1
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Elamin AA, Klunkelfuß S, Kämpfer S, Oehlmann W, Stehr M, Smith C, Simpson GR, Morgan R, Pandha H, Singh M. A Specific Blood Signature Reveals Higher Levels of S100A12: A Potential Bladder Cancer Diagnostic Biomarker Along With Urinary Engrailed-2 Protein Detection. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1484. [PMID: 31993369 PMCID: PMC6962349 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCB) or bladder cancer remains a major health problem with high morbidity and mortality rates, especially in the western world. UCB is also associated with the highest cost per patient. In recent years numerous markers have been evaluated for suitability in UCB detection and surveillance. However, to date none of these markers can replace or even reduce the use of routine tools (cytology and cystoscopy). Our current study described UCB's extensive expression profile and highlighted the variations with normal bladder tissue. Our data revealed that JUP, PTGDR, KLRF1, MT-TC, and RNU6-135P are associated with prognosis in patients with UCB. The microarray expression data identified also S100A12, S100A8, and NAMPT as potential UCB biomarkers. Pathway analysis revealed that natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity is the most involved pathway. Our analysis showed that S100A12 protein may be useful as a biomarker for early UCB detection. Plasma S100A12 has been observed in patients with UCB with an overall sensitivity of 90.5% and a specificity of 75%. S100A12 is highly expressed preferably in high-grade and high-stage UCB. Furthermore, using a panel of more than hundred urine samples, a prototype lateral flow test for the transcription factor Engrailed-2 (EN2) also showed reasonable sensitivity (85%) and specificity (71%). Such findings provide confidence to further improve and refine the EN2 rapid test for use in clinical practice. In conclusion, S100A12 and EN2 have shown potential value as biomarker candidates for UCB patients. These results can speed up the discovery of biomarkers, improving diagnostic accuracy and may help the management of UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayssar A Elamin
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Kämpfer
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Wulf Oehlmann
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Matthias Stehr
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Guy R Simpson
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Morgan
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mahavir Singh
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
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2
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Singh P, Rameshwaram NR, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Cell envelope lipids in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:689-710. [PMID: 29771143 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular bacterium that persists and replicates inside macrophages. The bacterium possesses an unusual lipid-rich cell envelope that provides a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against many environmental stressors and allows it to survive extremely hostile intracellular surroundings. Since the lipid-rich envelope is crucial for M. tuberculosis virulence, the components of the cell wall lipid biogenesis pathways constitute an attractive target for the development of vaccines and antimycobacterial chemotherapeutics. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid components and their contributions to the physiology and pathogenicity of mycobacteria. We also discussed the current status of the antimycobacterial drugs that target biosynthesis, export and regulation of cell envelope lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
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3
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Abstract
Control and manipulation of bacterial populations requires an understanding of the factors that govern growth, division, and antibiotic action. Fluorescent and chemically reactive small molecule probes of cell envelope components can visualize these processes and advance our knowledge of cell envelope biosynthesis (e.g., peptidoglycan production). Still, fundamental gaps remain in our understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of cell envelope assembly. Previously described reporters require steps that limit their use to static imaging. Probes that can be used for real-time imaging would advance our understanding of cell envelope construction. To this end, we synthesized a fluorogenic probe that enables continuous live cell imaging in mycobacteria and related genera. This probe reports on the mycolyltransferases that assemble the mycolic acid membrane. This peptidoglycan-anchored bilayer-like assembly functions to protect these cells from antibiotics and host defenses. Our probe, quencher-trehalose-fluorophore (QTF), is an analog of the natural mycolyltransferase substrate. Mycolyltransferases process QTF by diverting their normal transesterification activity to hydrolysis, a process that unleashes fluorescence. QTF enables high contrast continuous imaging and the visualization of mycolyltransferase activity in cells. QTF revealed that mycolyltransferase activity is augmented before cell division and localized to the septa and cell poles, especially at the old pole. This observed localization suggests that mycolyltransferases are components of extracellular cell envelope assemblies, in analogy to the intracellular divisomes and polar elongation complexes. We anticipate QTF can be exploited to detect and monitor mycobacteria in physiologically relevant environments.
