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McAloon CI, McAloon CG, Barrett D, Tratalos JA, McGrath G, Guelbenzu M, Graham DA, Kelly A, O'Keeffe K, More SJ. Estimation of sensitivity and specificity of bulk tank milk PCR and 2 antibody ELISA tests for herd-level diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infection using Bayesian latent class analysis. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00893-2. [PMID: 38851575 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Mycoplasmosis (due to infection with Mycoplasma bovis) is a serious disease of beef and dairy cattle that can adversely impact health, welfare and productivity (Maunsell et al. (2011)). Mycoplasmosis can lead to a range of often severe, clinical presentations. Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) infection can present either clinically or subclinically, with the potential for recrudescence of shedding in association with stressful periods. Infection can be maintained within herds because of intermittent shedding (Calcutt et al., 2018, Hazelton et al., 2018). M. bovis is recognized as poorly responsive to treatment which represents a major challenge for control in infected herds. Given this, particular focus is needed on biosecurity measures to prevent introduction into uninfected herds in the first place. A robust and reliable laboratory test for surveillance is important both for herd-level prevention and control. The objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of 3 diagnostic tests (one PCR and 2 ELISA tests) on bulk tank milk, for the herd-level detection of M. bovis using Bayesian latent class analysis. In autumn 2018, bulk tank milk samples from 11,807 herds, covering the majority of the main dairy regions in Ireland had been submitted to the Department of Agriculture testing laboratory for routine surveillance were made available. A stratified random sample approach was used to select a cohort of herds for testing from this larger sample set. A final study population of 728 herds had bulk tank milk samples analyzed using a Bio-X ELISA (ELISA 1), an IDvet ELISA (ELISA 2) and a PCR test. A Bayesian latent class analysis (BLCA) was conducted to estimate the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the 3 diagnostic tests applied to bulk tank milk (BTM) for the detection of the herd-level infection. An overall LCA was conducted on all herds within a single population (a 3-test, 1-population model). The herds were also split into 2 populations based on herd size (small herds had < 82 cattle) (a 3-test, 2-population model) and separately into 3 regions in Ireland (Leinster, Munster and Connacht/Ulster) (a 3-test, 3-population model). The latent variable of interest was the herd-level M. bovis infection status. In total, 363/728 (50%) were large herds, 7 (1.0%) were positive on PCR, 88 (12%) positive on ELISA 1, and 406 (56%) positive on ELISA 2. Based on the 2-population model, the sensitivity (95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI) was 0.03 (0.02, 0.05), 0.22 (0.18, 0.27), 0.94 (0.88, 0.98) for PCR, ELISA 1 and ELISA 2 respectively. The specificity (95% BCI) was 0.99 (0.99, 1.0), 0.97 (0.95, 0.99), and 0.92 (0.86, 0.97) for PCR, ELISA 1 and ELISA 2 respectively. The herd-level true prevalence was estimated at 0.43 (BCI 0.35, 0.5) for smaller herds. The true prevalence was estimated at 0.62 (BCI 0.55, 0.69) for larger herds. The true prevalence was estimated at 0.56 (BCI 0.49, 0.463) in the 1-population model. For the 3-population model, the sensitivity (95% BCI) was 0.03 (0.02, 0.05), 0.24 (0.18, 0.29), 0.95 (0.9, 0.98) for PCR, ELISA 1 and ELISA 2 respectively. The specificity (95% BCI) was 0.99 (0.99, 1.0), 0.98 (0.96, 0.99), and 0.88 (0.79, 0.95) for PCR, ELISA 1 and ELISA 2 respectively. The herd-level true prevalence (95% BCI) was estimated at 0.65 (0.56, 0.73), 0.38 (0.28, 0.46) and 0.53 (0.4, 0.65) for population 1, 2, 3 respectively. Across all 3 models, the range in true prevalence was 38% to 65% of Irish dairy herds infected with M. bovis. The operating characteristics vary substantially between tests. The IDvet ELISA had a relatively high Se (the highest Se of the 3 tests studied) but it was estimated at 0.95 at its highest in 3-test, 3-population model. This test may be an appropriate test for herd-level screening or prevalence estimation within the context of the endemically infected Irish dairy cattle population. Further work is required to optimize this test and its interpretation when applied at herd-level to offset concerns related to the lower than optimal test Sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - C G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D Barrett
- National Disease Control Centre, Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Dublin, D02 WK12 Ireland
| | - J A Tratalos
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - G McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Guelbenzu
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | - D A Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | - A Kelly
- Animal Health Ireland, 2-5 The Archways, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Ireland
| | - K O'Keeffe
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Blood testing laboratory, Model Farm Road, Cork, T12 DK73 Ireland
| | - S J More
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Galat M, Moré G, Frey CF, Kovalenko G, Maliuk I, Halka I, Sytiuk M, Bezymennyi M, Galat V, Jokelainen P. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boars ( Sus scrofa) hunted in Ukraine. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100901. [PMID: 38274348 PMCID: PMC10809072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.100901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic parasite worldwide, but it has received limited attention in Ukraine. A seroepidemiological study was conducted and samples from 452 wild boars that had been hunted in 2006-2011 in 23 of the 25 regions of Ukraine were tested to estimate T. gondii seroprevalence. A locally available commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for the investigation. Additionally, we tested 92 of the sera using a widely used commercial multi-species ELISA and an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). With the locally available ELISA, 35 of the 452 wild boars tested positive, yielding a seroprevalence estimate of 7.7% (95% confidence interval 5.5-10.5). The seropositive wild boars originated from eight of the regions. Using the majority criteria, 10/92 samples tested using both ELISAs and the IFAT were considered positive, yielding an estimated seroprevalence of 10.9% within the subset of samples. The highest seroprevalence was observed in wild boars hunted in Luhans'k (30.0%), Odesa (17.7%) and Kharkiv (12.7%). Seroprevalence was higher in older animals (13.3% for age group >12 months and 7.7% for age group ≤12 months). This is the first seroepidemiological study of T. gondii in wild boars in Ukraine. Assuming that seropositivity indicates presence of infectious parasites in the tissues, eating undercooked meat of wild boars hunted in Ukraine could be a potential source of infection to other hosts, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Galat
