Engineering & Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Microscopic Conductivity Mechanism and Saturation Evaluation of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs: A Case Study from Bonan Oilfield, China. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15041368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Core samples of the tight sandstone reservoir in the Bonan Oilfield were analyzed by using multiple petrophysical experimental techniques, then a multi-scale three-dimensional digital rock model was constructed. The pore structure parameters of tight sandstone and homogeneous Berea sandstone were compared. The electrical simulation method based on the digital rock model was utilized to quantitatively reveal the influence of five micro-pore structure parameters (pore size, throat size, pore-throat size, coordination number, and shape factor) on the rock’s electrical properties. In addition, the saturation of tight sandstone reservoirs was evaluated in combination with the three-component automatic mixed-connection conductivity model. The results show that the “non-Archie” phenomenon in sandstone is obvious, which is mainly caused by the small radius of the maximum connected pore throat and the complex structure of the pore throat. We noted that: with an increase in pore radius, throat radius, and coordination number, the formation factor decreases and tends to be stable; the pore-throat size increases and the formation factor decreases in the form of power function; the shape factor increases, and the formation factor increases; the larger the pore–throat ratio and shape factor, the greater the resistivity index; with an increase in coordination number, the resistivity index decreases; and the pore-throat size has no effect on the resistivity index. The calculation accuracy of oil saturation is improved by 6.54% by constructing the three-component automatic mixed-conductivity saturation model of tight sandstone.
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7
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Modelling Methods and Validation Techniques for CFD Simulations of PEM Fuel Cells. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The large-scale adoption of fuel cells system for sustainable power generation will require the combined use of both multidimensional models and of dedicated testing techniques, in order to evolve the current technology beyond its present status. This requires an unprecedented understanding of concurrent and interacting fluid dynamics, material and electrochemical processes. In this review article, Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are analysed. In the first part, the most common approaches for multi-phase/multi-physics modelling are presented in their governing equations, inherent limitations and accurate materials characterisation for diffusion layers, membrane and catalyst layers. This provides a thorough overview of key aspects to be included in multidimensional CFD models. In the second part, advanced diagnostic techniques are surveyed, indicating testing practices to accurately characterise the cell operation. These can be used to validate models, complementing the conventional observation of the current–voltage curve with key operating parameters, thus defining a joint modelling/testing environment. The two sections complement each other in portraying a unified framework of interrelated physical/chemical processes, laying the foundation of a robust and complete understanding of PEMFC. This is needed to advance the current technology and to consciously use the ever-growing availability of computational resources in the next future.
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8
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Rezaeizadeh M, Hajiabadi SH, Aghaei H, Blunt MJ. Pore-scale analysis of formation damage; A review of existing digital and analytical approaches. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 288:102345. [PMID: 33359961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Formation damage is one of the most challenging problems that occurs during the lifetime of a well. Despite numerous previous studies, an organized review of the literature that introduces and describes the digital and analytical approaches developed for formation damage analysis is lacking. This study aims to fill this gap through briefly describing the main mechanisms behind formation damage in porous media as well as investigating the main related experimental methods with an emphasis on novel imaging techniques. Specifically, there will be a focus on a number of modern and nondestructive analytical methods, such as dry/cryogenic Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), CT-scanning (both using adapted medical scanners and the use of high-resolution micro-CT instruments) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), which obtain outstanding results for the identification of formation damage mechanisms. These approaches when used in combination provide a robust identification of damage processes, while they reduce the risk of operational mistakes for decision makers through visualization of the distribution, severity, and nature of the damage mechanisms.
