1
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Wang J, Wang X, Liu L, Wang X, Wang J, Zheng Y, Wang L, Pan X. Analyzing the Interaction between Tetrahymena pyriformis and Bacteria under Different Physicochemical Conditions When Infecting Guppy Using the eDNA Method. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2194. [PMID: 39123720 PMCID: PMC11310954 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In the aquaculture system of ornamental fish, the interaction between bacterial microbiota and ciliate protozoa can prevent or promote disease outbreaks, and different physicochemical conditions will affect the relationships between them. We investigated the interaction between bacterial microbiota and the parasite Tetrahymena pyriformis when infecting Poecilia reticulata (guppy) under different physicochemical conditions. The abundance of T. pyriformis in water, the relative abundance of bacterial species, and histopathological observation were studied or monitored using environmental DNA (eDNA) extraction technology, the qPCR method, and 16s rRNA sequencing, respectively. The morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis of T. pyriformis were carried out. The infected guppy tissue was also stained by the hematoxylin and eosin methods. The results showed: (1) the bacterial communities of water samples were mainly composed of species assigned to Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and Tabrizicola and Puniceicoccaceae were positively correlated with fish mortality, T. pyriformis abundance, and temperature. (2) Arcicella and Methyloversatilis universalis with different correlations between ciliates appeared in different treatment groups, the result of which proved that environmental factors affected the interaction between bacteria and T. pyriformis. (3) Lower temperatures and a higher pH were more beneficial for preventing disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xuming Pan
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; (J.W.); (X.W.); (L.L.); (X.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (L.W.)
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2
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Hajjar H, Berry L, Wu Y, Touqui L, Vergunst AC, Blanc-Potard AB. Contribution of intramacrophage stages to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection outcome in zebrafish embryos: insights from mgtC and oprF mutants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6297. [PMID: 38491095 PMCID: PMC10943088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa often colonizes immunocompromised patients, causing acute and chronic infections. This bacterium can reside transiently inside cultured macrophages, but the contribution of the intramacrophic stage during infection remains unclear. MgtC and OprF have been identified as important bacterial factors when P. aeruginosa resides inside cultured macrophages. In this study, we showed that P. aeruginosa mgtC and oprF mutants, particular the latter one, had attenuated virulence in both mouse and zebrafish animal models of acute infection. To further investigate P. aeruginosa pathogenesis in zebrafish at a stage different from acute infection, we monitored bacterial load and visualized fluorescent bacteria in live larvae up to 4 days after infection. Whereas the attenuated phenotype of the oprF mutant was associated with a rapid elimination of bacteria, the mgtC mutant was able to persist at low level, a feature also observed with the wild-type strain in surviving larvae. Interestingly, these persistent bacteria can be visualized in macrophages of zebrafish. In a short-time infection model using a macrophage cell line, electron microscopy revealed that internalized P. aeruginosa wild-type bacteria were either released after macrophage lysis or remained intracellularly, where they were localized in vacuoles or in the cytoplasm. The mgtC mutant could also be detected inside macrophages, but without causing cell damage, whereas the oprF mutant was almost completely eliminated after phagocytosis, or localized in phagolysosomes. Taken together, our results show that the main role of OprF for intramacrophage survival impacts both acute and persistent infection by this bacterium. On the other hand, MgtC plays a clear role in acute infection but is not essential for bacterial persistence, in relation with the finding that the mgtC mutant is not completely eliminated by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hajjar
- Laboratory of Pathogens and Host Immunity (LPHI), Université de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR5294, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurence Berry
- Laboratory of Pathogens and Host Immunity (LPHI), Université de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR5294, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Yongzheng Wu
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology and Microbial Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques, Paris, France
| | - Annette C Vergunst
- Bacterial Virulence and Chronic Infections (VBIC), Université de Montpellier, INSERM, U1047, Nîmes, France.