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Oborony Str. 15, 03041, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Gaston Moré
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline F. Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ganna Kovalenko
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Donetska Str. 30, 03151, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Inna Maliuk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Oborony Str. 15, 03041, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Halka
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Donetska Str. 30, 03151, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykola Sytiuk
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Donetska Str. 30, 03151, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Bezymennyi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Donetska Str. 30, 03151, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslav Galat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Oborony Str. 15, 03041, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
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3
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Bernth Jensen JM, Hansen AT, Söderström A, Jørgensen CS, Larsen CS, Skov Sørensen UB, Thiel S, Petersen MS. A low level of naturally occurring antibodies associates with functional antibody deficiency. Clin Immunol 2022; 241:109070. [PMID: 35779828 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Functional antibody deficiency is clinically assessed from antibody responses to vaccination. However, diagnostic vaccination is complex and may fail in practice. We hypothesized that the levels of naturally occurring antibodies against galactose-α-1,3-galactose (αGal) may represent alternative markers of functional antibody capacity. We included data from 229 patients with suspected primary immunodeficiency in a retrospective study. Antibody levels against αGal and twelve pneumococcal serotypes were determined with solid-phase immunoassays. Pneumococcal vaccinations and treatment with normal human immunoglobulin were assessed from medical records. Anti-αGal antibody levels correlated positively with anti-pneumococcal antibody levels measured before and after pneumococcal vaccination. Contrary to the anti-pneumococcal antibody levels, the anti-αGal antibody level showed potential for predicting subsequent immunoglobulin treatment - a marker of disease severity. Naturally occurring antibodies may reflect the functional capacity tested by diagnostic vaccination but add more useful clinical data. The clinical utility of this easy test should be evaluated in prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Magnus Bernth Jensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Anette Tarp Hansen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Anna Söderström
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
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Meroni V, Genco F, Scudeller L, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Fricker-Hidalgo H, L’Ollivier C, Paris L, Pelloux H. Diagnostic Accuracy of LDBIO-Toxo II IgG and IgM Western Blot in Suspected Seroconversion in Pregnancy: A Multicentre Study. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060665. [PMID: 35745519 PMCID: PMC9231380 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The high sensitivity of the automated tests used for Toxoplasma gondii serology can yield false-positive IgM results due to aspecific reactions. On the other hand, specific therapy can delay IgG production and, therefore, the diagnosis of seroconversion. There is a need for confirmation tests to early detect seroconversions during pregnancy. We conducted a multicentre study to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the Toxo II IgG and a new, not yet commercialised Toxo II IgM western blot (WB) (LDBio diagnostics Lyon France) on 229 sera corresponding to 93 patients with seroconversions and 158 sera corresponding to 68 patients with nonspecific IgM. Sensitivity was 97.8% for IgM WB and 98.9% for IgG WB. Specificity was 89.7% and 100%, respectively. The concordance between IgM and IgG Toxo WB with the final diagnosis was very good, K = 0.89 and K = 0.99, respectively. In 5 cases (5.4%), the appearance of IgM, and in 55 cases (59.1%), the appearance of IgG was recorded by WB earlier than by traditional tests. In 10 cases (10.8%), IgM was detected after the traditional tests and in 2 cases (2.2%) for IgG. The association of IgG and IgM WB on the same sample not only detected all seroconversions but also correctly identified most of the false-positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Meroni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Francesca Genco
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Luigia Scudeller
- UOC Innovation and Research, IRCCS University Hospital Sant’Orsola, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart
- Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital and Grenoble-Alpes University, 38043 Grenoble, France; (M.-P.B.-P.); (H.F.-H.); (H.P.)
| | - Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo
- Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital and Grenoble-Alpes University, 38043 Grenoble, France; (M.-P.B.-P.); (H.F.-H.); (H.P.)
| | - Coralie L’Ollivier
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Luc Paris
- APHP-Sorbonne Université, Parasitology-Mycology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-42-16-01-60
| | - Hervé Pelloux
- Parasitology-Mycology, University Hospital and Grenoble-Alpes University, 38043 Grenoble, France; (M.-P.B.-P.); (H.F.-H.); (H.P.)