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9
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Schepp LL, Ahrens B, Balcewicz M, Duda M, Nehler M, Osorno M, Uribe D, Steeb H, Nigon B, Stöckhert F, Swanson DA, Siegert M, Gurris M, Saenger EH. Digital rock physics and laboratory considerations on a high-porosity volcanic rock. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5840. [PMID: 32246072 PMCID: PMC7125207 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital rock physics combines microtomographic imaging with advanced numerical simulations of effective material properties. It is used to complement laboratory investigations with the aim to gain a deeper understanding of relevant physical processes related to transport and effective mechanical properties. We apply digital rock physics to reticulite, a natural mineral with a strong analogy to synthetic open-cell foams. We consider reticulite an end-member for high-porosity materials with a high stiffness and brittleness. For this specific material, hydro-mechanical experiments are very difficult to perform. Reticulite is a pyroclastic rock formed during intense Hawaiian fountaining events. The honeycombed network of bubbles is supported by glassy threads and forms a structure with a porosity of more than 80%. Comparing experimental with numerical results and theoretical estimates, we demonstrate the high potential of in situ characterization with respect to the investigation of effective material properties. We show that a digital rock physics workflow, so far applied to conventional rocks, yields reasonable results for high-porosity rocks and can be adopted for fabricated foam-like materials with similar properties. Numerically determined porosities, effective elastic properties, thermal conductivities and permeabilities of reticulite show a fair agreement to experimental results that required exeptionally high experimental efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Schepp
- Fraunhofer IEG, Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems, Bochum, 44801, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Ahrens
- Fraunhofer IEG, Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems, Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Martin Balcewicz
- Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bochum, 44801, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Mandy Duda
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Mathias Nehler
- Fraunhofer IEG, Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems, Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Maria Osorno
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Applied Mechanics (CE), Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - David Uribe
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Applied Mechanics (CE), Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Holger Steeb
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Applied Mechanics (CE), Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
- University of Stuttgart, SC SimTech, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Benoit Nigon
- Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Stöckhert
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Donald A Swanson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hilo, Hawaii, United States
| | - Mirko Siegert
- Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Marcel Gurris
- Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Erik H Saenger
- Fraunhofer IEG, Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems, Bochum, 44801, Germany
- Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bochum, 44801, Germany
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics, Bochum, 44801, Germany
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10
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Morais S, Cario A, Liu N, Bernard D, Lecoutre C, Garrabos Y, Ranchou-Peyruse A, Dupraz S, Azaroual M, Hartman RL, Marre S. Studying key processes related to CO 2 underground storage at the pore scale using high pressure micromodels. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Micromodels experimentation for studying and understanding CO2 geological storage mechanisms at the pore scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anaïs Cario
- CNRS
- Univ. Bordeaux
- Bordeaux INP
- ICMCB
- Pessac Cedex
| | - Na Liu
- CNRS
- Univ. Bordeaux
- Bordeaux INP
- ICMCB
- Pessac Cedex
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan L. Hartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- New York University
- Brooklyn
- USA
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11
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Waterflooding of Surfactant and Polymer Solutions in a Porous Media Micromodel. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids2020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Koddenberg T, Militz H. Morphological imaging and quantification of axial xylem tissue in Fraxinus excelsior L. through X-ray micro-computed tomography. Micron 2018; 111:28-35. [PMID: 29857175 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of X-ray based imaging methods has continued to increase in research domains. In wood research, X-ray micro-computed tomography (XμCT) is useful for structural studies examining the three-dimensional and complex xylem tissue of trees qualitatively and quantitatively. In this study, XμCT made it possible to visualize and quantify the spatial xylem organization of the angiosperm species Fraxinus excelsior L. on the microscopic level. Through image analysis, it was possible to determine morphological characteristics of the cellular axial tissue (vessel elements, fibers, and axial parenchyma cells) three-dimensionally. X-ray imaging at high resolutions provides very distinct visual insight into the xylem structure. Numerical analyses performed through semi-automatic procedures made it possible to quickly quantify cell characteristics (length, diameter, and volume of cells). Use of various spatial resolutions (0.87-5 μm) revealed boundaries users should be aware of. Nevertheless, our findings, both qualitative and quantitative, demonstrate XμCT to be a valuable tool for studying the spatial cell morphology of F. excelsior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Koddenberg
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Holger Militz
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Ultrastructural change of the subchondral bone increases the severity of cartilage damage in osteoporotic osteoarthritis of the knee in rabbits. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 214:38-43. [PMID: 29263013 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporotic osteoarthritis is a phenotype of osteoarthritis (OA) manifested as fragile and osteoporotic subchondral bone. However, the ultrastructural features of subchondral bone in osteoporosis OA have not been determined. The study was aimed to investigate the ultrastructural dynamic changes of subchondral bone in osteoporotic OA model and how the ultrastructural damage in the subchondral bone caused by osteoporosis deteriorated the cartilage damage in OA. Eighteen rabbits were equally randomized to three groups, including the control, the OA and the osteoporotic OA groups. The structural changes of cartilage were evaluated by HE and safranin-O fast green staining, the Mankin's grading system was used to assess the stage of OA progression. And microstructural or ultrastructural changes in subchondral bone were assessed by micro-computed tomography or by scanning electron microscopy. According to the changes of cartilage histopathology, the OA group was in the early pathological stage of OA while the osteoporotic OA group was in the middle stage of OA based on Mankin's grading system. In addition, the damage of cartilage surface, reduction in the number of chondrocytes and the matrix staining were more increased in the osteoporotic OA group compared to the OA group. Compared to the OA group, the subchondral bone in the microstructure and ultrastructure in the osteoporotic OA group showed more microfracture changes in trabecular bone with more destructions of the tree-like mesh. Moreover, the collagen fibers were random rough with a fewer amount of bone lacunae in subchondral cortical plate in the osteoporotic OA group compared to the OA group. These findings indicated that the subchondral bone ultrastructure in the osteoporotic OA model was characterized by the destruction of the network structure and collagen fibers. The subchondral bone ultrastructural damage caused by osteoporosis may change mechanical properties of the upper cartilage and aggravate OA cartilage. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis is of great significance to prevent early OA from further developing osteoporotic OA.
