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da Silva MEP, Gomes MADS, Rodrigues RS, Lima NCDS, Carvalho AG, Taborda RLM, Matos NB. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp. from hospital intensive care units in Brazilian Amazon. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:103687. [PMID: 37977198 PMCID: PMC10667742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2023.103687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter spp. are one of the main pathogens responsible for healthcare-associated infections and are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality globally, mainly because of their high capacity to present and develop resistance to antimicrobials. To identify species of the Acinetobacter and their resistance profiles from samples collected from hospitalized patients, health professionals and hospital environmental sources in the intensive care units of different public reference hospitals in Porto Velho City, Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon. Isolates were identified using microbiological and molecular techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined by disk diffusion. A total of 201 Acinetobacter spp. isolates were identified, of which 47.3% originated from hospital structures, 46.8% from patients and 6% from healthcare professionals. A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis were the most prevalent, with frequency of 58.7% and 31.8%, respectively. Regarding the susceptibility profile, it was observed that 56.3% were classified as multidrug-resistant and 76.2% of the samples belonging to A. baumannii were resistant to carbapenems. In contrast, 96.9% were susceptible to polymyxin B and 91.3% to doxycycline. The data presented here can be used to guide and strengthen the control of multidrug-resistant infections caused by Acinetobacter spp., in addition to improving providing information from a traditionally unassisted region of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Eduardo Passos da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/RO), Laboratório de Microbiologia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular (PGBCM), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nucia Cristiane da Silva Lima
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/RO), Laboratório de Microbiologia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia (CEPEM), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Anjo Gabriel Carvalho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/RO), Laboratório de Microbiologia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Najla Benevides Matos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/RO), Laboratório de Microbiologia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical de Rondônia (CEPEM), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental (INCT-EPIAMO), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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Arruda A, Ferreira GEM, Santos Júnior A, Matos NB, Carvalho TS, Ozaki LS, Stabeli RG, Silva AAE. Diversity of Culturable Bacteria Isolated From the Feces of Wild Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes From the Brazilian Amazon. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1900-1907. [PMID: 33704463 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms living in the midgut of Anopheles mosquitoes have been studied to fight vector-borne diseases, such as malaria. Studies on the microbiota of the Neotropical Anopheles darlingi, the most important Brazilian vector for malaria, have been reported for the same purpose. Our aims were to isolate and identify culturable bacteria from An. darlingi mosquito guts through their feces and to estimate the species richness and the frequency distribution of the sampled bacteria. Sixty wild females of An. darlingi mosquitoes were captured at two rural locations, near Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. Bacteria were isolated from mosquito feces, which were collected using cages which permit the collection of feces on LB nutrient agar plates. Sixty bacterial colonies were isolated and stored in glycerol at -80°C. Bacteria were identified by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene obtained using PCR and Sanger sequencing. To aid in species identification, MALDI-TOF, VITEK2, and BBL Crystal were used as complementary protocols. The sequences obtained from the 60 bacterial isolates were compared to sequences deposited in GenBank (NCBI) using BLAST. Homology greater than 97% between the query and the subject was used as the criteria for assigning the identity of each isolate. Fourteen species from eight different genera were identified among the 60 isolates. The most frequent species were Serratia liquefaciens (20%) and Serratia marcescens (15%). Due to their established apathogenicity and according to previous studies, we suggest Serratia and Pantoea species as suitable for paratransgenesis development to fight malaria in Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Najla B Matos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ RONDÔNIA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Tatiane S Carvalho
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Luiz S Ozaki
- Virginia Commonwealth University, CSBC, Life Sciences, Richmond - Virginia, USA
