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Kendil W, Dergal F, Tefiani I, Mahdad YM, Benladghem Z, Ziani-Cherif C, Seddiki SML. Improvement of a low-cost protocol for a simultaneous comparative evaluation of hydrolytic activity between sessile and planktonic cells: Candida albicans as a study model. BIOFOULING 2024; 40:431-445. [PMID: 38973173 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2376637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans is often implicated in nosocomial infections with fatal consequences. Its virulence is contributed to hydrolytic enzymes and biofilm formation. Previous research focused on studying these virulence factors individually. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of biofilm formation on the hydrolytic activity using an adapted low-cost method. Eleven strains of C. albicans were used. The biofilms were formed on pre-treated silicone discs using 24-well plates and then deposited on the appropriate agar to test each enzyme, while the planktonic cells were conventionally seeded. Biofilms were analysed using Raman spectroscopy, fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy. The adapted method provided an evaluation of hydrolytic enzymes activity in C. albicans biofilm and showed that sessile cells had a higher phospholipase and proteinase activities compared with planktonic cells. These findings were supported by spectroscopic and microscopic analyses, which provided valuable insights into the virulence mechanisms of C. albicans during biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Kendil
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Fayçal Dergal
- Scientific and Technical Research Center in Physico-Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), Tipaza, Algeria
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry (LCSCO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Ikram Tefiani
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Yassine Moustafa Mahdad
- Laboratory for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, University Center of Naâma, Naâma, Algeria
- Laboratory of Applied Genetic in Agriculture, Ecology and Public Health, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Zakaria Benladghem
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
- Department of Biology, University of Tamanrasset, Tamanrasset, Algeria
| | - Chewki Ziani-Cherif
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Synthesis in Organic Chemistry (LCSCO), Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Sidi Mohammed Lahbib Seddiki
- Antifungal Antibiotic: Physico-Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activity Laboratory (LAPSAB), Biology Department, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
- Laboratory for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, University Center of Naâma, Naâma, Algeria
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Balakrishnan D, Lee CI. Photodynamic impact of curcumin enhanced silver functionalized graphene nanocomposites on Candida virulence. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:71. [PMID: 38683264 PMCID: PMC11058173 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Candida species are escalating resistance to conventional antifungal treatments, intensifying their virulence, and obstructing the effectiveness of antifungal medications. Addressing this challenge is essential for effectively managing Candida infections. The overarching objective is to advance the development of more efficient and precise therapies tailored to counter Candida infections. This study focuses on developing antifungal combined drugs using curcumin-enhanced silver-functionalized graphene nanocomposites (Cur-AgrGO) to effectively target key virulence factors of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata (Candida spp.). The green reduction of graphene oxide (GO) using bioentities and active molecules makes this approach cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques. Combining Cur-AgrGO with photodynamic therapy (PDT) demonstrated effective antifungal and antibiofilm activity with delayed growth and metabolism. The nanocomposites effectively suppressed hyphal transition and reduced key virulence factors, including proteinases, phospholipases, ergosterol levels, and cell membrane integrity. The findings suggest that Cur-AgrGO + PDT has potential as a treatment option for Candida infections. This innovative approach holds promise for treating Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng-I Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
- Center for Nano Bio-Detections, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
- Center for Innovative Research On Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
- Advanced Institute of Manufacturing With High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
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Koreneková J, Krahulcová M, Cverenkárová K, Červenčík K, Bírošová L. Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Flours and Different Plant Powders Used in Cuisine. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223582. [PMID: 36429175 PMCID: PMC9689793 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several alimentary diseases have been connected with the consumption or tasting of raw flour and dough. Microbiological quality concern is also raising due to increased consumer demand for plant powders, while some of them can be consumed without prior thermal processing. In this study, we have focused on the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria and enterococci in flour, plant powder and dough from Slovak retail. Our results indicated the presence of both total and antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria and enterococci in the flour and powder samples. Lower numbers of the total, as well as resistant bacteria, were detected in flours compared to plant powders. Coliform bacteria isolates were predominantly identified as Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. Ampicillin resistance appeared in 97% of isolates followed by chloramphenicol resistance (22%) and tetracycline resistance (17%). The presence of the blaSHV gene was confirmed in 13% of isolates. The tetA and tetE genes were present in 25% of isolates of coliform bacteria. The presence of enterococci was detected only in plant powders. Antibiotic-resistant strains were identified as the following: Enterococcus casseliflavus, E. gallinarium and E. faecium. Despite the isolates showing resistance to vancomycin, the presence of the vanA gene was not detected. The majority of antibiotic-resistant isolates belonged to the group of medium biofilm producers. None of these isolates showed efflux pump overproduction. Antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria and enterococci were not detected in the processed doughs.