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14
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Correlative multiple porosimetries for reservoir sandstones with adoption of a new reference-sample-guided computed-tomographic method. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30250. [PMID: 27445105 PMCID: PMC4957228 DOI: 10.1038/srep30250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main interests in petroleum geology and reservoir engineering is to quantify the porosity of reservoir beds as accurately as possible. A variety of direct measurements, including methods of mercury intrusion, helium injection and petrographic image analysis, have been developed; however, their application frequently yields equivocal results because these methods are different in theoretical bases, means of measurement, and causes of measurement errors. Here, we present a set of porosities measured in Berea Sandstone samples by the multiple methods, in particular with adoption of a new method using computed tomography and reference samples. The multiple porosimetric data show a marked correlativeness among different methods, suggesting that these methods are compatible with each other. The new method of reference-sample-guided computed tomography is more effective than the previous methods when the accompanied merits such as experimental conveniences are taken into account.
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15
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Nia SF, Dasani D, Tsotsis TT, Jessen K. An Integrated Approach for the Characterization of Shales and Other Unconventional Resource Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Farhadi Nia
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
| | - Devang Dasani
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
| | - Theodore T. Tsotsis
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
| | - Kristian Jessen
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
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16
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Zachara J, Brantley S, Chorover J, Ewing R, Kerisit S, Liu C, Perfect E, Rother G, Stack AG. Internal Domains of Natural Porous Media Revealed: Critical Locations for Transport, Storage, and Chemical Reaction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2811-2829. [PMID: 26849204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Internal pore domains exist within rocks, lithic fragments, subsurface sediments, and soil aggregates. These domains, termed internal domains in porous media (IDPM), represent a subset of a material's porosity, contain a significant fraction of their porosity as nanopores, dominate the reactive surface area of diverse media types, and are important locations for chemical reactivity and fluid storage. IDPM are key features controlling hydrocarbon release from shales in hydraulic fracture systems, organic matter decomposition in soil, weathering and soil formation, and contaminant behavior in the vadose zone and groundwater. Traditionally difficult to interrogate, advances in instrumentation and imaging methods are providing new insights on the physical structures and chemical attributes of IDPM, and their contributions to system behaviors. Here we discuss analytical methods to characterize IDPM, evaluate information on their size distributions, connectivity, and extended structures; determine whether they exhibit unique chemical reactivity; and assess the potential for their inclusion in reactive transport models. Ongoing developments in measurement technologies and sensitivity, and computer-assisted interpretation will improve understanding of these critical features in the future. Impactful research opportunities exist to advance understanding of IDPM, and to incorporate their effects in reactive transport models for improved environmental simulation and prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Zachara
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sue Brantley
- Penn State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jon Chorover
- University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Robert Ewing
- Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sebastien Kerisit
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Chongxuan Liu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Edmund Perfect
- University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Gernot Rother
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Andrew G Stack
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Mayo SC, Yang SYS, Pervukhina M, Clennell MB, Esteban L, Irvine SC, Siu KK, Maksimenko AS, Tulloh AM. Characterization of Darai Limestone Composition and Porosity Using Data-Constrained Modeling and Comparison with Xenon K-Edge Subtraction Imaging. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:961-968. [PMID: 26021343 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Data-constrained modeling is a method that enables three-dimensional distribution of mineral phases and porosity in a sample to be modeled based on micro-computed tomography scans acquired at different X-ray energies. Here we describe an alternative method for measuring porosity, synchrotron K-edge subtraction using xenon gas as a contrast agent. Results from both methods applied to the same Darai limestone sample are compared. Reasonable agreement between the two methods and with other porosity measurements is obtained. The possibility of a combination of data-constrained modeling and K-edge subtraction methods for more accurate sample characterization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan C Mayo
