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Zeb B, Alam K, Huang Z, Öztürk F, Wang P, Mihaylova L, Khokhar MF, Munir S. In-depth characterization of particulate matter in a highly polluted urban environment at the foothills of Himalaya-Karakorum Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35705-35726. [PMID: 38739339 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the rising levels of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) have an impact on the earth's system, leading to undesirable consequences on various aspects like human health, visibility, and climate. The present work is carried out over an insufficiently studied but polluted urban area of Peshawar, which lies at the foothills of the famous Himalaya and Karakorum area, Northern Pakistan. The particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 µm, i.e., PM10 are collected and analyzed for mineralogical, morphological, and chemical properties. Diverse techniques were used to examine the PM10 samples, for instance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy along with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, proton-induced x-ray emission, and an OC/EC carbon analyzer. The 24 h average PM10 mass concentration along with standard deviation was investigated to be 586.83 ± 217.70 µg/m3, which was around 13 times greater than the permissible limit of the world health organization (45 µg/m3) and 4 times the Pakistan national environmental quality standards for ambient PM10 (150 µg/m3). Minerals such as crystalline silicate, carbonate, asbestiform minerals, sulfate, and clay minerals were found using FTIR and XRD investigations. Microscopic examination revealed particles of various shapes, including angular, flaky, rod-like, crystalline, irregular, rounded, porous, chain, spherical, and agglomeration structures. This proved that the particles had geogenic, anthropogenic, and biological origins. The average value of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and total carbon is found to be 91.56 ± 43.17, 6.72 ± 1.99, and 102.41 ± 44.90 µg/m3, respectively. Water-soluble ions K+ and OC show a substantial association (R = 0.71). Prominent sources identified using Principle component analysis (PCA) are anthropogenic, crustal, industrial, and electronic combustion. This research paper identified the potential sources of PM10, which are vital for preparing an air quality management plan in the urban environment of Peshawar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahadar Zeb
- Department of Mathematics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir (Upper), Pakistan
| | - Khan Alam
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Western Ecological Safety, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Zhongwei Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Western Ecological Safety, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fatma Öztürk
- Faculty of Engineering, Environmental Engineering Department, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Gölköy Campus 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M15 6BH, UK
| | - Lyudmila Mihaylova
- Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Muhammad Fahim Khokhar
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Said Munir
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Gupta S, Shankar S, Kuniyal JC, Srivastava P, Lata R, Chaudhary S, Thakur I, Bawari A, Thakur S, Dutta M, Ghosh A, Naja M, Chatterjee A, Gadi R, Choudhary N, Rai A, Sharma SK. Identification of sources of coarse mode aerosol particles (PM 10) using ATR-FTIR and SEM-EDX spectroscopy over the Himalayan Region of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:15788-15808. [PMID: 38305978 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
This study attempts to examine the morphological, elemental and physical characteristics of PM10 over the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) using FTIR and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. The study aimed at source identification of PM10 by exploring the inorganic ions, organic functional groups, morphology and elemental characteristics. The pollution load of PM10 was estimated as 63 ± 22 μg m-3; 53 ± 16 μg m-3; 67 ± 26 μg m-3 and 55 ± 11 μg m-3 over Mohal-Kullu, Almora, Nainital and Darjeeling, respectively. ATR-FTIR spectrum analysis revealed the existence of inorganic ions (SiO44-, TiO2, SO42-, SO3-, NO3-, NO2-, CO32-, HCO3-, NH4+) and organic functional groups (C-C, C-H, C=C, C≡C, C=O, N-H, C≡N, C=N, O-H, cyclic rings, aromatic compounds and some heterogeneous groups) in PM10 which may arise from geogenic, biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The morphological and elemental characterization was performed by SEM-EDX, inferring for geogenic origin (Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe) due to the presence of different morphologies (irregular, spherical, cluster, sheet-like solid deposition and columnar). In contrast, particles having biogenic and anthropogenic origins (K, S and Ba) have primarily spherical with few irregular particles at all the study sites. Also, the statistical analysis ANOVA depicts that among all the detected elements, Na, Al, Si, S and K are site-specific in nature as their mean of aw% significantly varied for all the sites. The trajectory analysis revealed that the Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, the Thar Desert, Himachal Pradesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sikkim, the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB) contribute to the increased loading of atmospheric pollutants in various locations within the IHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Gupta
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shobhna Shankar
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Priyanka Srivastava
- Aryabhata Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India
| | - Renu Lata
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Sheetal Chaudhary