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Maia CMDA, Pasetto S, Nonaka CFW, Costa EMMDB, Murata RM. Yeast-Host Interactions: Anadenanthera colubrina Modulates Virulence Factors of C. albicans and Inflammatory Response In Vitro. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:629778. [PMID: 34168555 PMCID: PMC8217765 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.629778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections in humans. Its incidence has increased widely, as well as the antifungal resistance, demanding for the search for novel antifungal therapeutic agents. Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan is a plant species that has been proven to possess pharmacological effects, including antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities. This study evaluated in vitro the effects of standardized A. colubrina extract on virulence factors of Candida albicans and its regulation on immune response through C. albicans-host interaction. Antifungal activity was evaluated by Broth Microdilution Method against reference Candida strains (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis; C. dubliniensis). Anti-biofilm effect was performed on C. albicans mature biofilm and quantified by CFU/mL/g of biofilm dry weight. Proleotlytic enzymatic activities of proteinase and phospholipase were assessed by Azocasein and Phosphatidylcholine assays, respectively. Cytotoxicity effect was determined by Cell Titer Blue Viability Assay on Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Co-cultured model was used to analyze C. albicans coexisting with HGF by Scanning Electron Microscopy and fluorescence microscopies; gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR of C. albicans enzymes (SAP-1, PLB-1) and of host inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10). Cytokines secretion was analysed by Luminex. The extract presented antifungal effect with MIC<15.62 μg/ml against Candida strains. Biofilm and proteolytic activity were significant reduced at 312.4 μg/ml (20 × 15.62 μg/ml) extract concentration. Cell viability was maintained higher than 70% in concentrations up to 250 μg/ml (LD50 = 423.3 μg/ml). Co-culture microscopies demonstrated a substantial decreased in C. albicans growth and minimal toxicity against host cells. Gene expressions of SAP-1/PLB-1 were significantly down-regulated and host immune response was modulated by a significant decreased on IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines secretion. A. colubrina had antifungal activity on Candida strains, antibiofilm, and anti-proteolytic enzyme effects against C. albicans. Presented low cytotoxicity to the host cells and modulatory effects on the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Medeiros de Almeida Maia
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, State University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, Brazil
- Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Silvana Pasetto
- Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Ramiro Mendonça Murata
- Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Hospital Wastewater-Important Source of Multidrug Resistant Coliform Bacteria with ESBL-Production. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217827. [PMID: 33114613 PMCID: PMC7663260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work compares the prevalence of antibiotic resistant coliform bacteria in hospital wastewater effluents in Slovak (SR) and Czech Republic (ČR). It also describes selected antibiotic resistant isolates in view of resistance mechanism and virulence factor. The highest number of multidrug resistant bacteria was detected in samples from the hospital in Valašské Meziříčí (ČR). More than half of resistant isolates showed multidrug resistance phenotype as well as strong ability to form biofilm. In 42% of isolates efflux pump overproduction was detected together with tetA and tetE genes. The production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in coliform isolates was encoded mainly by blaTEM, blaCTX-M-2 and blaCTX-M-8/25 genes. About 62% of resistants contained a combination of two or more extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) genes. Our results strengthen the fact that hospital effluents are a source of multidrug resistant bacteria which can spread their resistance genes to other bacteria in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Accordingly, hospital wastewater should be better treated before it enters urban sewerage.