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4
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Xu Z, Hu T, Xia A, Li X, Liu Z, Min J, He J, Meng C, Yin Y, Chen X, Jiao X. Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Ag85A Antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Application in a Competitive ELISA for Serodiagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:107. [PMID: 28713817 PMCID: PMC5492497 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ag85 complex functions as the main secretory protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) and BCG. This complex is composed of the proteins, Ag85A, Ag85B, and Ag85C, with Ag85A thought to play the largest role within the complex. However, the lack of commercially available monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Ag85A still hinders the biological and applicative research on this protein. In this study, we developed and identified anti-Ag85A mAbs, and five hybridoma cells were established. Using the indirect immunofluorescence test, we found that two anti-Ag85A mAbs did not cross-react with Ag85B and/or Ag85C. In addition, we showed that all of the mAbs tested in this study are able to react with endogenous Ag85A protein in BCG and rBCG:Ag85A using indirect ELISA and Western blot analyses. A competitive ELISA (cELISA) based on mAb 3B8 was developed, the analyses of clinic serum samples from cattle with bovine tuberculosis (TB) and healthy cattle demonstrated that the sensitivity of the cELISA was 54.2% (26/48) and the specificity was 83.5% (167/200). This study demonstrated that the mAbs against Ag85A will provide useful reagents for further investigation into the function of the Ag85 complex and can be used for serodiagnosis of bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aihong Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Min
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuelan Yin
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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5
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), is recognized as a global health emergency as promoted by the World Health Organization. Over 1 million deaths per year, along with the emergence of multi- and extensively-drug resistant strains of Mtb, have triggered intensive research into the pathogenicity and biochemistry of this microorganism, guiding the development of anti-TB chemotherapeutic agents. The essential mycobacterial cell wall, sharing some common features with all bacteria, represents an apparent ‘Achilles heel’ that has been targeted by TB chemotherapy since the advent of TB treatment. This complex structure composed of three distinct layers, peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and mycolic acids, is vital in supporting cell growth, virulence and providing a barrier to antibiotics. The fundamental nature of cell wall synthesis and assembly has rendered the mycobacterial cell wall as the most widely exploited target of anti-TB drugs. This review provides an overview of the biosynthesis of the prominent cell wall components, highlighting the inhibitory mechanisms of existing clinical drugs and illustrating the potential of other unexploited enzymes as future drug targets.
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6
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Viljoen A, Blaise M, de Chastellier C, Kremer L. MAB_3551c encodes the primary triacylglycerol synthase involved in lipid accumulation in Mycobacterium abscessus. Mol Microbiol 2016; 102:611-627. [PMID: 27513974 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Slow growing pathogenic mycobacteria utilize host-derived lipids and accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG) in the form of intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions (ILI), serving as a source of carbon and energy during prolonged infection. Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging and rapidly growing species capable to induce severe and chronic pulmonary infections. However, whether M. abscessus, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possesses the machinery to acquire and store host lipids, remains unaddressed. Herein, we aimed at deciphering the contribution of the seven putative M. abscessus TAG synthases (Tgs) in TAG synthesis/accumulation thanks to a combination of genetic and biochemical techniques and a well-defined foamy macrophage (FM) model along with electron microscopy. Targeted gene deletion and functional complementation studies identified the MAB_3551c product, Tgs1, as the major Tgs involved in TAG production. Tgs1 exhibits a preference for long acyl-CoA substrates and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that His144 and Gln145 are essential for enzymatic activity. Importantly, in the lipid-rich intracellular context of FM, M. abscessus formed large ILI in a Tgs1-dependent manner. This supports the ability of M. abscessus to assimilate host lipids and the crucial role of Tgs1 in intramycobacterial TAG production, which may represent important mechanisms for long-term storage of a rich energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertus Viljoen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France.,Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Mickael Blaise
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France
| | - Chantal de Chastellier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE3689, Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, Montpellier, 34293, France.,INSERM, CPBS, Montpellier, 34293, France