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5
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Jean-Pierre V, Miozzo J, Fricker-Hidalgo H, Garnaud C, Robert MG, Pelloux H, Brenier-Pinchart MP. Serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis: evaluation of the commercial test recomLine Toxoplasma IgG immunoblot (Mikrogen) based on recombinant antigens. Parasite 2022; 29:52. [PMCID: PMC9645231 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: IgG detection to determine immune status to Toxoplasma gondii infection and seroconversion mainly relies on ELISA techniques and, if necessary, on a confirmatory test, Western blot. This study evaluated the performance of the recomLine Toxoplasma IgG immunoblot (IB-recomLine) (Mikrogen) as a confirmatory test on a large number of sera. A total of 171 sera were selected (113 patients) and had previously been analyzed by two ELISA tests, ARCHITECT (Abbott) and VIDAS (bioMérieux) ± LDBIO-Toxo II IgG Western blot (WB-LDBIO) (LDBio). The sera were classified into three groups: group 1 included 50 sera without difficulty in interpreting the IgG results (patients with documented past infection or uninfected); group 2 included 47 sera with difficulty in interpreting the ELISA results; and group 3 included 74 sequential sera from 25 pregnant women with seroconversion. Results: In group 1, overall IgG agreements were 94% and 90% with ARCHITECT and VIDAS, respectively. In group 2, low agreement was observed between IB-recomLine and WB-LDBIO, with eight false-positive and 13 false-negative results. In group 3, 4/13 seroconversions were detected earlier with IB-recomLine compared to other tests. Conclusions: IB-recomLine allowed for earlier diagnosis of toxoplasmic seroconversion compared to both ELISA tests and WB-LDBIO but led to insufficient performance to confirm the immune status when ELISA results were discordant or equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jean-Pierre
- Parasitology-Mycology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital 38000 Grenoble France
- Corresponding author:
| | - Julien Miozzo
- Parasitology-Mycology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital 38000 Grenoble France
| | | | - Cécile Garnaud
- Parasitology-Mycology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital 38000 Grenoble France
- TIMC, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Marie Gladys Robert
- Parasitology-Mycology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Hervé Pelloux
- Parasitology-Mycology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital 38000 Grenoble France
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Udonsom R, Nishikawa Y, Fereig RM, Topisit T, Kulkaweewut N, Chanamrung S, Jirapattharasate C. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in Asian Elephants ( Elephas maximus indicus) in Thailand. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010002. [PMID: 35055950 PMCID: PMC8778166 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis in humans and various animal species worldwide. In Thailand, seroprevalence studies on T. gondii have focused on domestic animals, and information on infections in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus indicus) is scarce. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in archival sera collected from 268 elephants living in Thailand. The serum samples were analyzed for anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G antibodies using the latex agglutination test (LAT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA-iELISA) and recombinant T. gondii dense granular antigen 8 protein (TgGRA8-iELISA). The prevalence of antibodies against T. gondii was 45.1% (121/268), 40.7% (109/268), and 44.4% (119/268) using LAT, TLA-iELISA, and TgGRA8-iELISA, respectively. Young elephants had a higher seropositivity rate than elephants aged >40 years (odds ratio = 6.6; p < 0.001; 95% confidence interval: 2.9–15.4). When LAT was used as the reference, TLA-iELISA and TgGRA8-iELISA showed a substantial (κ = 0.69) and moderate (κ = 0.42) agreement, respectively. Although our findings suggest the widespread exposure of Asian elephants to T. gondii in Thailand, the source of infection was not investigated. Therefore, investigation of the predisposing factors associated with toxoplasmosis is necessary to identify the potential risk factors for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruenruetai Udonsom
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.N.); (R.M.F.)
| | - Ragab M. Fereig
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; (Y.N.); (R.M.F.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Thitirat Topisit
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuthamonthon sai 4 Rd, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.T.); (N.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Natchakorn Kulkaweewut
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuthamonthon sai 4 Rd, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.T.); (N.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Supitcha Chanamrung
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuthamonthon sai 4 Rd, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.T.); (N.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Charoonluk Jirapattharasate
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, 999 Phuthamonthon sai 4 Rd, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; (T.T.); (N.K.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Pilfold NW, Richardson ES, Ellis J, Jenkins E, Scandrett WB, Hernández‐Ortiz A, Buhler K, McGeachy D, Al‐Adhami B, Konecsni K, Lobanov VA, Owen MA, Rideout B, Lunn NJ. Long-term increases in pathogen seroprevalence in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) influenced by climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4481-4497. [PMID: 34292654 PMCID: PMC8457125 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of climate change on wildlife disease dynamics is a burgeoning conservation and human health issue, but few long-term studies empirically link climate to pathogen prevalence. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are vulnerable to the negative impacts of sea ice loss as a result of accelerated Arctic warming. While studies have associated changes in polar bear body condition, reproductive output, survival, and abundance to reductions in sea ice, no long-term studies have documented the impact of climate change on pathogen exposure. We examined 425 serum samples from 381 adult polar bears, collected in western Hudson Bay (WH), Canada, for antibodies to selected pathogens across three time periods: 1986-1989 (n = 157), 1995-1998 (n = 159) and 2015-2017 (n = 109). We ran serological assays for antibodies to seven pathogens: Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Trichinella spp., Francisella tularensis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine morbillivirus (CDV) and canine parvovirus (CPV). Seroprevalence of zoonotic parasites (T. gondii, Trichinella spp.) and bacterial pathogens (F. tularensis, B. bronchiseptica) increased significantly between 1986-1989 and 1995-1998, ranging from +6.2% to +20.8%, with T. gondii continuing to increase into 2015-2017 (+25.8% overall). Seroprevalence of viral pathogens (CDV, CPV) and N. caninum did not change with time. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence was higher following wetter summers, while seroprevalences of Trichinella spp. and B. bronchiseptica were positively correlated with hotter summers. Seroprevalence of antibodies to F. tularensis increased following years polar bears spent more days on land, and polar bears previously captured in human settlements were more likely to be seropositive for Trichinella spp. As the Arctic has warmed due to climate change, zoonotic pathogen exposure in WH polar bears has increased, driven by numerous altered ecosystem pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Pilfold