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Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System To Assess Candida glabrata, Candida nivariensis, and Candida bracarensis Virulence and Antifungal Efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00824-20. [PMID: 32718968 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00824-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Candida albicans remains the major etiological agent of invasive candidiasis, Candida glabrata and other emerging species of Candida are increasingly isolated. This species is the second most prevalent cause of candidiasis in many regions of the world. However, clinical isolates of Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis can be misidentified and are underdiagnosed due to phenotypic traits shared with C. glabrata Little is known about the two cryptic species. Therefore, pathogenesis studies are needed to understand their virulence traits and their susceptibility to antifungal drugs. The susceptibility of Caenorhabditis elegans to different Candida species makes this nematode an excellent model for assessing host-fungus interactions. We evaluated the usefulness of C. elegans as a nonconventional host model to analyze the virulence of C. glabrata, C. nivariensis, and C. bracarensis The three species caused candidiasis, and the highest virulence of C. glabrata was confirmed. Furthermore, we determined the efficacy of current antifungal drugs against the infection caused by these species in the C. elegans model. Amphotericin B and azoles showed the highest activity against C. glabrata and C. bracarensis infections, while echinocandins were more active for treating those caused by C. nivariensis C. elegans proved to be a useful model system for assessing the pathogenicity of these closely related species.
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Abstract
Abstract
Subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics and biocides in wastewaters and sewage sludge have a great impact on the development of antibiotic resistance and its spread among bacteria. The aim of this work was to determine the occurrence of coliform bacteria and enterococci resistant to biocide triclosan in samples of sewage sludge. Subsequently, isolated strains of coliform bacteria were identified and characterized in terms of their antibiotic susceptibility and ability to form a biofilm. Occurrence of the studied bacteria was monitored in three samples of stabilized sludge from three different wastewater treatment plants (Vrakuňa, Petržalka, and Senec). The number of triclosan-resistant coliforms was the highest in the sludge sample from the wastewater treatment plant in Senec and the lowest in the sludge sample from the wastewater treatment plant in Petržalka. Triclosan-resistant Enterococcus spp. were not found in any sample of stabilized sludge. Most isolates were identified as Citrobacter freundii and Serratia spp. Triclosan-resistant isolates showed also resistance to antibiotics and the majority of them were strong biofilm producers.
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8
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Lépesová K, Olejníková P, Mackuľak T, Tichý J, Birošová L. Annual changes in the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria and enterococci in municipal wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:18470-18483. [PMID: 31049859 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater contains subinhibitory concentrations of different micropollutants such as antibiotics that create selective pressure on bacteria. This phenomenon is also caused by insufficient wastewater treatment technology leading to the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes into the environment. Therefore, this work focused on monitoring of antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria and enterococci in influent and effluent wastewaters taken from the second biggest wastewater treatment plant (Petržalka) in the capital of Slovakia during 1 year. Antibiotic-resistant strains were isolated, identified, and characterized in terms of susceptibility and biofilm production. All of 27 antibiotic-resistant isolates were identified mainly as Morganella morganii, Citrobacter spp., and E. coli. Multidrug-resistance was detected in 58% of isolated strains. All tested isolates could form biofilm; two strains were very strong producers, and 74% formed biofilm by strong intensity. The flow rate of the influent wastewater had a more significant impact on the number of studied bacteria than the temperature. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Lépesová
- Department of Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Petra Olejníková
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Mackuľak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Tichý
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Birošová
- Department of Nutrition and Food Quality Assessment, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia
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9
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Lépesová K, Kraková L, Pangallo D, Medveďová A, Olejníková P, Mackuľak T, Tichý J, Grabic R, Birošová L. Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant coliform bacteria, Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. in wastewater sewerage biofilm. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 14:145-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Pagáč T, Šafář P, Marchalín Š, Ježíková Z, Balónová B, Šupolíková M, Nováková E, Kubíčková J, Šoral M, Sivý J, Olejníková P. Asymmetric synthesis and study of biological activity of (epi-)benzoanalogues of bioactive phenanthroquinolizidine alkaloids. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Fungal-Host Interaction: Curcumin Modulates Proteolytic Enzyme Activity of Candida albicans and Inflammatory Host Response In Vitro. Int J Dent 2018; 2018:2393146. [PMID: 30186325 PMCID: PMC6114239 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2393146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for Candida albicans infection are limited due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the increase in antifungal resistance. Curcumin is used as a spice, food preservative, flavoring, and coloring agent that has been shown to have many pharmacological activities. Thus, this study evaluated the modulatory effects of curcumin on major virulence factors associated with the pathogenicity of C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of curcumin against C. albicans (SC5314) was determined. Biofilm formation was quantified and the proteinase and phospholipase secretion was measured. The cytotoxicity was tested in oral fibroblast cells. A cocultured model was used to analyze the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1α, and IL-6) from host cells, as well SAP-1 and PLB-1 by RT-PCR. The MIC was between 6.25 and 12.5 µM, and the activity of proteinase enzyme was significantly decreased in biofilms treated with curcumin. However, proteinase gene expression was not downregulated after curcumin treatment. Furthermore, gene expressions of host inflammatory response, IL-1β and IL-1α, were significantly downregulated after exposure to curcumin. In conclusion, curcumin exhibited antifungal activity against C. albicans and modulated the proteolytic enzyme activities without downregulating the gene expression. In host inflammatory response, curcumin downregulated IL-1β and IL-1α gene expression.