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7
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Dautin N, de Sousa-d'Auria C, Constantinesco-Becker F, Labarre C, Oberto J, Li de la Sierra-Gallay I, Dietrich C, Issa H, Houssin C, Bayan N. Mycoloyltransferases: A large and major family of enzymes shaping the cell envelope of Corynebacteriales. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3581-3592. [PMID: 27345499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium are important genera of the Corynebacteriales order, the members of which are characterized by an atypical diderm cell envelope. Indeed the cytoplasmic membrane of these bacteria is surrounded by a thick mycolic acid-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan (mAGP) covalent polymer. The mycolic acid-containing part of this complex associates with other lipids (mainly trehalose monomycolate (TMM) and trehalose dimycolate (TDM)) to form an outer membrane. The metabolism of mycolates in the cell envelope is governed by esterases called mycoloyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of mycoloyl chains from TMM to another TMM molecule or to other acceptors such as the terminal arabinoses of arabinogalactan or specific polypeptides. In this review we present an overview of this family of Corynebacteriales enzymes, starting with their expression, localization, structure and activity to finally discuss their putative functions in the cell. In addition, we show that Corynebacteriales possess multiple mycoloyltransferases encoding genes in their genome. The reason for this multiplicity is not known, as their function in mycolates biogenesis appear to be only partially redundant. It is thus possible that, in some species living in specific environments, some mycoloyltransferases have evolved to gain some new functions. In any case, the few characterized mycoloyltransferases are very important for the bacterial physiology and are also involved in adaptation in the host where they constitute major secreted antigens. Although not discussed in this review, all these functions make them interesting targets for the discovery of new antibiotics and promising vaccines candidates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Science for Life" Guest Editor: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazù and Dr. Federica Migliardo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dautin
- Molecular Biology of Corynebacteria and Mycobacteria, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Célia de Sousa-d'Auria
- Molecular Biology of Corynebacteria and Mycobacteria, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Florence Constantinesco-Becker
- Molecular Biology of Corynebacteria and Mycobacteria, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Labarre
- Molecular Biology of Corynebacteria and Mycobacteria, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Oberto
- Cell Biology of Archaea, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ines Li de la Sierra-Gallay
- Function and Architecture of Macromolecular Assemblies, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Christiane Dietrich
- Molecular Biology of Corynebacteria and Mycobacteria, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Hanane Issa
- Molecular Biology of Corynebacteria and Mycobacteria, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; Faculty of Sciences, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Kaslik, B.P. 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Christine Houssin
- Molecular Biology of Corynebacteria and Mycobacteria, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Nicolas Bayan
- Molecular Biology of Corynebacteria and Mycobacteria, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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8
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Thanna S, Sucheck SJ. Targeting the trehalose utilization pathways of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 7:69-85. [PMID: 26941930 PMCID: PMC4770839 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an epidemic disease and the growing burden of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB world wide underlines the need to discover new drugs to treat the disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the etiological agent of most cases of TB. Mtb is difficult to treat, in part, due to the presence of a sturdy hydrophobic barrier that prevents penetration of drugs through the cell wall. Mtb can also survive in a non-replicative state for long periods of time avoiding the action of common antibiotics. Trehalose is an essential metabolite in mycobacteria since it plays key roles in cell wall synthesis, transport of cell wall glycolipids, and energy storage. It is also known for its stress protective roles such as: protection from desiccation, freezing, starvation and osmotic stress in bacteria. In this review we discuss the drug discovery efforts against enzymes involved in the trehalose utilization pathways (TUPs) and their likelihood of becoming drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Thanna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH, USA 43606
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS602, Toledo, OH, USA 43606
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9