| | - Rodrigo G Stabeli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A E Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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Silva TTP, Teixeira AV, Silva ADAE. Pyriproxyfen Ingested With Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits Is Carried by the Feces and Reduces the Reproductive Potential of Adult Female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1264-1269. [PMID: 33511413 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new strategies to control Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae), several studies have successfully related pyriproxyfen (PPF) tarsal transference to breeding sites (autodissemination), as well as the sterilization potential of females exposed to PPF. Potential PPF autodissemination by mosquito feces after the ingestion of sugar baits has also been proposed. Therefore, the present work evaluated several parameters, e.g., fecal production, residuality under dry and aqueous conditions, PPF excretion affecting emergence inhibition (EI) by fecal deposits of Ae. aegypti fed with attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs) containing PPF as well as their reproductive potential. Females were fed with ATSBs offered as droplets and the feces were collected using filter paper and transferred to plastic cups with L3 larvae to evaluate EI. The residual effect of feces in aqueous and dry conditions and PPF excretion on EI was obtained by keeping the feces in water or dried for different time intervals and using feces collected at 24-h intervals, respectively. Females received a bloodmeal after feeding on ATSBs, eggs and larval counting expressed the reproductive potential. The fecal mass was not affected by PPF concentration, but EI increased from 33 to 54% as the PPF concentration increased. The PPF excretion in the feces exceeded 96 h. The residual effect in the EI for feces kept in water was reduced by more than 60% after 30 d but was not affected under dry conditions. The fecundity and fertility of the females were reduced up to 51% and 97%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis Tamar Pereira Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Aurea Vieira Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Alexandre de Almeida E Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioecologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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Rocha EM, Marinotti O, Serrão DM, Correa LV, Katak RDM, de Oliveira JC, Muniz VA, de Oliveira MR, do Nascimento Neto JF, Pessoa MCF, Roque RA, da Mota AJ, Onorati P, Souza-Neto JA, Terenius O, Tadei WP. Culturable bacteria associated with Anopheles darlingi and their paratransgenesis potential. Malar J 2021; 20:40. [PMID: 33441101 PMCID: PMC7805163 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a major public health problem in South America, mostly in the Amazon region. Among newly proposed ways of controlling malaria transmission to humans, paratransgenesis is a promising alternative. Paratransgenesis aims to inhibit the development of parasites within the vector through the action of genetically modified bacteria. The first step towards successful paratransgenesis in the Amazon is the identification of Anopheles darlingi symbiotic bacteria, which are transmitted vertically among mosquitoes, and are not pathogenic to humans. Methods Culturable bacteria associated with An. darlingi and their breeding sites were isolated by conventional microbiological techniques. Isolated strains were transformed with a GFP expressing plasmid, pSPT-1-GFP, and reintroduced in mosquitoes by feeding. Their survival and persistence in the next generation was assessed by the isolation of fluorescent bacteria from eggs, larvae, pupae and adult homogenates. Results A total of 179 bacterial strains were isolated from samples from two locations, Coari and Manaus. The predominant genera identified in this study were Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, Bacillus, Elizabethkingia, Stenotrophomonas and Pantoea. Two isolated strains, Serratia-Adu40 and Pantoea-Ovo3, were successfully transformed with the pSPT-1-GFP plasmid and expressed GFP. The fluorescent bacteria fed to adult females were transferred to their eggs, which persisted in larvae and throughout metamorphosis, and were detected in adult mosquitoes of the next generation. Conclusion Serratia-Adu40 and Pantoea-Ovo3 are promising candidates for paratransgenesis in An. darlingi. Further research is needed to determine if these bacteria are vertically transferred in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elerson Matos Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - PPGBIOTEC / UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo de Melo Katak
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - PPGBIOTEC / UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Juan Campos de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - PPGBIOTEC / UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rosemary Aparecida Roque
- Laboratório de Malária E Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Jose da Mota
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - PPGBIOTEC / UFAM, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Piero Onorati
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jayme A Souza-Neto
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Central Multi User Laboratory, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Olle Terenius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 596, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Wanderli Pedro Tadei
- Laboratório de Malária E Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, INPA, Manaus, Brazil.