| | - Anne-Béatrice Blanc-Potard
- Laboratory of Pathogens and Host Immunity (LPHI), Université de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR5294, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
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3
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Kaszab E, Jiang D, Szabó I, Kriszt B, Urbányi B, Szoboszlay S, Sebők R, Bock I, Csenki-Bakos Z. Evaluating the In Vivo Virulence of Environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using Microinjection Model of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1740. [PMID: 38136774 PMCID: PMC10740789 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Microinjection of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos offers a promising model for studying the virulence and potential environmental risks associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (2) Methods: This work aimed to develop a P. aeruginosa infection model using two parallel exposition pathways on zebrafish larvae with microinjection into the yolk and the perivitelline space to simultaneously detect the invasive and cytotoxic features of the examined strains. The microinjection infection model was validated with 15 environmental and clinical strains of P. aeruginosa of various origins, antibiotic resistance profiles, genotypes and phenotypes: both exposition pathways were optimized with a series of bacterial dilutions, different drop sizes (injection volumes) and incubation periods. Besides mortality, sublethal symptoms of the treated embryos were detected and analyzed. (3) Results: According to the statistical evaluation of our results, the optimal parameters (dilution, drop size and incubation period) were determined. (4) Conclusions: The tested zebrafish embryo microinjection infection model is now ready for use to determine the in vivo virulence and ecological risk of environmental P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Kaszab
- Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.K.); (D.J.); (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Dongze Jiang
- Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.K.); (D.J.); (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - István Szabó
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.S.); (I.B.); (Z.C.-B.)
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.K.); (D.J.); (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Sándor Szoboszlay
- Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.K.); (D.J.); (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Rózsa Sebők
- Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (E.K.); (D.J.); (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Illés Bock
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.S.); (I.B.); (Z.C.-B.)
| | - Zsolt Csenki-Bakos
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (I.S.); (I.B.); (Z.C.-B.)
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4
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Grandy S, Scur M, Dolan K, Nickerson R, Cheng Z. Using model systems to unravel host-Pseudomonas aeruginosa interactions. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1765-1784. [PMID: 37290773 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Using model systems in infection biology has led to the discoveries of many pathogen-encoded virulence factors and critical host immune factors to fight pathogenic infections. Studies of the remarkable Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium that infects and causes disease in hosts as divergent as humans and plants afford unique opportunities to shed new light on virulence strategies and host defence mechanisms. One of the rationales for using model systems as a discovery tool to characterise bacterial factors driving human infection outcomes is that many P. aeruginosa virulence factors are required for pathogenesis in diverse different hosts. On the other side, many host signalling components, such as the evolutionarily conserved mitogen-activated protein kinases, are involved in immune signalling in a diverse range of hosts. Some model organisms that have less complex immune systems also allow dissection of the direct impacts of innate immunity on host defence without the interference of adaptive immunity. In this review, we start with discussing the occurrence of P. aeruginosa in the environment and the ability of this bacterium to cause disease in various hosts as a natural opportunistic pathogen. We then summarise the use of some model systems to study host defence and P. aeruginosa virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannen Grandy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michal Scur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kathleen Dolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Rhea Nickerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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5
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Pont S, Blanc-Potard AB. Zebrafish Embryo Infection Model to Investigate Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interaction With Innate Immunity and Validate New Therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:745851. [PMID: 34660345 PMCID: PMC8515127 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.745851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for a variety of acute infections and is a major cause of mortality in chronically infected patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Considering the intrinsic and acquired resistance of P. aeruginosa to currently used antibiotics, new therapeutic strategies against this pathogen are urgently needed. Whereas virulence factors of P. aeruginosa are well characterized, the interplay between P. aeruginosa and the innate immune response during infection remains unclear. Zebrafish embryo is now firmly established as a potent vertebrate model for the study of infectious human diseases, due to strong similarities of its innate immune system with that of humans and the unprecedented possibilities of non-invasive real-time imaging. This model has been successfully developed to investigate the contribution of bacterial and host factors involved in P. aeruginosa pathogenesis, as well as rapidly assess the efficacy of anti-Pseudomonas molecules. Importantly, zebrafish embryo appears as the state-of-the-art model to address in vivo the contribution of innate immunity in the outcome of P. aeruginosa infection. Of interest, is the finding that the zebrafish encodes a CFTR channel closely related to human CFTR, which allowed to develop a model to address P. aeruginosa pathogenesis, innate immune response, and treatment evaluation in a CF context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Pont