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Jiang Y, Liu H, Li M, Li G, Pang H, Dou X, Zhao X, Wan K. Single nucleotide polymorphism in Ag85 genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: analysis of 178 clinical isolates from China and 13 BCG strains. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:126-34. [PMID: 25589888 PMCID: PMC4293177 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immune pressure and associated immune evasion of pathogenic bacteria are key features of host-pathogen co-evolution. Human T-cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) were evolutionarily hyperconserved and thus it was deduced that M. tuberculosis lacks antigenic variation and immune evasion. However, in our previous studies, proteins MPT64, PstS1, Rv0309 and Rv2945c all harbored higher numbers of amino acid substitutions in their T cell epitopes, which suggests their roles in ongoing immune evasion. Here, we used the same set of 180 clinical M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates from China, amplified the genes encoding Ag85 complex, and compared the sequences. The results showed that Ag85 were hyperconserved in T/B cell epitopes and the genes were more likely to be under purifying selection. The divergence of host immune selection on different proteins may result from different function of the proteins. In addition, A312G of Ag85A and T418C of Ag85B may represent special mutations in BCG strains, which may be used to differentiate M.bovis and BCG strains from MTB strains. Also, C714A in Ag85B seems to be a valuable phylogenetic marker for Beijing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haican Liu
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Machao Li
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guilian Li
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hui Pang
- 3. Immunology Department, Changzhi Medical College, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiangfeng Dou
- 4. Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kanglin Wan
- 1. State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P. R. China ; 2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou 310003, China
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10
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Selenium-Functionalized Molecules (SeFMs) as Potential Drugs and Nutritional Supplements. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2015_87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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11
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Angala SK, Belardinelli JM, Huc-Claustre E, Wheat WH, Jackson M. The cell envelope glycoconjugates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:361-99. [PMID: 24915502 PMCID: PMC4436706 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.925420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the second most common cause of death due to a single infectious agent. The cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of the disease in humans, is a source of unique glycoconjugates and the most distinctive feature of the biology of this organism. It is the basis of much of Mtb pathogenesis and one of the major causes of its intrinsic resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. At the same time, the unique structures of Mtb cell envelope glycoconjugates, their antigenicity and essentiality for mycobacterial growth provide opportunities for drug, vaccine, diagnostic and biomarker development, as clearly illustrated by recent advances in all of these translational aspects. This review focuses on our current understanding of the structure and biogenesis of Mtb glycoconjugates with particular emphasis on one of the most intriguing and least understood aspect of the physiology of mycobacteria: the translocation of these complex macromolecules across the different layers of the cell envelope. It further reviews the rather impressive progress made in the last 10 years in the discovery and development of novel inhibitors targeting their biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Kumar Angala
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO , USA
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12
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lipids are indelibly imprinted in just about every key aspect of tuberculosis (TB) basic and translational research. Although the interest in these compounds originally stemmed from their abundance, structural diversity, and antigenicity, continued research in this field has been driven by their important contribution to TB pathogenesis and their interest from the perspective of drug, vaccine, diagnostic, and biomarker development. This article summarizes what is known of the roles of lipids in the physiology and pathogenicity of Mtb and the exciting developments that have occurred in recent years in identifying new lead compounds targeting their biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado 80523-1682
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13