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Nascimento DAS, Trindade FTT, Silva ADAE. Dietary Supplementation With Vitamins and Minerals Improves Larvae and Adult Rearing Conditions of Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:71-78. [PMID: 32865210 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several experiments with Anopheles darlingi Root, an important malaria vector in the Amazon region, were carried out in the laboratory, depending on the large-scale production of viable larvae and adults. Certainly, improvements in rearing conditions, including dietary requirements, can strongly affect mosquito production. In order to increase the production of this species in the laboratory, we first supplemented the regular larval diet (TetraMin Tropical Flakes) with different concentrations of vitamins and minerals and recorded several biological variables: survival and larval development time, emergence ratio, and adult longevity under a small-scale rearing condition. Second, we established an experimental design under regular lab-rearing conditions based on the concentration of vitamins and minerals that best contributed to the development of these anophelines, and evaluated the biological parameters already mentioned. Moreover, under regular rearing conditions, we recorded sex ratio, adult size, and longevity of adults fed with supplemented sucrose. The lowest concentration of vitamins (V5) and the average concentration of minerals (M3) increased larval survival and decreased larval development time compared with the control. Under regular rearing conditions, minerals provided higher larval survival and increased the longevity of adults fed with supplemented sucrose. Supplementing the regular larval diet and sucrose solutions with vitamins and minerals increased the production of immatures and the longevity of An. darlingi adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandre de Almeida E Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
- Laboratório de Bioecologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
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Rocha EM, Katak RDM, Campos de Oliveira J, Araujo MDS, Carlos BC, Galizi R, Tripet F, Marinotti O, Souza-Neto JA. Vector-Focused Approaches to Curb Malaria Transmission in the Brazilian Amazon: An Overview of Current and Future Challenges and Strategies. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E161. [PMID: 33092228 PMCID: PMC7709627 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, malaria transmission is mostly confined to the Amazon, where substantial progress has been made towards disease control in the past decade. Vector control has been historically considered a fundamental part of the main malaria control programs implemented in Brazil. However, the conventional vector-control tools have been insufficient to control or eliminate local vector populations due to the complexity of the Amazonian rainforest environment and ecological features of malaria vector species in the Amazon, especially Anopheles darlingi. Malaria elimination in Brazil and worldwide eradication will require a combination of conventional and new approaches that takes into account the regional specificities of vector populations and malaria transmission dynamics. Here we present an overview on both conventional and novel promising vector-focused tools to curb malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon. If well designed and employed, vector-based approaches may improve the implementation of malaria-control programs, particularly in remote or difficult-to-access areas and in regions where existing interventions have been unable to eliminate disease transmission. However, much effort still has to be put into research expanding the knowledge of neotropical malaria vectors to set the steppingstones for the optimization of conventional and development of innovative vector-control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elerson Matos Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas—PPGBIOTEC/UFAM, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil; (E.M.R.); (R.d.M.K.); (J.C.d.O.)
| | - Ricardo de Melo Katak
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas—PPGBIOTEC/UFAM, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil; (E.M.R.); (R.d.M.K.); (J.C.d.O.)
| | - Juan Campos de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas—PPGBIOTEC/UFAM, Manaus 69067-005, Brazil; (E.M.R.); (R.d.M.K.); (J.C.d.O.)
| | - Maisa da Silva Araujo
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ RONDONIA, Porto Velho, RO 76812-245, Brazil;
| | - Bianca Cechetto Carlos
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, Brazil;
- Central Multiuser Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, Brazil
| | - Roberto Galizi
- Centre of Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5GB, UK; (R.G.); (F.T.)
| | - Frederic Tripet
- Centre of Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5GB, UK; (R.G.); (F.T.)