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS, UMR5235, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Béatrice Blanc-Potard
- Laboratory of Pathogen-Host Interactions (LPHI), Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS, UMR5235, Montpellier, France
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6
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Bailone RL, Fukushima HCS, Ventura Fernandes BH, De Aguiar LK, Corrêa T, Janke H, Grejo Setti P, Roça RDO, Borra RC. Zebrafish as an alternative animal model in human and animal vaccination research. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:13. [PMID: 32382525 PMCID: PMC7203993 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of medical research relies on animal models to deepen knowledge of the causes of animal and human diseases, as well as to enable the development of innovative therapies. Despite rodents being the most widely used research model worldwide, in recent decades, the use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model has exponentially been adopted among the scientific community. This is because such a small tropical freshwater teleost fish has crucial genetic, anatomical and physiological homology with mammals. Therefore, zebrafish constitutes an excellent experimental model for behavioral, genetic and toxicological studies which unravels the mechanism of various human diseases. Furthermore, it serves well to test new therapeutic agents, such as the safety of new vaccines. The aim of this review was to provide a systematic literature review on the most recent studies carried out on the topic. It presents numerous advantages of this type of animal model in tests of efficacy and safety of both animal and human vaccines, thus highlighting gains in time and cost reduction of research and analyzes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lacava Bailone
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, Federal Inspection Service, São Carlos, SP Brazil
- São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP Brazil
| | - Hirla Costa Silva Fukushima
- Health and Biological Sciences Center, Federal University, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | | | - Luís Kluwe De Aguiar
- Department of Food Technology and Innovation, Harper Adams University, Newport, UK
| | - Tatiana Corrêa
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Helena Janke
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Princia Grejo Setti
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Carneiro Borra
- Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
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7
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Hotinger JA, May AE. Animal Models of Type III Secretion System-Mediated Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040257. [PMID: 31766664 PMCID: PMC6963218 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a conserved virulence factor used by many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and has become an important target for anti-virulence drugs. Most T3SS inhibitors to date have been discovered using in vitro screening assays. Pharmacokinetics and other important characteristics of pharmaceuticals cannot be determined with in vitro assays alone. In vivo assays are required to study pathogens in their natural environment and are an important step in the development of new drugs and vaccines. Animal models are also required to understand whether T3SS inhibition will enable the host to clear the infection. This review covers selected animal models (mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, dog, pig, cattle, primates, chicken, zebrafish, nematode, wax moth, flea, fly, and amoeba), where T3SS activity and infectivity have been studied in relation to specific pathogens (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Shigella spp., Bordetella spp., Vibrio spp., Chlamydia spp., and Yersinia spp.). These assays may be appropriate for those researching T3SS inhibition.
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8
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Cafora M, Deflorian G, Forti F, Ferrari L, Binelli G, Briani F, Ghisotti D, Pistocchi A. Phage therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a cystic fibrosis zebrafish model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1527. [PMID: 30728389 PMCID: PMC6365511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary disease due to mutations in the CFTR gene and causes mortality in humans mainly due to respiratory infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In a previous work we used phage therapy, which is a treatment with a mix of phages, to actively counteract acute P. aeruginosa infections in mice and Galleria mellonella larvae. In this work we apply phage therapy to the treatment of P. aeruginosa PAO1 infections in a CF zebrafish model. The structure of the CFTR channel is evolutionary conserved between fish and mammals and cftr-loss-of-function zebrafish embryos show a phenotype that recapitulates the human disease, in particular with destruction of the pancreas. We show that phage therapy is able to decrease lethality, bacterial burden, and the pro-inflammatory response caused by PAO1 infection. In addition, phage administration relieves the constitutive inflammatory state of CF embryos. To our knowledge, this is the first time that phage therapy is used to cure P. aeruginosa infections in a CF animal model. We also find that the curative effect against PAO1 infections is improved by combining phages and antibiotic treatments, opening a useful therapeutic approach that could reduce antibiotic doses and time of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cafora
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano - LITA, via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Gianluca Deflorian
- Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare - IFOM, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Forti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrari
- Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare - IFOM, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Binelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, Varese, Italy
| | - Federica Briani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Ghisotti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano - LITA, via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, MI, Italy.