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Todoroff J, Lemaire MM, Fillee C, Jurion F, Renauld JC, Huygen K, Vanbever R. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85A following its co-delivery with CpG, MPLA or LTB to the lungs in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63344. [PMID: 23675482 PMCID: PMC3651129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vaccination is a promising route for immunization against tuberculosis because the lung is the natural site of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Yet, adjuvants with a suitable safety profile need to be found to enhance mucosal immunity to recombinant antigens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity, the safety and the protective efficacy of a subunit vaccine composed of the immunodominant mycolyl-transferase antigen 85A (Ag85A) and one of three powerful mucosal adjuvants: the oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine motifs (CpG), the monophosphoryl lipid A of Salmonella minnesota (MPLA) or the B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (LTB). BALB/c mice were vaccinated in the deep lungs. Our results showed that lung administration of these adjuvants could specifically induce different types of T cell immunity. Both CpG and MPLA induced a Th-1 type immune response with significant antigen-specific IFN-γ production by spleen mononuclear cells in vitro and a tendency of increased IFN-γ in the lungs. Moreover, MPLA triggered a Th-17 response reflected by high IL-17A levels in the spleen and lungs. By contrast, LTB promoted a Th-2 biased immune response, with a production of IL-5 but not IFN-γ by spleen mononuclear cells in vitro. CpG did not induce inflammation in the lungs while LTB and MPLA showed a transient inflammation including a neutrophil influx one day after pulmonary administration. Pulmonary vaccination with Ag85A without or with MPLA or LTB tended to decrease bacterial counts in the spleen and lungs following a virulent challenge with M. tuberculosis H37Rv. In conclusion, CpG and MPLA were found to be potential adjuvants for pulmonary vaccination against tuberculosis, providing Th-1 and Th-17 immune responses and a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Todoroff
- Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muriel M. Lemaire
- de Duve Institute, Experimental Medicine Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Fillee
- Department of Clinical Biology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Jurion
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- de Duve Institute, Experimental Medicine Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels branch, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kris Huygen
- Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP Site Ukkel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rita Vanbever
- Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Favrot L, Grzegorzewicz AE, Lajiness DH, Marvin RK, Boucau J, Isailovic D, Jackson M, Ronning DR. Mechanism of inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85 by ebselen. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2748. [PMID: 24193546 PMCID: PMC4049535 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis highlights the need for identifying new antitubercular drugs that can treat these infections. The antigen 85 (Ag85) complex has emerged as an intriguing mycobacterial drug target due to its central role in synthesizing major components of the inner and outer leaflets of the mycobacterial outer membrane. Here we identify ebselen (EBS) as a potent inhibitor of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85 complex. Mass spectrometry data show that EBS binds covalently to a cysteine residue (C209) located near the Ag85C active site. The crystal structure of Ag85C in the presence of EBS shows that C209 modification restructures the active site, thereby disrupting the hydrogen-bonded network within the active site that is essential for enzymatic activity. C209 mutations display marked decreases in enzymatic activity. These data suggest that compounds using this mechanism of action will strongly inhibit the Ag85 complex and minimize the selection of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Favrot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390
| | - Anna E. Grzegorzewicz
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | | | - Rachel K. Marvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390
| | - Julie Boucau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390
| | - Dragan Isailovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682
| | - Donald R. Ronning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390
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15
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Favrot L, Ronning DR. Targeting the mycobacterial envelope for tuberculosis drug development. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:1023-36. [PMID: 23106277 PMCID: PMC3571691 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium that causes tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possesses a rather unique outer membrane composed largely of lipids that possess long-chain and branched fatty acids, called mycolic acids. These lipids form a permeability barrier that prevents entry of many environmental solutes, thereby making these bacteria acid-fast and able to survive extremely hostile surroundings. Antitubercular drugs must penetrate this layer to reach their target. This review highlights drug development efforts that have added to the slowly growing tuberculosis drug pipeline, identified new enzyme activities to target with drugs and increased the understanding of important biosynthetic pathways for mycobacterial outer membrane and cell wall core assembly. In addition, a portion of this review looks at discovery efforts aimed at weakening this barrier to decrease mycobacterial virulence, decrease fitness in the host or enhance the efficacy of the current drug repertoire by disrupting the permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Favrot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Donald R Ronning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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16
