1
|
Sharifi-Rad J, Dey A, Koirala N, Shaheen S, El Omari N, Salehi B, Goloshvili T, Cirone Silva NC, Bouyahya A, Vitalini S, Varoni EM, Martorell M, Abdolshahi A, Docea AO, Iriti M, Calina D, Les F, López V, Caruntu C. Cinnamomum Species: Bridging Phytochemistry Knowledge, Pharmacological Properties and Toxicological Safety for Health Benefits. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:600139. [PMID: 34045956 PMCID: PMC8144503 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.600139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cinnamomum includes a number of plant species largely used as food, food additives and spices for a long time. Different traditional healing systems have used these plants as herbal remedies to cure diverse ailments. The aim of this comprehensive and updated review is to summarize the biodiversity of the genus Cinnamomum, its bioactive compounds, the mechanisms that underlie the pharmacological activities and molecular targets and toxicological safety. All the data in this review have been collected from databases and recent scientific literature including Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect etc. The results showed that the bioactive compounds of Cinnamomum species possess antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and neuroprotective effects. The preclinical (in vitro/in vivo) studies provided the possible molecular mechanisms of these action. As a novelty, recent clinical studies and toxicological data described in this paper support and confirm the pharmacological importance of the genus Cinnamomum. In conclusion, the obtained results from preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as reduced side effects provide insights into future research of new drugs based on extracts and bioactive compounds from Cinnamomum plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Niranjan Koirala
- Department of Natural Products Drugs Discovery, Dr. Koirala Research Institute for Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shabnum Shaheen
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tamar Goloshvili
- Institute of Botany, Plant Physiology and Genetic Resources, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic Center of Human Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sara Vitalini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena M Varoni
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.,Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Anna Abdolshahi
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Francisco Les
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Department of Dermatology, "Prof. N.C. Paulescu" National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Beneficial Effects of Saffron Extract on Potential Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6699821. [PMID: 33542784 PMCID: PMC7840270 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6699821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Saffron is commonly used in traditional medicines and precious perfumes. It contains pharmacologically active compounds with notably potent antioxidant activity. Saffron has a variety of active components, including crocin, crocetin, and safranal. Oxidative stress plays an important role in many cardiovascular diseases, and its uncontrolled chain reaction is related to myocardial injury. Numerous studies have confirmed that saffron exact exhibits protective effects on the myocardium and might be beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In view of the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease, people have shown considerable interest in the potential role of saffron extract as a treatment for a range of cardiovascular diseases. This review analyzed the use of saffron in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases through antioxidant stress from four aspects: antiatherosclerosis, antimyocardial ischemia, anti-ischemia reperfusion injury, and improvement in drug-induced cardiotoxicity, particularly anthracycline-induced. Although data is limited in humans with only two clinically relevant studies, the results of preclinical studies regarding the antioxidant stress effects of saffron are promising and warrant further research in clinical trials. This review summarized the protective effect of saffron in cardiovascular diseases and drug-induced cardiotoxicity. It will facilitate pharmacological research and development and promote utilization of saffron.