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9
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Magana M, Sereti C, Ioannidis A, Mitchell CA, Ball AR, Magiorkinis E, Chatzipanagiotou S, Hamblin MR, Hadjifrangiskou M, Tegos GP. Options and Limitations in Clinical Investigation of Bacterial Biofilms. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00084-16. [PMID: 29618576 PMCID: PMC6056845 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00084-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can form single- and multispecies biofilms exhibiting diverse features based upon the microbial composition of their community and microenvironment. The study of bacterial biofilm development has received great interest in the past 20 years and is motivated by the elegant complexity characteristic of these multicellular communities and their role in infectious diseases. Biofilms can thrive on virtually any surface and can be beneficial or detrimental based upon the community's interplay and the surface. Advances in the understanding of structural and functional variations and the roles that biofilms play in disease and host-pathogen interactions have been addressed through comprehensive literature searches. In this review article, a synopsis of the methodological landscape of biofilm analysis is provided, including an evaluation of the current trends in methodological research. We deem this worthwhile because a keyword-oriented bibliographical search reveals that less than 5% of the biofilm literature is devoted to methodology. In this report, we (i) summarize current methodologies for biofilm characterization, monitoring, and quantification; (ii) discuss advances in the discovery of effective imaging and sensing tools and modalities; (iii) provide an overview of tailored animal models that assess features of biofilm infections; and (iv) make recommendations defining the most appropriate methodological tools for clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Magana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Sereti
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, Thriassio General Hospital, Attiki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Courtney A Mitchell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anthony R Ball
- Gliese 623b, Mendon, Massachusetts, USA
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Pepperell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emmanouil Magiorkinis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens-Goudi, Greece
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - George P Tegos
- Gliese 623b, Mendon, Massachusetts, USA
- GAMA Therapeutics LLC, Pepperell, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Cyclic-di-GMP regulates lipopolysaccharide modification and contributes to Pseudomonas aeruginosa immune evasion. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17027. [PMID: 28263305 PMCID: PMC5341770 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen associated with acute and chronic infections. The universal c-di-GMP second messenger is instrumental in the switch from a motile lifestyle to resilient biofilm as in the cystic fibrosis lung. The SadC diguanylate cyclase is associated with this patho-adaptive transition. Here we identified an unrecognized SadC partner, WarA, which we show is a methyltransferase in complex with a putative kinase WarB. We established that WarA binds to c-di-GMP, which potentiates its methyltransferase activity. Together, WarA and WarB have structural similarities with the bi-functional Escherichia coli LPS O antigen regulator WbdD. Strikingly, WarA influences P. aeruginosa O antigen modal distribution and interacts with the LPS biogenesis machinery. LPS is known to modulate the immune response in the host, and by using a zebrafish infection model, we implicate WarA in the ability of P. aeruginosa to evade detection by the host.
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11
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Liu M, Kang M, Mou Y, Chen K, Sun R. Visualization of filler network in silicone rubber with confocal laser-scanning microscopy. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09773e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the present studies of filler network structure basically stay in some phenomenological descriptions and classical electron microscopes are restricted by conventional 2-D imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Ming Kang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Yongren Mou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Kexu Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Rong Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
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12
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Sullivan C, Matty MA, Jurczyszak D, Gabor KA, Millard PJ, Tobin DM, Kim CH. Infectious disease models in zebrafish. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 138:101-136. [PMID: 28129840 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has developed as an important alternative to mammalian models for the study of hostpathogen interactions. Because they lack a functional adaptive immune response during the first 4-6weeks of development, zebrafish rely upon innate immune responses to protect against injuries and infections. During this early period of development, it is possible to isolate and study mechanisms of infection and inflammation arising from the innate immune response without the complications presented by the adaptive immune response. Zebrafish possess several inherent characteristics that make them an attractive option to study hostpathogen interactions, including extensive sequence and functional conservation with the human genome, optical clarity in larvae that facilitates the high-resolution visualization of host cell-microbe interactions, a fully sequenced and annotated genome, robust forward and reverse genetic tools and techniques (e.g., CRISPR-Cas9 and TALENs), and amenability to chemical studies and screens. Here, we describe methods for studying hostpathogen interactions both through systemic infections and through localized infections that allow analysis of host cell response, migration patterns, and behavior. Each of the methods described can be modified for use in downstream applications that include ecotoxicant studies and chemical screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sullivan
- University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - M A Matty
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - K A Gabor
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - P J Millard
- University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - D M Tobin
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - C H Kim
- University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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13
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Lorenz A, Pawar V, Häussler S, Weiss S. Insights into host-pathogen interactions from state-of-the-art animal models of respiratory Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3941-3959. [PMID: 27730639 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause acute respiratory infections in immunocompetent patients or chronic infections in immunocompromised individuals and in patients with cystic fibrosis. When acquiring the chronic infection state, bacteria are encapsulated within biofilm structures enabling them to withstand diverse environmental assaults, including immune reactions and antimicrobial therapy. Understanding the molecular interactions within the bacteria, as well as with the host or other bacteria, is essential for developing innovative treatment strategies. Such knowledge might be accumulated in vitro. However, it is ultimately necessary to confirm these findings in vivo. In the present Review, we describe state-of-the-art in vivo models that allow studying P. aeruginosa infections in molecular detail. The portrayed mammalian models exclusively focus on respiratory infections. The data obtained by alternative animal models which lack lung tissue, often provide molecular insights that are easily transferable to mammals. Importantly, these surrogate in vivo systems reveal complex molecular interactions of P. aeruginosa with the host. Herein, we also provide a critical assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of such models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lorenz
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, Center of Clinical and Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE GmbH, A Joint Venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Germany
| | - Vinay Pawar
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Institute for Molecular Bacteriology, Center of Clinical and Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE GmbH, A Joint Venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Germany.,Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Germany
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