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Antimicrobial activity of newly synthesized thienoquinolizidines derivatives: inspired by natural plant alkaloids. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-017-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Pemmaraju SC, Padmapriya K, Pruthi PA, Prasad R, Pruthi V. Impact of oxidative and osmotic stresses on Candida albicans biofilm formation. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:897-909. [PMID: 27472386 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1212021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans possesses an ability to grow under different host-driven stress conditions by developing robust protective mechanisms. In this investigation the focus was on the impact of osmotic (2M NaCl) and oxidative (5 mM H2O2) stress conditions during C. albicans biofilm formation. Oxidative stress enhanced extracellular DNA secretion into the biofilm matrix, increased the chitin level, and reduced virulence factors, namely phospholipase and proteinase activity, while osmotic stress mainly increased extracellular proteinase and decreased phospholipase activity. Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis of mannan isolated from the C. albicans biofilm cell wall revealed a decrease in mannan content and reduced β-linked mannose moieties under stress conditions. The results demonstrate that C. albicans adapts to oxidative and osmotic stress conditions by inducing biofilm formation with a rich exopolymeric matrix, modulating virulence factors as well as the cell wall composition for its survival in different host niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma C Pemmaraju
- a Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand , India
| | - Kumar Padmapriya
- a Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand , India
| | - Parul A Pruthi
- a Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand , India
| | | | - Vikas Pruthi
- a Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee , Uttarakhand , India
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Seleem D, Chen E, Benso B, Pardi V, Murata RM. In vitro evaluation of antifungal activity of monolaurin against Candida albicans biofilms. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2148. [PMID: 27366648 PMCID: PMC4924139 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monolaurin (also known as glycerol monolaurate) is a natural compound found in coconut oil and is known for its protective biological activities as an antimicrobial agent. The nature of oral candidiasis and the increased antifungal resistance demand the search for novel antifungal therapeutic agents. In this study, we examine the antifungal activity of monolaurin against Candida albicans biofilms (strain ATCC:SC5314/MYA2876) in vitro and investigate whether monolaurin can alter gene expression of host inflammatory cytokines, IL-1α and IL-1β. In a co-culture model, oral fibroblast cells were cultured simultaneously with C. albicans for 24 hrs followed by the exposure to treatments of monolaurin (3.9–2,500 µM), positive control fluconazole (32.2 µM), and vehicle control group (1% ethanol), which was a model used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of monolaurin on fibroblasts as well as to analyze morphological characteristics of biofilms through fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the co-culture model was used for RNA extraction of oral fibroblasts to assess gene expression of host inflammatory cytokines, using quantitative real-time PCR. Our results showed the MIC and MFC of monolaurin were in the range 62.5–125 µM and 125–250 µM, respectively. Biofilm antifungal assay showed significant reduction in Log (CFU/ml) of biofilms treated with 1,250 and 2,500 µM of 1-monolaurin when compared to the control groups . There was also a significant down-regulation of IL-1α and IL-1β in the co-culture treated with monolaurin. It can be concluded that monolaurin has a potential antifungal activity against C. albicans and can modulate the pro-inflammatory response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Seleem
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emily Chen
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bruna Benso
- Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Current affiliation: School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Vanessa Pardi
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ramiro M Murata
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Seleem D, Benso B, Noguti J, Pardi V, Murata RM. In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activity of Lichochalcone-A against Candida albicans Biofilms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157188. [PMID: 27284694 PMCID: PMC4902220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC) is an opportunistic fungal infection with high prevalence among immunocompromised patients. Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen responsible for OC, often manifested in denture stomatitis and oral thrush. Virulence factors, such as biofilms formation and secretion of proteolytic enzymes, are key components in the pathogenicity of C. albicans. Given the limited number of available antifungal therapies and the increase in antifungal resistance, demand the search for new safe and effective antifungal treatments. Lichochalcone-A is a polyphenol natural compound, known for its broad protective activities, as an antimicrobial agent. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity of lichochalcone-A against C. albicans biofilms both in vitro and in vivo. Lichochalcone-A (625 μM; equivalent to 10x MIC) significantly reduced C. albicans (MYA 2876) biofilm growth compared to the vehicle control group (1% ethanol), as indicated by the reduction in the colony formation unit (CFU)/ml/g of biofilm dry weight. Furthermore, proteolytic enzymatic activities of proteinases and phospholipases, secreted by C. albicans were significantly decreased in the lichochalcone-A treated biofilms. In vivo model utilized longitudinal imaging of OC fungal load using a bioluminescent-engineered C. albicans (SKCa23-ActgLUC) and coelenterazine substrate. Mice treated with lichochalcone-A topical treatments exhibited a significant reduction in total photon flux over 4 and 5 days post-infection. Similarly, ex vivo analysis of tongue samples, showed a significant decrease in CFU/ml/mg in tongue tissue sample of lichochalcone-A treated group, which suggest the potential of lichochalcone-A as a novel antifungal agent for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Seleem
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Bruna Benso
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juliana Noguti
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Pardi
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Ramiro Mendonça Murata
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Division of Periodontology Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Hygiene and Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pemmaraju SC, Pruthi PA, Prasad R, Pruthi V. Modulation of Candida albicans Biofilm by Different Carbon Sources. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:341-52. [PMID: 26899861 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-9992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the role of carbon sources (glucose, lactate, sucrose, and arabinose) on Candida albicans biofilm development and virulence factors was studied on polystyrene microtiter plates. Besides this, structural changes in cell wall component β-glucan in presence of different carbon sources have also been highlighted. Biofilm formation was analyzed by XTT (2,3-bis[2-Methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay. Glucose-grown cells exhibited the highest metabolic activity during adhesion among all carbon sources tested (p < 0.05). However, cells exposed to sucrose exhibited highest biofilm formation and matrix polysaccharides secretion after 48 h. The results also correlated with the biofilm height and roughness measurements by atomic force microscopy. Exposure to lactate induced hyphal structures with the highest proteinase activity while arabinose-grown cells formed pseudohyphal structures possessing the highest phospholipase activity. Structural changes in β-glucan characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy displayed characteristic band of β-glucan at 892 cm(-1) in all carbon sources tested. The β(1→6) to β(1→3) glucan ratio calculated as per the band area of the peak was less in lactate (1.15) as compared to glucose (1.73), sucrose (1.62), and arabinose (2.85). These results signify that carbon sources influence C. albicans biofilm development and modulate virulence factors and structural organization of cell wall component β-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma C Pemmaraju
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT Roorkee), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Parul A Pruthi
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT Roorkee), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - R Prasad
- Molecular Biology and Proteomics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT Roorkee), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Vikas Pruthi
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT Roorkee), Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Slamti L, Lemy C, Henry C, Guillot A, Huillet E, Lereclus D. CodY Regulates the Activity of the Virulence Quorum Sensor PlcR by Controlling the Import of the Signaling Peptide PapR in Bacillus thuringiensis. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1501. [PMID: 26779156 PMCID: PMC4701985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In Gram-positive bacteria, cell–cell communication mainly relies on cytoplasmic sensors of the RNPP family. Activity of these regulators depends on their binding to secreted signaling peptides that are imported into the cell. These quorum sensing regulators control important biological functions in bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group, such as virulence and necrotrophism. The RNPP quorum sensor PlcR, in complex with its cognate signaling peptide PapR, is the main regulator of virulence in B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Recent reports have shown that the global stationary phase regulator CodY, involved in adaptation to nutritional limitation, is required for the expression of virulence genes belonging to the PlcR regulon. However, the mechanism underlying this regulation was not described. Using genetics and proteomics approaches, we showed that CodY regulates the expression of the virulence genes through the import of PapR. We report that CodY positively controls the production of the proteins that compose the oligopeptide permease OppABCDF, and of several other Opp-like proteins. It was previously shown that the pore components of this oligopeptide permease, OppBCDF, were required for the import of PapR. However, the role of OppA, the substrate-binding protein (SBP), was not investigated. Here, we demonstrated that OppA is not the only SBP involved in the recognition of PapR, and that several other OppA-like proteins can allow the import of this peptide. Altogether, these data complete our model of quorum sensing during the lifecycle of Bt and indicate that RNPPs integrate environmental conditions, as well as cell density, to coordinate the behavior of the bacteria throughout growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Slamti