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Isha Thakur
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Archana Bawari
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Shilpa Thakur
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Monami Dutta
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Saltlake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Abhinandan Ghosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur, 201086, India
| | - Manish Naja
- Aryabhata Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Saltlake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Nikki Choudhary
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akansha Rai
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Anake WU, Nnamani EA. Physico-chemical characterization of indoor settled dust in Children's microenvironments in Ikeja and Ota, Nigeria. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16419. [PMID: 37251465 PMCID: PMC10220365 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoor dust is a collection of particles identified as a major reservoir for several emerging indoor chemical pollutants. This study presents indoor dust particles' morphology and elemental composition in eight children's urban and semi-urban microenvironments (A-H) in Nigeria. Samples were collected using a Tesco vacuum cleaner and analyzed with scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The morphology results confirm the presence of alumino silicates, mineral particles and flakes, fly ash and soot, and soot aggregates deposited on alumino silicate particles in the sampled microenvironments. These particles may trigger serious health concerns that directly or indirectly affect the overall well-being of children. From the EDX analysis, the trend of elements (w/w %) in the dust particles across the sampled sites was silicon (386) > oxygen (174)> aluminium (114) > carbon (34.5) > iron (28.0) > calcium (16.7) > magnesium (14.2) > sodium (7.92) > potassium (7.58) > phosphorus (2.22) > lead (2.04) > manganese (1.17) > titanium (0.21). Lead (Pb), a toxic and carcinogenic heavy metal, was observed in locations A and B. This is a concern without a safe lead level because of the neurotoxicity effect on children. As a result, further research on the concentrations, bioavailability, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in these sampled locations is recommended. Furthermore, frequent vacuum cleaning, wet moping and adequate ventilation systems will significantly reduce the accumulation of indoor dust-bound metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winifred U. Anake
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Esther A. Nnamani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Activity of Catalytic Ceramic Papers to Remove Soot Particles—A Study of Different Types of Soot. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel soot particles are of concern for both the environment and health. To catalytically remove them, it is important to know their structure and composition. There is little described in the literature on how catalysts favor the combustion of different soot fractions. In this work, programmed temperature oxidation (TPO) experiments were carried out using Co,Ce or Co,Ba,K catalysts supported on ceramic papers. Soot particles were obtained by burning diesel fuel in a vessel (LabSoot) or by filtering exhaust gases from a turbo diesel engine in a DPF filter (BenchSoot), and compared with a commercial diesel soot: Printex U. Various characterization techniques were useful to relate the characteristics of both the soot particles and the catalysts with the TPO results. The maximum catalytic soot burn rate (TM) temperatures were in the range of diesel exhaust temperatures that would facilitate in-situ regeneration of the DPF. The Co,Ba,K catalyst showed a higher catalytic effect in LabSoot, as the latter exhibited the largest primary particles and the higher order of graphene layers, for which the potassium-containing catalyst improves the contact between soot and catalyst and favors the combustion of soot, while the Co,Ce catalyst preferentially enhanced the combustion of commercial soot by supplying active oxygen.
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Occurrence and Characterization of Small Microplastics (<100 μm), Additives, and Plasticizers in Larvae of Simuliidae. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070383. [PMID: 35878288 PMCID: PMC9321584 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to investigate the ingestion of microplastics (MPs), plasticizers, additives, and particles of micro-litter < 100 μm by larvae of Simuliidae (Diptera) in rivers. Blackflies belong to a small cosmopolitan insect family whose larvae are present alongside river courses, often with a torrential regime, up to their mouths. Specimens of two species of blackfly larvae, Simulium equinum and Simulium ornatum, were collected in two rivers in Central Italy, the Mignone and the Treja. Small microplastics (SMPs, <100 μm), plasticizers, additives, and other micro-litter components, e.g., natural and non-plastic synthetic fibers (APFs) ingested by blackfly larvae were, for the first time, quantified and concurrently identified via MicroFTIR. The pretreatment allowed for simultaneous extraction of the ingested SMPs and APFs. Strong acids or strong oxidizing reagents and the application of temperatures well above the glass transition temperature of polyamide 6 and 6.6 (55−60 °C) were not employed to avoid further denaturation/degradation of polymers and underestimating the quantification. Reagent and procedural blanks did not show any SMPs or APFs. The method’s yield was >90%. Differences in the abundances of the SMPs and APFs ingested by the two species under exam were statistically significant. Additives and plasticizers can be specific to a particular polymer; thus, these compounds can be proxies for the presence of plastic polymers in the environment.