- Conservation Science and Wildlife HealthSan Diego Zoo Wildlife AllianceEscondidoCAUSA
| | - Evan S. Richardson
- Wildlife Research Division, Science and Technology BranchEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaWinnipegMBCanada
| | - John Ellis
- Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - W. Brad Scandrett
- Centre for Food‐borne and Animal ParasitologyCanadian Food Inspection AgencySaskatoonSKCanada
| | | | - Kayla Buhler
- Department of Veterinary MicrobiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - David McGeachy
- Wildlife Research Division, Science and Technology BranchEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Batol Al‐Adhami
- Centre for Food‐borne and Animal ParasitologyCanadian Food Inspection AgencySaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Kelly Konecsni
- Centre for Food‐borne and Animal ParasitologyCanadian Food Inspection AgencySaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Vladislav A. Lobanov
- Centre for Food‐borne and Animal ParasitologyCanadian Food Inspection AgencySaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Megan A. Owen
- Conservation Science and Wildlife HealthSan Diego Zoo Wildlife AllianceEscondidoCAUSA
| | - Bruce Rideout
- Conservation Science and Wildlife HealthSan Diego Zoo Wildlife AllianceEscondidoCAUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Lunn
- Wildlife Research Division, Science and Technology BranchEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaEdmontonABCanada
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Taggart PL, Fancourt BA, Boardman WSJ, Peacock DE, Caraguel CGB. INFECTION PRESSURE IS NECESSARY, BUT NOT SUFFICIENT BY ITSELF, TO EXPLAIN TOXOPLASMA GONDII SEROPREVALENCE IN INTERMEDIATE HOST SPECIES. J Parasitol 2021; 107:554-561. [PMID: 34270758 DOI: 10.1645/21-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite infection pressure is suggested to be a strong driver of transmission within ecosystems. We tested if infection pressure drives seroprevalence in intermediate host species for Toxoplasma gondii. We defined Toxoplasma infection pressure to intermediate host species as the combined influence of cat abundance, environmental conditions, and its prevalence in the cat population. We sampled and tested 2 species of rodent and collated information on Toxoplasma seroprevalence in koalas, wallabies, kangaroos, and sheep. All species were sampled using equivalent methods, within a 2-yr period, and from adjacent regions of low and high Toxoplasma infection pressure. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma in kangaroos scaled with infection pressure, but we observed no statistical difference in seroprevalence for any other species between these 2 regions. Within the region of low infection pressure, Toxoplasma seroprevalence did not differ between species. However, within the region of high Toxoplasma infection pressure, we observed large variation in seroprevalence between species. Our results demonstrate that infection pressure is not sufficient by itself, but merely necessary, to drive Toxoplasma seroprevalence in intermediate host species. Where Toxoplasma seroprevalence in an intermediate host species is already low, further reducing infection pressure will not necessarily further decrease seroprevalence in those species. This has important ramifications for the mitigation of parasite infections and suggests that reductions in Toxoplasma infection pressure, intended to reduce infections, may be most effective and applicable to species that are known to experience high rates of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Taggart
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.,Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Queanbeya, New South Wales, 2620, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Fancourt
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - Wayne S J Boardman
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - David E Peacock
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Charles G B Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
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de Vries SG, van Eekeren LE, van der Linden H, Visser BJ, Grobusch MP, Wagenaar JFP, Goris MGA, Goorhuis A. Searching and Finding the Hidden Treasure: A Retrospective Analysis of Rickettsial Disease Among Dutch International Travelers. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1171-1178. [PMID: 31998942 PMCID: PMC8028097 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rickettsial disease (RD) is a prevalent and underestimated cause of febrile illness worldwide, especially in the absence of an inoculation eschar. We attempted to quantify this underestimation at our clinic, by investigating past cases of febrile illness in travelers who had tested negative for leptospirosis, a disease that can initially present similarly to non-eschar RD, and which we routinely consider when other important causes of unspecified febrile illness have tested negative. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis in febrile returned travelers from Asia, Africa, or the Americas between 2010 and 2017, who had tested negative for leptospirosis. Serologic immunofluorescence assays were performed for Orientia tsutsugamushi (scrub typhus), typhus group, and spotted fever group RD. We performed a medical records review of all patients who tested positive. In case of a fitting medical history, cases were deemed either confirmed (based on convalescent serology) or suspected (based on single serology). RESULTS Among 97 patients, convalescent serology was available in 16 (16.5%) patients, and a single serology in 81 (83.5%) patients. RD was the likely diagnosis in 8 of 16 (50.0%) patients with convalescent serology, and in 8 of 81 (9.9%) with single serology. Of the 16 confirmed/suspected cases, 11 (69%) had been missed and 7 (44%) had not received adequate empiric antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that non-eschar RD is an important and poorly recognized cause of illness in travelers, even in a specialized travel clinic. A lower threshold to test and treat for RD is warranted in returning travelers with febrile illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia G de Vries
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louise E van Eekeren
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van der Linden
- Leptospirosis Reference Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J Visser
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jiri F P Wagenaar
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Leptospirosis Reference Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marga G A Goris