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christelle Lemy
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alain Guillot
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eugénie Huillet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Didier Lereclus
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Zago CE, Silva S, Sanitá PV, Barbugli PA, Dias CMI, Lordello VB, Vergani CE. Dynamics of biofilm formation and the interaction between Candida albicans and methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123206. [PMID: 25875834 PMCID: PMC4395328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial biofilms are an understudied and a clinically relevant problem. This study evaluates the interaction between C. albicans, and methicillin- susceptible (MSSA) and resistant (MRSA) S. aureus growing in single- and dual-species biofilms. Single and dual species adhesion (90 min) and biofilms (12, 24, and 48 h) were evaluated by complementary methods: counting colony-forming units (CFU mL-1), XTT-reduction, and crystal violet staining (CV). The secretion of hydrolytic enzymes by the 48 h biofilms was also evaluated using fluorimetric kits. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess biofilm structure. The results from quantification assays were compared using two-way ANOVAs with Tukey post-hoc tests, while data from enzymatic activities were analyzed by one-way Welch-ANOVA followed by Games-Howell post hoc test (α = 0.05). C. albicans, MSSA and MRSA were able to adhere and to form biofilm in both single or mixed cultures. In general, all microorganisms in both growth conditions showed a gradual increase in the number of cells and metabolic activity over time, reaching peak values between 12 h and 48 h (ρ<0.05). C. albicans single- and dual-biofilms had significantly higher total biomass values (ρ<0.05) than single biofilms of bacteria. Except for single MRSA biofilms, all microorganisms in both growth conditions secreted proteinase and phospholipase-C. SEM images revealed extensive adherence of bacteria to hyphal elements of C. albicans. C. albicans, MSSA, and MRSA can co-exist in biofilms without antagonism and in an apparent synergistic effect, with bacteria cells preferentially associated to C. albicans hyphal forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiene Evelin Zago
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista. Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sónia Silva
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Volpato Sanitá
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista. Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Aboud Barbugli
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista. Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Maria Improta Dias
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista. Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Barreto Lordello
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista. Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Vergani
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista. Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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In vitro evaluation of the enzymatic activity profile of non-albicans Candida species isolated from patients with oral candidiasis with or without diabetes. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 118:84-91. [PMID: 24908598 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of phospholipase (PL) and secreted aspartyl proteinase (SAP) by Candida glabrata and C tropicalis obtained from the denture biofilms of healthy participants (16 isolates), patients with oral candidiasis with diabetes (10 isolates), and patients with oral candidiasis without diabetes (25 isolates). STUDY DESIGN After incubation, the supernatants and pellets of the isolates were used for the enzymatic assays and quantification of colony-forming units (CFU), respectively. Colorimetric tests were used with phosphatidylcholine as a substrate for PL and azocasein as a substrate for SAP, and the absorbances of the samples were measured. Enzymatic rates were calculated, and values were normalized by CFU. Results were analyzed with factorial analyses of variance (α = .05). RESULTS C tropicalis and C glabrata were proteolytic and phospholipolytic. The clinical sources of isolates had no significant effect on the enzymatic activities (P > .05). C tropicalis had significantly higher enzymatic activity for both PL and SAP (P < .001) than did C glabrata. CONCLUSIONS C tropicalis isolates produced significantly higher amounts of both enzymes than did the C glabrata isolates.