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Warrier T, Tropis M, Werngren J, Diehl A, Gengenbacher M, Schlegel B, Schade M, Oschkinat H, Daffe M, Hoffner S, Eddine AN, Kaufmann SHE. Antigen 85C inhibition restricts Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth through disruption of cord factor biosynthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:1735-43. [PMID: 22290959 PMCID: PMC3318338 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05742-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigen 85 (Ag85) protein family, consisting of Ag85A, -B, and -C, is vital for Mycobacterium tuberculosis due to its role in cell envelope biogenesis. The mycoloyl transferase activity of these proteins generates trehalose dimycolate (TDM), an envelope lipid essential for M. tuberculosis virulence, and cell wall arabinogalactan-linked mycolic acids. Inhibition of these enzymes through substrate analogs hinders growth of mycobacteria, but a link to mycolic acid synthesis has not been established. In this study, we characterized a novel inhibitor of Ag85C, 2-amino-6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-3-carbonitrile (I3-AG85). I3-AG85 was isolated from a panel of four inhibitors that exhibited structure- and dose-dependent inhibition of M. tuberculosis division in broth culture. I3-AG85 also inhibited M. tuberculosis survival in infected primary macrophages. Importantly, it displayed an identical MIC against the drug-susceptible H37Rv reference strain and a panel of extensively drug-resistant/multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated binding of I3-AG85 to Ag85C, similar to its binding to the artificial substrate octylthioglucoside. Quantification of mycolic acid-linked lipids of the M. tuberculosis envelope showed a specific blockade of TDM synthesis. This was accompanied by accumulation of trehalose monomycolate, while the overall mycolic acid abundance remained unchanged. Inhibition of Ag85C activity also disrupted the integrity of the M. tuberculosis envelope. I3-AG85 inhibited the division of and reduced TDM synthesis in an M. tuberculosis strain deficient in Ag85C. Our results indicate that Ag85 proteins are promising targets for novel antimycobacterial drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thulasi Warrier
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marielle Tropis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, CNRS, and University of Toulouse (Toulouse III), Toulouse, France
| | - Jim Werngren
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Anne Diehl
- NMR Group, Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Gengenbacher
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schlegel
- NMR Group, Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Schade
- AstraZeneca Ltd., DECS Biophysics, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Hartmut Oschkinat
- NMR Group, Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mamadou Daffe
- Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology, CNRS, and University of Toulouse (Toulouse III), Toulouse, France
| | - Sven Hoffner
- Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ali Nasser Eddine
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Synthesis of cis,cis-diunsaturated α-meromycolic acid by a palladium-catalysed alkyl–alkyl Negishi reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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18
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Elamin AA, Stehr M, Spallek R, Rohde M, Singh M. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85A is a novel diacylglycerol acyltransferase involved in lipid body formation. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:1577-92. [PMID: 21819455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis accumulates large amounts of triacylglycerol (TAG) which acts as storage compounds for energy and carbon. The mycobacterial triacylglycerols stored in the form of intracellular lipid droplets are essential for long-term survival of M. tuberculosis during a dormant state. We report here that when the M. tuberculosis mycolytransferase Ag85A is overexpressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis mc(2)155, cell morphology was changed and the cells became grossly enlarged. A massive formation of lipid bodies and a change in lipid pattern was observed simultaneously. We suspected a possible role of Ag85A in the acyl lipid metabolism and discovered that the enzyme possesses acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity in addition to its well-known function as mycolyltransferase. Ag85A mediates the transesterification of diacylglycerol using long-chain acyl-CoA as acyl donors. The K(m) and K(cat) values for palmitoleoyl-coenzyme A were 390 µM and 55.54 min(-1) respectively. A docking model suggests that palmitoleoyl-coenzyme A and 1,2-dipalmitin occupy the same active site as trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate and trehalose 6'-monomycolate. The site-directed Ser126Ala mutation of the active site proved that this residue is involved in the catalytic activity of this enzyme. Although not proven conclusively for dormant stage of M. tuberculosis, our novel finding about the synthesis of TAGs by Ag85A strongly suggests that Ag85A may play a significant role in the formation of lipid storage bodies and thus also in the establishment and maintenance of a persistent tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayssar A Elamin
- Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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