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Corami F, Rosso B, Sfriso AA, Gambaro A, Mistri M, Munari C, Barbante C. Additives, plasticizers, small microplastics (<100 μm), and other microlitter components in the gastrointestinal tract of commercial teleost fish: Method of extraction, purification, quantification, and characterization using Micro-FTIR. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 177:113477. [PMID: 35277272 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the aims of this study is the development of a pretreatment method for additives, plasticizers and other components of micro-litter (APFs), and small microplastics (SMPs <100 μm) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of five of the most widely distributed and consumed commercial fish species, Engraulis encrasiculos, Sardina pilchardus, Mullus surmuletus, Solea solea, and Sparus aurata. The second aim was to develop a simultaneous quantification and identification method via Micro-FTIR of APFs and SMPs ingested by these commercial fish species. The distribution of SMPs and APFs is characteristically different for each species investigated. E. encrasiculos and S. pilchardus had a higher weight of SMPs than the other species investigated. Regarding APFs, the highest abundance was observed in E. encrasiculos. This study highlights the importance of studying additives and plasticizers that can be used as efficient proxies of microplastics, as shown by the presence of vulcanizing agents such as Vanax®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Corami
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico - Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Rosso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Andrea Augusto Sfriso
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico - Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Michele Mistri
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Cristina Munari
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico - Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
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Characteristics of PM10 Levels Monitored in Bangkok and Its Vicinity Areas, Thailand. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The ambient air concentrations of PM10 were observed in Bangkok and its vicinity areas including Nonthaburi and Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. The selected study areas are located near heavy-traffic roads with a high concentration of traffic-related air pollution. The ambient air samples were collected in the winter season (October 2019 to February 2020). The highest average level of PM10 was found in Nonthaburi (66.63 µg/m3), followed by Bangkok (56.79 µg/m3) and Nakhon Pathom (40.18 µg/m3), respectively. The morphology of these particles is typically spherical and irregular shape particles. At the sampling site in Bangkok, these particles are primarily composed of C, O, and Si, and a certain amount of metals such as Fe, Cu, and Cr. Some trace amount of other elements such as Ca, Na, and S are present in minor concentration. The particles collected from Nakhon Pathom and Nonthaburi sampling sites contain the main abundant elements C, O, and Si, followed by Cu, Cr, S, Fe, Ca, and Na, respectively. These particles are an agglomeration of carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Their origin may be associated with road dust, vehicle emission, and the erosion of building products. It can be noted that the levels and characteristics of PM10 are key factors in understanding the behavior of the particles in not only atmospheric visibility but also human health risks.
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Teffahi A, Kerchich Y, Moussaoui Y, Romagnoli P, Balducci C, Malherbe C, Kerbachi R, Eppe G, Cecinato A. Exposure levels and health risk of PAHs associated with fine and ultrafine aerosols in an urban site in northern Algeria. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 14:1375-1391. [PMID: 33880133 PMCID: PMC8050985 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Size distribution of toxicants in airborne particulates remains insufficiently investigated in Algeria. A 1-year campaign was performed at Bab Ezzouar, Algiers (Algeria), aimed at characterizing particulates for their physical and chemical features. For this purpose, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy (RaS), and GC-MS methodologies were applied. The samples were collected on daily basis by means of a high-volume sampling (HVS) system equipped with cascade impactor separating three size fractions, i.e., particles with aerodynamic diameters d < 1.0 μm (PM1), 1.0 μm <d<2.5 μm (PM2.5), and 2.5 μm <d<10 μm (PM10), respectively. The organic fraction was recovered from substrate through solvent extraction in an ultrasonic bath, separated and purified by column chromatography, then analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Investigation was focused on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the concentration ratios suitable to investigate the source nature. Further information was drawn from SEM and Raman analyses. Total PAH concentrations ranged broadly throughout the study period (namely, from 4.1 to 59.7 ng m-3 for PM1, from 2.72 to 32.3 ng m-3 for PM2.5 and from 3.30 to 32.7 ng m-3 for PM10). Both approaches and principal component analysis (PCA) of data revealed that emission from vehicles was the most important PAH source, while tobacco smoke provided an additional contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Teffahi
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yacine Kerchich
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Yacine Moussaoui
- Faculté des Mathématiques et Sciences de la Matière, Université Kasdi Merbah (UKMO), Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Paola Romagnoli
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Cedric Malherbe
- CART, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rabah Kerbachi
- Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Environment, National Polytechnic School, El-Harrach, BP 132 Algiers, Algeria
| | - Gauthier Eppe