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Vasconcellos AAD, Gonçalves LM, Del Bel Cury AA, da Silva WJ. Environmental pH influences Candida albicans biofilms regarding its structure, virulence and susceptibility to fluconazole. Microb Pathog 2014; 69-70:39-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Dietary carbohydrates modulate Candida albicans biofilm development on the denture surface. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64645. [PMID: 23737992 PMCID: PMC3667795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary carbohydrates can modulate the development of Candida albicans biofilms on the denture material surface. Poly (methyl methacrylate) acrylic resin discs were fabricated and had their surface roughness measured. Biofilms of C.albicans ATCC 90028 were developed on saliva-coated specimens in culture medium without (control) or with carbohydrate supplementation by starch, starch+sucrose, glucose, or sucrose for 72 h. The cell count, metabolic activity, biovolume, average thickness, and roughness coefficient were evaluated at the adhesion phase (1.5 h) and after 24, 48, and 72 h. The secretion of proteinases and phospholipases, cell surface energy, and production of extra/intracellular polysaccharides were analyzed after 72 h of biofilm development. Data were analyzed by one- and two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test at 5% significance level. In the early stages of colonization (adhesion and 24 h), the glucose group showed the highest cell counts and metabolic activity among the groups (p<0.05). After maturation (48 and 72 h), biofilms exposed to glucose, sucrose, or starch+sucrose showed higher cell counts and metabolic activity than the control and starch groups (p<0.001). Compared to the control group, biofilms developed on starch or starch+sucrose had more proteinase activity (p<0.001), whereas biofilms developed on glucose or sucrose had more phospholipase activity (p<0.05). Exposure to starch+sucrose increased the production of extracellular and intracellular polysaccharides (p<0.05). Biofilms developed on starch or without carbohydrate supplementation presented cells with more hydrophobic behavior compared to the other groups. Confocal images showed hyphae forms on biofilms exposed to starch or starch+sucrose. Within the conditions studied, it can be concluded that dietary carbohydrates can modulate biofilm development on the denture surface by affecting virulence factors and structural features.
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Samaranayake YH, Cheung BPK, Yau JYY, Yeung SKW, Samaranayake LP. Human serum promotes Candida albicans biofilm growth and virulence gene expression on silicone biomaterial. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62902. [PMID: 23704884 PMCID: PMC3660551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Systemic candidal infections are a common problem in hospitalized patients due to central venous catheters fabricated using silicone biomaterial (SB). We therefore evaluated the effect of human serum on C. albicans biofilm morphology, growth, and the expression of virulence-related genes on SB in vitro. Methods We cultivated C. albicans SC5314 (wild-type strain, WT) and its derivative HLC54 (hyphal mutant, HM) for 48 h in various conditions, including the presence or absence of SB discs, and human serum. The growth of planktonic and biofilm cells of both strains was monitored at three time points by a tetrazolium salt reduction assay and by scanning electron microscopy. We also analyzed by RT-PCR its expression of the virulence-related genes ALS3, HWP1, EAP1, ECE1, SAP1 - SAP10, PLB1, PLB2, PLC and PLD. Results At each time point, planktonic cells of WT strain cultured in yeast nitrogen base displayed a much higher expression of EAP1 and HWP1, and a moderately higher ALS3 expression, than HM cells. In planktonic cells, expression of the ten SAP genes was higher in the WT strain initially, but were highly expressed in the HM strain by 48 h. Biofilm growth of both strains on SB was promoted in the presence of human serum than in its absence. Significant upregulation of ALS3, HWP1, EAP1, ECE1, SAP1, SAP4, SAP6 - SAP10, PLB1, PLB2 and PLC was observed for WT biofilms grown on serum-treated SB discs for at least one time point, compared with biofilms on serum-free SB discs. Conclusions Human serum stimulates C. albicans biofilm growth on SB discs and upregulates the expression of virulence genes, particularly adhesion genes ALS3 and HWP1, and hydrolase-encoding genes SAP, PLB1 and PLB2. This response is likely to promote the colonization of this versatile pathogen within the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Becky P. K. Cheung