- Leptospirosis Reference Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Taggart PL, Hall RN, Cox TE, Kovaliski J, McLeod SR, Strive T. Changes in virus transmission dynamics following the emergence of RHDV2 shed light on its competitive advantage over previously circulating variants. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1118-1130. [PMID: 33724677 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is highly pathogenic to European rabbits. Until recently, only one serotype of RHDV was known, GI.1/RHDV. RHDV2/GI.2 is a novel virus that has rapidly spread and become the dominant pathogenic calicivirus in wild rabbits worldwide. It is speculated that RHDV2 has three competitive advantages over RHDV: (a) the ability to partially overcome immunity to other variants; (b) the ability to clinically infect young rabbits; and (c) a wider host range. These differences would be expected to influence virus transmission dynamics. We used markers of recent infection (IgM/IgA antibodies) to investigate virus transmission dynamics pre and post the arrival of RHDV2. Our data set contained over 3,900 rabbits sampled across a 7-year period at 12 Australian sites. Following the arrival of RHDV2, seasonal peaks in IgM and IgA seropositivity shifted forward one season, from winter to autumn and spring to winter, respectively. Contrary to predictions, we found only weak effects of rabbit age, seropositivity to non-pathogenic calicivirus RCV-A1 and population abundance on IgM/IgA seropositivity. Our results demonstrate that RHDV2 enters rabbit populations shortly after the commencement of annual breeding cycles. Upon entering, the population RHDV2 undergoes extensive replication in young rabbits, causing clinical disease, high virus shedding, mortality and the creation of virus-laden carcasses. This results in high virus contamination in the environment, furthering the transmission of RHDV2 and initiating outbreaks, whilst simultaneously removing the susceptible cohort required for the effective transmission of RHDV. Although RHDV may enter the population at the same time point, it is sub-clinical in young rabbits, causing minimal virus shedding and low environmental contamination. Our results demonstrate a major shift in epidemiological patterns in virus transmission, providing the first evidence that RHDV2's ability to clinically infect young rabbits is a key competitive advantage in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Taggart
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Primary Industries NSW, Orange, NSW, Australia.,Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Bruce, ACT, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Robyn N Hall
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Bruce, ACT, Australia.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Tarnya E Cox
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Primary Industries NSW, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - John Kovaliski
- Biosecurity SA, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Steven R McLeod
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Primary Industries NSW, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Tanja Strive
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Bruce, ACT, Australia.,CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Acton, ACT, Australia
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11
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Brenier-Pinchart MP, Varlet-Marie E, Robert-Gangneux F, Filisetti D, Guitard J, Sterkers Y, Yera H, Pelloux H, Bastien P. Impact of pre-analytic step duration on molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis for five types of biological samples. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246802. [PMID: 33596222 PMCID: PMC7888589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Toxoplasma-PCR is essential to diagnose ocular, cerebral, disseminated and congenital toxoplasmosis. This multicenter study evaluated the impact of sample storage duration at +4°C on PCR assay performances in order to propose guidelines for the storage of samples during shipment or/and before PCR. Materials and methods Five matrices, amniotic (AF), cerebrospinal (CSF), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF), whole blood (WB) and buffy coat (BC), were artificially spiked with different amounts of Toxoplasma gondii (20, 100, 500 tachyzoites per mL of sample) or with previously infected THP1 cells. DNA extractions were performed at day 0 and after 2, 4 and 7 days of storage at +4°C. Each extract was amplified at least twice by real-time PCR. Results A total of 252 spiked samples was studied. No increase of crossing point was observed and all samples were positive for AF, BALF, BC and infected THP1-spiked WB after up to 7 days at 4°C. For CSF spiked with 20 parasites/mL, only 50% of PCR reactions were positive at D7 (p<0.05). For WB spiked with type II parasites, all reactions remained positive at D7 but amplifications were significantly delayed from D2; and for WB spiked with RH strain, the proportion of positive reactions decreased at D7. Conclusion The storage of clinical samples at +4°C is compatible with the molecular detection of T. gondii parasites. Provided that PCR assays are performed in duplicate, storage of samples is possible up to 7 days. However, from the fifth day onwards, and for samples susceptible to contain low parasitic loads, we recommend to perform the PCR in multiplicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes et Institut pour l’Avancée des Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209-CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose-Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Emmanuelle Varlet-Marie
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose-Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
- Université de Montpellier et Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Robert-Gangneux
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose-Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
- CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement Travail), UMR_S 1085, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Denis Filisetti
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose-Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
- Institut de Parasitologie et de Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Strasbourg et Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Juliette Guitard
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose-Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
- Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yvon Sterkers
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose-Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
- CNRS, IRD, CHU de Montpellier, "MiVEGEC" et Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Yera
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose-Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Cochin, Université de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Pelloux
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes et Institut pour l’Avancée des Biosciences (IAB), INSERM U1209-CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble, Grenoble, France
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose-Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose-Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
- CNRS, IRD, CHU de Montpellier, "MiVEGEC" et Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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12
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Cano-Terriza D, Caballero-Gómez J, García-Bocanegra I. Response to the Letter to the Editor concerning "Zoo animals as sentinels for Schmallenberg virus monitoring in Spain" by Caballero-Gómez et al. (Vet. Microbiol. 2020: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108927). Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:108998. [PMID: 33493831 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.108998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Cano-Terriza
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - J Caballero-Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014, Córdoba, Spain; Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - I García-Bocanegra