- CART, Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, UR MolSys, University of Liège, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), National Research Council of Italy, Via Salaria Km 29.3, Monterotondo Scalo, P.O. Box 10, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Dept. of Chemistry, University “Sapienza – Roma 1”, Rome, Italy
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Kumari S, Jain MK, Elumalai SP. Assessment of Pollution and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Particulate Matter and Road Dust Along the Road Network of Dhanbad, India. J Health Pollut 2021; 11:210305. [PMID: 33815903 PMCID: PMC8009640 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.29.210305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rise in particulate matter (PM) concentrations is a serious problem for the environment. Heavy metals associated with PM10, PM2.5, and road dust adversely affect human health. Different methods have been used to assess heavy metal contamination in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust and source apportionment of these heavy metals. These assessment tools utilize pollution indices and health risk assessment models. OBJECTIVES The present study evaluates the total mass and average concentrations of heavy metals in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust along selected road networks in Dhanbad, India, analyzes the source apportionment of heavy metals, and assesses associated human health risks. METHODS A total of 112 PM samples and 21 road dust samples were collected from six stations and one background site in Dhanbad, India from December 2015 to February 2016, and were analyzed for heavy metals (iron (Fe), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn)) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Source apportionment was determined using principal component analysis. A health risk assessment of heavy metal concentrations in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust was also performed. RESULTS The average mass concentration was found to be 229.54±118.40 μg m-3 for PM10 and 129.73 ±61.74 μg m-3 for PM2.5. The average concentration of heavy metals was found to be higher in PM2.5 than PM10. The pollution load index value of PM10 and PM2.5 road dust was found to be in the deteriorating category. Vehicles were the major source of pollution. The non-carcinogenic effects on children and adults were found to be within acceptable limits. The heavy metals present in PM and road dust posed a health risk in the order of road dust> PM10> and PM2.5. Particulate matter posed higher health risks than road dust due to particle size. CONCLUSIONS The mass concentration analysis indicates serious PM10 and PM2.5 contamination in the study area. Vehicle traffic was the major source of heavy metals in PM10, PM2.5, and road dust. In terms of non-carcinogenic risks posed by heavy metals in the present study, children were more affected than adults. The carcinogenic risk posed by the heavy metals was negligible. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kumari
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand -826004 (India)
| | - Manish Kumar Jain
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand -826004 (India)
| | - Suresh Pandian Elumalai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand -826004 (India)
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First systematic review on PM-bound water: exploring the existing knowledge domain using the CiteSpace software. Scientometrics 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03547-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Neupane BB, Sharma A, Giri B, Joshi MK. Characterization of airborne dust samples collected from core areas of Kathmandu Valley. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03791. [PMID: 32368645 PMCID: PMC7184532 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kathmandu Valley is reported to be one of the highly polluted and populated cities in the world. Particulate matter is one of the major contributors of unhealthy air in Kathmandu. Although there are several reports on spatial and temporal variation of air quality of Kathmandu Valley, the morphological and mineralogical characteristics of particulate matter are very limited or none. In this study, we report on the mineralogical and morphological analysis of airborne particulate matter collected from densely populated core areas of Kathmandu Valley using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) data showed the presence of clay minerals, crystalline silicate mineral, carbonate minerals, and asbestiform mineral in the dust samples. The field emission scanning electron microscopic analysis confirmed the existence of particles having diverse morphology with some of the particles having aspect ratio as high as twenty; indicating the existence of asbestiform type minerals. Based on SEM-EDX data, we found that the relative distribution of elements to be different in different samples and C, O, Mg, Ca, and Si were the major elements in the dust samples. Interestingly, the XRD data analysis showed that in all the samples quartz mineral having high degree of crystallinity was present. The XRD measurement was also carried out in three different brands of cement samples. Few minerals present in dust samples were also identified in the cement samples. This observation could indicate that cement is one of the sources of minerals in the airborne particulate matter in the Kathmandu Valley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu B. Neupane
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Amita Sharma
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basant Giri
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Kathmandu Institute of Applied Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mahesh K. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Tri-chandra Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Lin L, Yan J, Chen G, Tang R, Bao L, Ma K, Zhou W, Yuan X, Yin Z, Zhou S. Does magnification of SEM image influence quantification of particulate matters deposited on vegetation foliage. Micron 2018; 115:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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