- 1CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship,Private Bag 10,Clayton,VIC 3169,Australia
| | - Sam Y S Yang
- 1CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship,Private Bag 10,Clayton,VIC 3169,Australia
| | | | | | - Lionel Esteban
- 2CSIRO Energy Flagship,P.O. Box 1130,Bentley,WA 6102,Australia
| | - Sarah C Irvine
- 3Swiss Light Source,Paul Scherrer Institut,5232 Villigen PSI,Switzerland
| | - Karen K Siu
- 5Australian Synchrotron,800 Blackburn Rd,Clayton,VIC 3168,Australia
| | | | - Andrew M Tulloh
- 1CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship,Private Bag 10,Clayton,VIC 3169,Australia
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Odaya S, Phillips R, Sharma Y, Bellerive J, Phillion A, Hoorfar M. X-ray Tomographic Analysis of Porosity Distributions in Gas Diffusion Layers of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Li R, Wu G, Jiang L, Sun D. Characterization of multi-scale porous structure of fly ash/phosphate geopolymer hollow sphere structures: From submillimeter to nano-scale. Micron 2015; 68:54-58. [PMID: 25282522 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Hussein EMA, Agbogun HMD, Al TA. Calibration-free quantification of interior properties of porous media with x-ray computed tomography. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 97:130-139. [PMID: 25576734 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method is presented for interpreting the values of x-ray attenuation coefficients reconstructed in computed tomography of porous media, while overcoming the ambiguity caused by the multichromatic nature of x-rays, dilution by void, and material heterogeneity. The method enables determination of porosity without relying on calibration or image segmentation or thresholding to discriminate pores from solid material. It distinguishes between solution-accessible and inaccessible pores, and provides the spatial and frequency distributions of solid-matrix material in a heterogeneous medium. This is accomplished by matching an image of a sample saturated with a contrast solution with that saturated with a transparent solution. Voxels occupied with solid-material and inaccessible pores are identified by the fact that they maintain the same location and image attributes in both images, with voxels containing inaccessible pores appearing empty in both images. Fully porous and accessible voxels exhibit the maximum contrast, while the rest are porous voxels containing mixtures of pore solutions and solid. This matching process is performed with an image registration computer code, and image processing software that requires only simple subtraction and multiplication (scaling) processes. The process is demonstrated in dolomite (non-uniform void distribution, homogeneous solid matrix) and sandstone (nearly uniform void distribution, heterogeneous solid matrix) samples, and its overall performance is shown to compare favorably with a method based on calibration and thresholding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam M A Hussein
- Laboratory for Threat Material Detection, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5A3.
| | - H M D Agbogun
- Laboratory for Threat Material Detection, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5A3; Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5A3.
| | - Tom A Al
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5A3.
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Abstract
Increasingly researchers are looking to bring together perspectives across multiple scales, or to combine insights from different techniques, for the same region of interest. To this end, correlative microscopy has already yielded substantial new insights in two dimensions (2D). Here we develop correlative tomography where the correlative task is somewhat more challenging because the volume of interest is typically hidden beneath the sample surface. We have threaded together x-ray computed tomography, serial section FIB-SEM tomography, electron backscatter diffraction and finally TEM elemental analysis all for the same 3D region. This has allowed observation of the competition between pitting corrosion and intergranular corrosion at multiple scales revealing the structural hierarchy, crystallography and chemistry of veiled corrosion pits in stainless steel. With automated correlative workflows and co-visualization of the multi-scale or multi-modal datasets the technique promises to provide insights across biological, geological and materials science that are impossible using either individual or multiple uncorrelated techniques.