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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Wallon M, Fricker-Hidalgo H, Chapey E, Bailet C, Dard C, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Pelloux H. Performance of a Toxo IgM prototype assay for the diagnosis of maternal and congenital Toxoplasma infections. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 58:1959-1964. [PMID: 32333648 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Testing for anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulin (Ig)M is of main importance in the context of pregnancy to promptly alert to an acute maternal infection prior to the detection of IgG and to identify infected newborns. Their absence helps exclude a recent maternal infection in the presence of IgG. Methods The performance of a Toxo IgM immunocapture prototype assay (bioMérieux, France) was compared with that of the VIDAS® Toxo IgM and the ARCHITECT® Toxo IgM (Abbott, Germany) assays at Grenoble and Lyon (France). A total of 1446 sera were sampled from (i) 1054 pregnant women found by routine workup to have no infection (n = 843), an acute infection (<4 months) (n = 28) or a chronic infection (>4 months) with residual (n = 120) or no IgM (n = 62); (ii) 50 three-serum panels sampled immediately after a maternal seroconversion; (iii) 242 samples taken in 41 children with a congenital toxoplasmosis (n = 122) and in 40 uninfected children (n = 120). Results In pregnant women, the overall agreement with the VIDAS® assay was 99.23% (CI: 99.16-99.27) and that with the ARCHITECT® assay was 99.14% (CI: 99.07-99.17). Sensitivity of the Toxo IgM prototype assay was 100% (CI: 87.66-100.00) and specificity was 99.64% (98.96-99.93). In acute maternal infections, IgM assays were detected as early with the prototype as with the other two. In the congenitally infected children, IgM were detected on their first sample in 25/40 with the prototype vs. 23/40 with the VIDAS® test. No uninfected child had positive IgM. Conclusion The prototype performed comparably to the ARCHITECT® and VIDAS® Toxo IgM assays for the diagnosis of maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Wallon
- Service de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Waking Team, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Fricker-Hidalgo
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, INSERM U1209-CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Chapey
- Service de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud-Charles Mérieux, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Bailet
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, INSERM U1209-CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Dard
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, INSERM U1209-CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, INSERM U1209-CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Pelloux
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, INSERM U1209-CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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14
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Alvarez IJ, Fort M, Pasucci J, Moreno F, Gimenez H, Näslund K, Hägglund S, Zohari S, Valarcher JF. Authors’ response. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:633-634. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638720948696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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15
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Autoantibody Detection for Diagnosis in Direct Immunofluorescence-Negative Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: Ocular and Other Sites Compared. Ophthalmology 2020; 128:372-382. [PMID: 32745569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether a panel of serum pemphigoid autoantibody tests could be used to confirm an immunopathologic diagnosis of mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) in direct immunofluorescent negative (DIF-) MMP patients. DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-six patients with multisite MMP with 45 matched control participants. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for BP180 and BP230 (MBL International), immunoglobulin A (IgA) A and immunoglobulin G indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on human salt-split skin and the keratinocyte footprint assay for anti-laminin 332 antibodies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Sensitivity and specificity of autoantibody detection and significant differences for individual tests and test combinations for MMP involving different sites. RESULTS All DIF- patients (24/73 [31.8%]) had either ocular-only disease or ocular involvement in multisite disease. Serum pemphigoid autoantibodies were detected in 29 of 76 MMP patients (38.2%) compared with 3 of 45 control participants (6.7%). Autoantibody reactivity detected by any 1 or more of the tests was present in 6 of 24 DIF- patients (25%) compared with 22 of 49 DIF positive (DIF+) patients (44.9%). Ocular-only MMP serum reactivity was not significantly different for any test or test combination compared with control participants, whereas DIF- multisite ocular MMP differed for 1 ELISA and 3 of 7 test combinations. By contrast, for DIF+ nonocular MMP patients, all the individual tests, apart from IgA IIF, and all test combinations were significantly different compared with those for control participants. For the entire MMP cohort, the sensitivity of all individual tests was low, having a maximum of 21.05% for BP180 reactivity but increasing to 38.16% for an optimal test combination. Disease activity was associated strongly with positive serologic findings. CONCLUSIONS Pemphigoid serum autoantibody tests did not provide immunopathologic evidence of MMP in ocular-only MMP patients but showed limited value in DIF- multisite ocular MMP patients. The requirement for immunopathologic confirmation of MMP by autoantibody detection is inappropriate for DIF- ocular-only MMP patients, resulting in missed diagnoses, delayed therapy, and poor outcomes. Alternative diagnostic criteria for ocular-only MMP are required to exclude the other causes of scarring conjunctivitis until more sensitive and specific immunopathologic tests become available.
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16
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Chronic toxoplasmosis and sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea: Is there a link? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235463. [PMID: 32609758 PMCID: PMC7329112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sleepiness is the main clinical expression of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome resulting from upper airway collapse. Recent studies have discussed the fact that the presence of T. gondii cysts in the brain and the resulting biochemical and immunological mechanisms could be linked to neurobehavioral disorders. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential impact of chronic toxoplasmosis on sleepiness and on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity in OSA obese patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case control study on obese patients screened for OSA was performed. According to the sleep disorder and matched based on gender, age and body mass index (BMI), two groups of obese patients were selected from our sample collection database. All patients were tested for toxoplasmosis serological status measuring anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM levels. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to assess the impact of chronic toxoplasmosis on sleepiness and OSA severity. RESULTS 107 obese patients suffering from OSA were included in the study (median age: 53.3 years Interquartile range (IQR): [41.9-59.9]; median BMI: 39.4 kg/m2 IQR: [35.5-44.1], apnea-hypopnea index = 27.5 events/h [10.7-49.9]). Chronic toxoplasmosis was present in 63.4% and 70.7% of patients with or without sleepiness (p = 0.48), respectively and was not associated either to sleepiness (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: [0.52; 2.33], p = 0.64) or OSA severity (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: [0.51; 5.98] p = 0.37). CONCLUSION Although chronic Toxoplasma infection in immunocompetent humans has been associated to several behavioral disorders or pathologies in recent literature, we demonstrate here that chronic toxoplasmosis is not associated to sleepiness and to sleep apnea syndrome severity in obese patients suspected of sleep apnea syndrome.