| | | | - Jayme A. Souza-Neto
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, Brazil;
- Central Multiuser Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18610-034, Brazil
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Nilsson LKJ, de Oliveira MR, Marinotti O, Rocha EM, Håkansson S, Tadei WP, de Souza AQL, Terenius O. Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Breeding Waters of Anopheles darlingi in Manaus in the Amazon Basin Malaria-Endemic Area. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 78:781-791. [PMID: 30989355 PMCID: PMC6842340 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota in mosquito breeding waters can affect ovipositing mosquitoes, have effects on larval development, and can modify adult mosquito-gut bacterial composition. This, in turn, can affect transmission of human pathogens such as malaria parasites. Here, we explore the microbiota of four breeding sites for Anopheles darlingi, the most important malaria vector in Latin America. The sites are located in Manaus in the Amazon basin in Brazil, an area of active malaria transmission. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing by MiSeq, we found that all sites were dominated by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and that 94% of the total number of reads belonged to 36 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified in all sites. Of these, the most common OTUs belonged to Escherichia/Shigella, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas. Of the remaining 6% of the reads, the OTUs found to differentiate between the four sites belonged to the orders Burkholderiales, Actinomycetales, and Clostridiales. We conclude that An. darlingi can develop in breeding waters with different surface-water bacteria, but that the common microbiota found in all breeding sites might indicate or contribute to a suitable habitat for this important malaria vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise K J Nilsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 596, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marta Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69065-001, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Marinotti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, 3205 Mc-Gaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Elerson Matos Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Håkansson
- Uppsala BioCenter. Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7025, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wanderli P Tadei
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69065-001, Brazil
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM, 69011-970, Brazil
| | - Antonia Queiroz Lima de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, 69065-001, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (FCA/UFAM), Manaus, AM, 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Olle Terenius
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 596, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Prussing C, Saavedra MP, Bickersmith SA, Alava F, Guzmán M, Manrique E, Carrasco-Escobar G, Moreno M, Gamboa D, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Malaria vector species in Amazonian Peru co-occur in larval habitats but have distinct larval microbial communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007412. [PMID: 31091236 PMCID: PMC6538195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Amazonian Peru, the primary malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles darlingi), is difficult to target using standard vector control methods because it mainly feeds and rests outdoors. Larval source management could be a useful supplementary intervention, but to determine its feasibility, more detailed studies on the larval ecology of Ny. darlingi are essential. We conducted a multi-level study of the larval ecology of Anophelinae mosquitoes in the peri-Iquitos region of Amazonian Peru, examining the environmental characteristics of the larval habitats of four species, comparing the larval microbiota among species and habitats, and placing Ny. darlingi larval habitats in the context of spatial heterogeneity in human malaria transmission. We collected Ny. darlingi, Nyssorhynchus rangeli (formerly Anopheles rangeli), Nyssorhynchus triannulatus s.l. (formerly Anopheles triannulatus s.l.), and Nyssorhynchus sp. nr. konderi (formerly Anopheles sp. nr. konderi) from natural and artificial water bodies throughout the rainy and dry seasons. We found that, consistent with previous studies in this region and in Brazil, the presence of Ny. darlingi was significantly associated with water bodies in landscapes with more recent deforestation and lower light intensity. Nyssorhynchus darlingi presence was also significantly associated with a lower vegetation index, other Anophelinae species, and emergent vegetation. Though they were collected in the same water bodies, the microbial communities of Ny. darlingi larvae were distinct from those of Ny. rangeli and Ny. triannulatus s.l., providing evidence either for a species-specific larval microbiome or for segregation of these species in distinct microhabitats within each water body. We demonstrated that houses with more reported malaria cases were located closer to Ny. darlingi larval habitats; thus, targeted control of these sites could help ameliorate malaria risk. The co-occurrence of Ny. darlingi larvae in water bodies with other putative malaria vectors increases the potential impact of larval source management in this region. The standard methods used to combat mosquitoes that transmit malaria, long-lasting insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying, target mosquitoes that bite people indoors and rest indoors after biting. In Amazonian Peru, the major malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles darlingi), is known to bite and rest mostly outdoors and to feed on animals as well as humans. Therefore, additional methods are needed to control this species, such as targeting immature mosquitoes in water bodies using chemical or biological larvicides or environmental modification. To determine whether this is feasible, more ecological information about Ny. darlingi larval habitats in this region is needed. In this study, we found that Ny. darlingi were more likely to be collected from water bodies in more deforested areas, and in the presence of other species of mosquitoes that transmit malaria. We characterized the bacteria detected in three species of mosquito larvae, and found that the species of mosquito, and not the water body, determined which bacteria were identified. As we found that houses with more malaria cases were located closer to Ny. darlingi larval habitats, management of larval habitats may be an effective method to reduce the risk of malaria in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany–State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CP); (JEC)
| | - Marlon P. Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sara A. Bickersmith
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Mitchel Guzmán
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Edgar Manrique
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany–State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States of America
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CP); (JEC)
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