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joyce Y. Y. Yau
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shadow K. W. Yeung
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Gonçalves LM, Del Bel Cury AA, Sartoratto A, Garcia Rehder VL, Silva WJ. Effects of undecylenic acid released from denture liner on Candida biofilms. J Dent Res 2012; 91:985-9. [PMID: 22904206 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512458689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Denture liners (DL) are easily colonized by Candida spp. In an attempt to prevent biofilm colonization, manufacturers have incorporated undecylenic acid (UDA) into DL. In this in vitro study, the effects of UDA released from DL on Candida biofilms were investigated. The concentrations of UDA released from commercial DL were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungistatic concentration (MFC) tests were performed for C. albicans or C. glabrata, with UDA for comparison with the concentrations released from DL. Specimens of DL with (experimental group) and without UDA (control group) were fabricated, and Candida biofilms were developed on DL surfaces. Biofilms were evaluated by cell counts, metabolic activity, structure, and secretion of proteinase or phospholipase. The concentrations of UDA released were within the MIC and MFC ranges. In the presence of UDA, C. albicans biofilms were thinner and had lower numbers of viable and active cells, although no significant enzymatic changes were observed relative to the control group (p > 0.05). In contrast, C. glabrata biofilms exhibited higher cell counts and greater metabolic activity and also increased proteinase activity in the presence of UDA relative to the control group (p < 0.05). Overall, UDA did not prevent Candida biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gonçalves
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nailis H, Kucharíková S, Ricicová M, Van Dijck P, Deforce D, Nelis H, Coenye T. Real-time PCR expression profiling of genes encoding potential virulence factors in Candida albicans biofilms: identification of model-dependent and -independent gene expression. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:114. [PMID: 20398368 PMCID: PMC2862034 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans infections are often associated with biofilm formation. Previous work demonstrated that the expression of HWP1 (hyphal wall protein) and of genes belonging to the ALS (agglutinin-like sequence), SAP (secreted aspartyl protease), PLB (phospholipase B) and LIP (lipase) gene families is associated with biofilm growth on mucosal surfaces. We investigated using real-time PCR whether genes encoding potential virulence factors are also highly expressed in biofilms associated with abiotic surfaces. For this, C. albicans biofilms were grown on silicone in microtiter plates (MTP) or in the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) reactor, on polyurethane in an in vivo subcutaneous catheter rat (SCR) model, and on mucosal surfaces in the reconstituted human epithelium (RHE) model. Results HWP1 and genes belonging to the ALS, SAP, PLB and LIP gene families were constitutively expressed in C. albicans biofilms. ALS1-5 were upregulated in all model systems, while ALS9 was mostly downregulated. ALS6 and HWP1 were overexpressed in all models except in the RHE and MTP, respectively. The expression levels of SAP1 were more pronounced in both in vitro models, while those of SAP2, SAP4 and SAP6 were higher in the in vivo model. Furthermore, SAP5 was highly upregulated in the in vivo and RHE models. For SAP9 and SAP10 similar gene expression levels were observed in all model systems. PLB genes were not considerably upregulated in biofilms, while LIP1-3, LIP5-7 and LIP9-10 were highly overexpressed in both in vitro models. Furthermore, an elevated lipase activity was detected in supernatans of biofilms grown in the MTP and RHE model. Conclusions Our findings show that HWP1 and most of the genes belonging to the ALS, SAP and LIP gene families are upregulated in C. albicans biofilms. Comparison of the fold expression between the various model systems revealed similar expression levels for some genes, while for others model-dependent expression levels were observed. This suggests that data obtained in one biofilm model cannot be extrapolated to other model systems. Therefore, the need to use multiple model systems when studying the expression of genes encoding potential virulence factors in C. albicans biofilms is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Nailis
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Universiteit Gent, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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