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17
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Picone O, Fuchs F, Benoist G, Binquet C, Kieffer F, Wallon M, Wehbe K, Mandelbrot L, Villena I. Toxoplasmosis screening during pregnancy in France: Opinion of an expert panel for the CNGOF. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2020; 49:101814. [PMID: 32428782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal screening to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis as performed in France for several decades has been questioned in view of the decreasing incidence of this infection and the cost of testing. The French College of Obstetrics and Gynecology mandated a multidisciplinary panel of experts to perform a reassessment of the screening program in accordance with international good practice. In France, about 70% of pregnant women are not immune to T. gondii, and 0.2-0.25% become infected during pregnancy. The risk of maternal-fetal transmission of infection is on average 25-29% and depends greatly on the gestational age at seroconversion. In case of fetal transmission, the outcome is livebirth in 95% of cases, with latent congenital toxoplasmosis in 90% of cases and symptomatic forms in 10% of cases, of which 1/3 are severe and 2/3 moderate. Biological techniques have satisfactory performance regarding serologies for the diagnosis of maternal infections and PCR on amniotic fluid for the prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Primary prevention of toxoplasmosis is based on hygiene measures that are relatively simple, but poorly implemented. In case of maternal seroconversion, there is a strong case for prenatal prophylactic treatment as soon as possible (ideally within 3 weeks of seroconversion), spiramycin before 14 weeks of gestation (WG), and with a tendency to superiority of the pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine association over spiramycin beyond 14 W G, in order to reduce the risk of symptomatic congenital toxoplasmosis. In case of congenital toxoplasmosis, prompt initiation of treatment reduces the occurrence of cerebral signs and symptoms, as well as retinal lesions. Several medico-economic evaluations of the French toxoplasmosis screening program have been conducted including an individual cost-effectiveness approach with decision analysis which concluded on the profitability of prenatal screening as carried out in France (monthly surveillance of seronegative women, prenatal treatment in case of seroconversion, termination of pregnancy in severe forms). Though most international societies do not recommend systematic screening for mainly financial reasons, if congenital toxoplasmosis appears benign in France today, it is probably thanks to screening and the possibility of early treatment of fetuses and/or newborns. Thus, the panel recommends continuing for now the program in France for prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Picone
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France; Université de Paris; Inserm IAME-U1137, Paris, France; FHU PREMA; Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections pendant la grossesse (GRIG)
| | - Florent Fuchs
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique CHU de Montpellier, Hopital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France; Inserm, CESP Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, U1018, Reproduction et Développement de l'enfant, 94807 Villejuif, France; EA2415: Aide à la décision médicale Personnalisée, Axe B: Méthode en épidémiologie Clinique, Université de Montpellier
| | | | - Christine Binquet
- Inserm, CIC1432, module Epidémiologie Clinique, Dijon, France; CHU Dijon-Bourgogne, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Module Epidémiologie Clinique/Essais Cliniques, Dijon, France
| | - François Kieffer
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de néonatologie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Martine Wallon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Service de Parasitologie - Mycologie Médicale, Lyon, France; Université Lyon-1, Equipe Waking, Physiologie Intégrée du Système d'éveil, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR 5292), Bron, France
| | - Karl Wehbe
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Mandelbrot
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France; Université de Paris; Inserm IAME-U1137, Paris, France; FHU PREMA; Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections pendant la grossesse (GRIG)
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Université Reims Champagne -Ardenne, EA7510 et Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
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18
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Taggart PL, Fancourt BA, Peacock D, Caraguel CGB, McAllister MM. Variation in Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence: effects of site, sex, species and behaviour between insular and mainland macropods. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/wr19041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Context Feral cats threaten wildlife conservation through a range of direct and indirect effects. However, most studies that have evaluated the impacts of feral cats on species of conservation significance have focussed on direct impacts such as predation; few studies have considered the indirect impacts of cat-borne disease. Toxoplasma gondii, a cat-borne parasite, causes both acute and latent disease in a range of wildlife species, and macropods are particularly susceptible. Kangaroo Island is Australia’s third largest island and supports a high density of feral cats and high seroprevalence of T. gondii in multiple species, relative to the mainland. This suggests that Kangaroo Island has a high environmental contamination with the parasite and a high risk of infection for other species. Aims We aimed to describe T. gondii seroprevalence in culled and road-killed macropods, so as to assess the effects of island versus mainland location, sex, species and behaviour. Methods Macropod sera were tested for T. gondii IgG antibodies using a commercially available modified agglutination test. Key results The seroprevalence of T. gondii in culled western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) was significantly higher on the island (20%, 11/54 positive) than on the mainland (0%, 0/61 positive). There was no difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between culled and road-killed (21%, 21/102 positive) kangaroos from the island. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly higher in female (32%, 12/38 positive) than in male (13%, 8/60 positive) kangaroos, but we observed no sex effect in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii), and no effect of species. Conclusions The higher T. gondii seroprevalence in insular macropods supports previous reports of higher T. gondii exposure in other Kangaroo Island fauna. The lack of difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between culled and road-killed kangaroos suggests that T. gondii-positive animals are not more vulnerable to road mortality, in contrast to that suggested previously. Implications Our findings suggest greater potential adverse conservation impacts owing to toxoplasmosis on the island than on the mainland. In light of a recent study demonstrating higher cat abundance on the island than on the mainland, the higher observed T. gondii seroprevalence in insular macropods is likely to be a consequence of higher cat density.
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Assessing the long-term stability of anti-drug antibodies in method validation: what is the added value? Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1899-1903. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The stability of analytes in biological matrices is a critical parameter assessed under bioanalytical method validations. Assessing the stability of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) is, however, not evident given the polyclonal antibody response and the practicality of obtaining reference material from human subjects. Moreover, the same argument that different test articles exhibit different stabilities does not translate to polyclonal antibodies, for which there is a body of literature supporting the stability of human antibodies in undiluted human biological matrix for several years. Herein, the current recommendations from industry leaders and health authorities is summarized, and the literature supporting the stability of ADAs is described to provide a consolidated reference for bioanalytical scientists submitting ADA method validations to regulatory agencies.