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23
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Kanitpanyacharoen W, Parkinson DY, De Carlo F, Marone F, Stampanoni M, Mokso R, MacDowell A, Wenk HR. A comparative study of X-ray tomographic microscopy on shales at different synchrotron facilities: ALS, APS and SLS. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2013; 20:172-80. [PMID: 23254671 PMCID: PMC3943535 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512044354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) was used to characterize the three-dimensional microstructure, geometry and distribution of different phases in two shale samples obtained from the North Sea (sample N1) and the Upper Barnett Formation in Texas (sample B1). Shale is a challenging material because of its multiphase composition, small grain size, low but significant amount of porosity, as well as strong shape- and lattice-preferred orientation. The goals of this round-robin project were to (i) characterize microstructures and porosity on the micrometer scale, (ii) compare results measured at three synchrotron facilities, and (iii) identify optimal experimental conditions of high-resolution SRXTM for fine-grained materials. SRXTM data of these shales were acquired under similar conditions at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA, the Advanced Photon Source (APS) of Argonne National Laboratory, USA, and the Swiss Light Source (SLS) of the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland. The data reconstruction of all datasets was handled under the same procedures in order to compare the data quality and determine phase proportions and microstructures. With a 10× objective lens the spatial resolution is approximately 2 µm. The sharpness of phase boundaries in the reconstructed data collected from the APS and SLS was comparable and slightly more refined than in the data obtained from the ALS. Important internal features, such as pyrite (high-absorbing), and low-density features, including pores, fractures and organic matter or kerogen (low-absorbing), were adequately segmented on the same basis. The average volume fractions of low-density features for sample N1 and B1 were estimated at 6.3 (6)% and 4.5 (4)%, while those of pyrite were calculated to be 5.6 (6)% and 2.0 (3)%, respectively. The discrepancy of data quality and volume fractions were mainly due to different types of optical instruments and varying technical set-ups at the ALS, APS and SLS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dilworth Y. Parkinson
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Federica Marone
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rajmund Mokso
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Alastair MacDowell
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hans-Rudolf Wenk
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Bera B, Gunda NSK, Mitra SK, Vick D. Characterization of nanometer-scale porosity in reservoir carbonate rock by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:171-178. [PMID: 22214656 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611012505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sedimentary carbonate rocks are one of the principal porous structures in natural reservoirs of hydrocarbons such as crude oil and natural gas. Efficient hydrocarbon recovery requires an understanding of the carbonate pore structure, but the nature of sedimentary carbonate rock formation and the toughness of the material make proper analysis difficult. In this study, a novel preparation method was used on a dolomitic carbonate sample, and selected regions were then serially sectioned and imaged by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy. The resulting series of images were used to construct detailed three-dimensional representations of the microscopic pore spaces and analyze them quantitatively. We show for the first time the presence of nanometer-scale pores (50-300 nm) inside the solid dolomite matrix. We also show the degree of connectivity of these pores with micron-scale pores (2-5 μm) that were observed to further link with bulk pores outside the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoyendra Bera
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Micro and Nano-Scale Transport Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G8, Canada
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Gunda NSK, Bera B, Karadimitriou NK, Mitra SK, Hassanizadeh SM. Reservoir-on-a-chip (ROC): a new paradigm in reservoir engineering. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3785-3792. [PMID: 22011687 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20556k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we design a microfluidic chip, which represents the pore structure of a naturally occurring oil-bearing reservoir rock. The pore-network has been etched in a silicon substrate and bonded with a glass covering layer to make a complete microfluidic chip, which is termed as 'Reservoir-on-a-chip' (ROC). Here we report, for the first time, the ability to perform traditional waterflooding experiments in a ROC. Oil is kept as the resident phase in the ROC, and waterflooding is performed to displace the oil phase from the network. The flow visualization provides specific information about the presence of the trapped oil phase and the movement of the oil/water interface/meniscus in the network. The recovery curve is extracted based on the measured volume of oil at the outlet of the ROC. We also provide the first indication that this oil-recovery trend realized at chip-level can be correlated to the flooding experiments related to actual reservoir cores. Hence, we have successfully demonstrated that the conceptualized 'Reservoir-on-a-Chip' has the features of a realistic pore-network and in principle is able to perform the necessary flooding experiments that are routinely done in reservoir engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Siva Kumar Gunda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Micro and Nano-Scale Transport Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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