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Garg M, Stern D, Groß U, Seeberger PH, Seeber F, Varón Silva D. Detection of Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Human Sera Using Synthetic Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Glycans on a Bead-Based Multiplex Assay. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11215-11222. [PMID: 31401830 PMCID: PMC6748559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, while often an asymptomatic parasitic disease in healthy individuals, can cause severe complications in immunocompromised persons and during pregnancy. The most common method to diagnose Toxoplasma gondii infections is the serological determination of antibodies directed against parasite protein antigens. Here we report the use of a bead-based multiplex assay containing a synthetic phosphoglycan portion of the Toxoplasma gondii glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI1) for the detection of GPI1-specific antibodies in human sera. The glycan was conjugated to beads at the lipid site to retain its natural orientation and its immunogenic groups. We compared the response against GPI1 with that against the protein antigen SAG1, a common component of commercial serological assays, via the detection of parasite-specific human IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. The GPI1-based test is in excellent agreement with the results for the commercial ELISA, as the ROC analysis of the GPI1 test shows 97% specificity and 98% sensitivity for the assay. GPI1 was a more reliable predictor for a parasite-specific IgM response compared to SAG1, indicating that a bead-based multiplex assay using GPI1 in combination with SAG1 may strengthen Toxoplasma gondii serology, in particular in seroepidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Garg
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14424 Potsdam , Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Uwe Groß
- German Consulting Laboratory for Toxoplasma, Institute for Medical Microbiology , University Medical Center Göttingen , 37075 Goettingen , Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14424 Potsdam , Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Systems , Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14424 Potsdam , Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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Galat M, Must K, Rissanen K, Jokelainen P. Comparison of a commercial modified direct agglutination test and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in naturally exposed domestic cats. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2437-2441. [PMID: 31203450 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06368-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Domestic cats and other felids are definitive hosts for the zoonotic protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Serology is widely used in epidemiological studies conducted to estimate the proportion of domestic cats that have encountered the parasite. However, a limited number of such studies are available from some regions, including eastern parts of Europe and Russia. Various serological tests have been applied for T. gondii serology for feline samples. Seropositivity indicates previous exposure, and seropositive cats are presumed to have shed oocysts of the parasite earlier and to be chronically infected. In this study, we included a random sample of 200 sera and plasma samples from a larger sampling frame comprising samples from domestic cats from Estonia, where T. gondii is common. The samples, which had been previously screened for anti-T. gondii immunoglobulin G antibodies using a commercial modified direct agglutination test (DAT: Toxo-Screen DA; bioMérieux SA, Marcy-l'Étoile, France), were screened using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA: VectoToxo-antibodies [VektoTokso-antytila], VectorBest, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation). The cut-off for seropositivity with DAT was titer of 40. Of the 200 samples, 120 (60.0%) tested positive with DAT and 114 (57.0%) tested positive with ELISA; 112 samples (56.0%) tested positive with both tests. Percent agreement of 95.0% and Kappa 0.8971 indicated an almost perfect agreement between the screening results using the two methods. The results of this study can be useful for comparison, evaluation, and interpretation of results obtained with these two tests in seroepidemiological studies and may encourage more studies on the topic from eastern parts of Europe and Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Galat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Oborony Str. 15, Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine.
| | - Kärt Must
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karoliina Rissanen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006, Tartu, Estonia.,Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Sawierucha J, Posset M, Hähnel V, Johnson CL, Hutchinson JA, Ahrens N. Comparison of two column agglutination tests for red blood cell antibody testing. PLoS One 2019; 13:e0210099. [PMID: 30596807 PMCID: PMC6312228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several sensitive methods are available for red blood cell (RBC) antibody screening. Among these, gel and glass card systems have demonstrated comparably good performance in retrospective studies and are widely used in routine patient diagnostics, but their performance in prospective studies has not been sufficiently characterised. Patients and methods Gel card (Bio-Rad DiaMed) and glass bead-based (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics) column agglutination technologies were used to screen for antibodies prospectively (group A) and for antibody identification in stored and fresh samples known to contain RBC antibodies retrospectively (group B). Untreated reagent RBCs and either papain-treated (Bio-Rad) or ficin-treated panel C cells (Ortho) were used for antibody identification. Results RBC-reactive antibodies were detected in 22 of 1000 group A samples, three of which tested positive only by gel card agglutination, and four only by glass bead agglutination (including one false positive each). Group B comprised 202 sera with known antibodies: 33 of these samples contained 36 antibodies detected only by gel card agglutination, whereas 9 samples contained antibodies detectable only by glass bead-based agglutination. Discrepancies mostly involved weak antibodies reactive by enzyme only. Two sera contained antibody mixtures that neither system detected completely. Of note, in antibody differentiation batches one and two, anti-Lua was reactive in 7 of 7 and 1 of 8 samples, respectively. Conclusion Both column agglutination tests for red cell antibodies had equal sensitivity and specificity with unstored samples. In stored samples, weak and enzyme-only antibodies were more frequently detected with the gel card system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sawierucha
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marion Posset
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Viola Hähnel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian L. Johnson
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Ahrens
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Brenier-Pinchart MP, Fricker-Hidalgo H, Dard C, Pelloux H. Impact of heat-inactivation on anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibody levels. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:e291-e293. [PMID: 28708569 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Sánchez-Anguiano LF, Hernández-Tinoco J, Alvarado-Félix ÁO. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in pigs in Durango State, Mexico. J Med Virol 2017; 90:328-333. [PMID: 28914975 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
No information about hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in pigs in the northern Mexican state of Durango exists. We determined the seroprevalence and correlates of anti-HEV IgG antibodies in pigs in Durango, Mexico. Through a cross-sectional study, we studied 427 pigs raised in backyards (n = 328), or slaughtered (n = 99) in Durango. Sera of pigs were analyzed for anti-HEV IgG antibodies using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay. Antibodies to HEV were found in 193 (45.2%) of the 427 pigs studied. A significantly higher seroprevalence was observed in slaughtered pigs (79.8%) than in backyard pigs (34.8%). Bivariate analysis showed that HEV seropositivity was associated with age, sex, breed, climate, altitude, mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall, and farm raising. Logistic regression analysis showed that HEV seropositivity was associated with the origin (Sonora State) of pigs (OR=6.51; 95%CI: 3.74-11.32; P < 0.001), and mean annual rainfall (≤600 mm) (OR=1.78; 95%CI: 1.01-3.15; P = 0.04). A high seroprevalence of HEV infection in pigs slaughtered for human consumption in Durango City was found. This is the first report of an association between HEV seropositivity in pigs and climatic factors. Infection factors found may help for the optimal planning of preventive measures against HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad, Durango, Mexico
| | - Luis F Sánchez-Anguiano
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad, Durango, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández-Tinoco
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad, Durango, Mexico
| | - Ángel O Alvarado-Félix
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad, Durango, Mexico
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