Collapse
|
3
|
Waiyaput W, Pumipichet S, Weerakiet S, Rattanasiri S, Sophonsritsuk A. Effect of simvastatin on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in endometriosis patients: a randomized controlled trial. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2017; 17:89. [PMID: 28950844 PMCID: PMC5615793 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Simvastatin is a promising new drug for the treatment of endometriosis. It is a cholesterol-lowering drug that acts by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, resulting in a decrease in mevalonate, a precursor of cholesterol and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). This study investigated the effect of pre-operative oral simvastatin administration on MCP-1 gene expression and serum MCP-1 protein levels in patients with endometriosis. Methods A prospective, randomized, controlled study was conducted at the Reproductive Endocrinology Unit of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital. Forty women (mean age: 18–45 years) scheduled for laparoscopic surgery who had been diagnosed with endometriosis were recruited and randomly assigned to either a treatment group (20 mg/d of orally administered simvastatin for 2 weeks before surgery) or an untreated control group. Serum was collected before and after treatment and protein levels of MCP-1 were determined. MCP-1 and CD68 transcript levels were also quantified using real-time PCR on endometriotic cyst tissues. Results MCP-1 gene expression on endometriotic cyst was not significantly different between the simvastatin-treated and untreated groups (P = 0.99). CD68 expression was higher in the treatment group compared to the control group, but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.055). Serum MCP-1 levels following simvastatin treatment were higher than in samples obtained before treatment (297.89 ± 70.77 and 255.51 ± 63.79 pg/ml, respectively) (P = 0.01). Conclusions Treatment with 20 mg/d of simvastatin for 2 weeks did not reduce the expression of either the chemokine MCP-1 gene or macrophage-specific genes. Cumulatively, this suggests that simvastatin is not ideal for treating endometriosis because a higher dose of simvastatin (40–100 mg/d) would be needed to achieve the target outcome, which would significantly increase the risk of myopathy in patients. Trial registration Thai Clinical Trials Registry TCTR20130627003 Registered: June 27, 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Waiyaput
- Office of Research Academic and Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somphoch Pumipichet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sawaek Weerakiet
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Sasivimol Rattanasiri
- Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Areepan Sophonsritsuk
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Early transcriptional changes in cardiac mitochondria during chronic doxorubicin exposure and mitigation by dexrazoxane in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 295:68-84. [PMID: 26873546 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification of early biomarkers of cardiotoxicity could help initiate means to ameliorate the cardiotoxic actions of clinically useful drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX). Since DOX has been shown to target mitochondria, transcriptional levels of mitochondria-related genes were evaluated to identify early candidate biomarkers in hearts of male B6C3F1 mice given a weekly intravenous dose of 3mg/kg DOX or saline (SAL) for 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 weeks (6, 9, 12, 18, or 24 mg/kg cumulative DOX doses, respectively). Also, a group of mice was pretreated (intraperitoneally) with the cardio-protectant, dexrazoxane (DXZ; 60 mg/kg) 30 min before each weekly dose of DOX or SAL. At necropsy a week after the last dose, increased plasma concentrations of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) were detected at 18 and 24 mg/kg cumulative DOX doses, whereas myocardial alterations were observed only at the 24 mg/kg dose. Of 1019 genes interrogated, 185, 109, 140, 184, and 451 genes were differentially expressed at 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 mg/kg cumulative DOX doses, respectively, compared to concurrent SAL-treated controls. Of these, expression of 61 genes associated with energy metabolism and apoptosis was significantly altered before and after occurrence of myocardial injury, suggesting these as early genomics markers of cardiotoxicity. Much of these DOX-induced transcriptional changes were attenuated by pretreatment of mice with DXZ. Also, DXZ treatment significantly reduced plasma cTnT concentration and completely ameliorated cardiac alterations induced by 24 mg/kg cumulative DOX. This information on early transcriptional changes during DOX treatment may be useful in designing cardioprotective strategies targeting mitochondria.
Collapse
|
5
|
Snowdin JW, Hsiung CH, Kesterson DG, Kamath VG, McKee EE. Effects of Zidovudine Treatment on Heart mRNA Expression and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number Associated with Alterations in Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate Composition in a Neonatal Rat Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6328-36. [PMID: 26248377 PMCID: PMC4576025 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01180-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV is a crucial component in HIV therapy. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), primarily 3'-azido-3'-thymidine (AZT [zidovudine]), have been used to treat both mothers and neonates. While AZT is being replaced with less toxic drugs in treating mothers in MTCT prevention, it is still commonly used to treat neonates. Problems related to mitochondrial toxicity and potential mutagenesis associated with AZT treatment have been reported in treated cohorts. Yet little is known concerning the metabolism and potential toxicity of AZT on embryonic and neonatal tissues, especially considering that the enzymes of nucleoside metabolism change dramatically as many tissues convert from hyperplastic to hypertrophic growth during this period. AZT is known to inhibit thymidine phosphorylation and potentially alter deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools in adults. This study examines the effects of AZT on dNTP pools, mRNA expression of deoxynucleoside/deoxynucleotide metabolic enzymes, and mitochondrial DNA levels in a neonatal rat model. Results show that AZT treatment dramatically altered dNTP pools in the first 7 days of life after birth, which normalized to age-matched controls in the second and third weeks. Additionally, AZT treatment dramatically increased the mRNA levels of many enzymes involved in deoxynucleotide synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis during the first week of life, which normalized to age-matched controls by the third week. These results were correlated with depletion of mitochondrial DNA noted in the second week. Taken together, results demonstrated that AZT treatment has a powerful effect on the deoxynucleotide synthesis pathways that may be associated with toxicity and mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Snowdin
- Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Chia-Heng Hsiung
- Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel G Kesterson
- Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Vasudeva G Kamath
- Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Edward E McKee
- Foundational Sciences, College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The therapeutic effect and mechanism of niacin on acute lung injury in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
7
|
Vijay V, Han T, Moland CL, Kwekel JC, Fuscoe JC, Desai VG. Sexual dimorphism in the expression of mitochondria-related genes in rat heart at different ages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117047. [PMID: 25615628 PMCID: PMC4304718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Moreover, sex and age are considered major risk factors in the development of CVDs. Mitochondria are vital for normal cardiac function, and regulation of mitochondrial structure and function may impact susceptibility to CVD. To identify potential role of mitochondria in sex-related differences in susceptibility to CVD, we analyzed the basal expression levels of mitochondria-related genes in the hearts of male and female rats. Whole genome expression profiling was performed in the hearts of young (8-week), adult (21-week), and old (78-week) male and female Fischer 344 rats and the expression of 670 unique genes related to various mitochondrial functions was analyzed. A significant (p<0.05) sexual dimorphism in expression levels of 46, 114, and 41 genes was observed in young, adult and old rats, respectively. Gene Ontology analysis revealed the influence of sex on various biological pathways related to cardiac energy metabolism at different ages. The expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism was significantly different between the sexes in young and adult rat hearts. Adult male rats also showed higher expression of genes associated with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex compared to females. In young and adult hearts, sexual dimorphism was not noted in genes encoding oxidative phosphorylation. In old rats, however, a majority of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation had higher expression in females compared to males. Such basal differences between the sexes in cardiac expression of genes associated with energy metabolism may indicate a likely involvement of mitochondria in susceptibility to CVDs. In addition, female rats showed lower expression levels of apoptotic genes in hearts compared to males at all ages, which may have implications for better preservation of cardiac mass in females than in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Vijay
- Personalized Medicine Branch, Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Tao Han
- Personalized Medicine Branch, Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Carrie L. Moland
- Personalized Medicine Branch, Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Kwekel
- Personalized Medicine Branch, Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - James C. Fuscoe
- Personalized Medicine Branch, Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Varsha G. Desai
- Personalized Medicine Branch, Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparative analysis of genetic toxicity of antiretroviral combinations in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 53:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
9
|
Lee TW, Delongchamp RR. A Method for Gene Group Analysis and Its Application. KOREAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS 2012. [DOI: 10.5351/kjas.2012.25.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
10
|
Anaerobic power and muscle strength in human immunodeficiency virus-positive preadolescents. PM R 2012; 4:171-5. [PMID: 22364955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the anaerobic power and muscle strength of preadolescents with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN Cross-sectional design. SETTING Human performance laboratory at the University District Hospital at the Puerto Rico Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen preadolescents (8 girls and 7 boys) with a classification of HIV A and B attending an investigational treatment program at the University Pediatric Hospital. Fifteen seronegative control subjects matched by age and gender also were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The power of the lower extremities was measured with use of the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test on a MONARK cycle ergometer (mean power in watts). Local muscle strength of the dominant knee extensors (peak torque/body weight × 100) was tested with an isokinetic dynamometer set at 60 deg/s. Statistical analysis was performed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and statistical significance was accepted at an α level of <.05. RESULTS No significant differences between the control group and study group were detected on muscle strength testing. The study group presented a lower anaerobic power (mean power) compared with control subjects (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study suggests that HIV-infected preadolescents present lower anaerobic power compared with uninfected control subjects. Our findings of impaired anaerobic capacity can have clinical implications in this population because most of the activities of daily living, such as play, leisure, and sport activities, are short term and high intensity (anaerobic) in nature.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee T, Manjanatha MG, Aidoo A, Moland CL, Branham WS, Fuscoe JC, Ali AA, Desai VG. Expression analysis of hepatic mitochondria-related genes in mice exposed to acrylamide and glycidamide. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:324-339. [PMID: 22480170 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.668160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is an industrial chemical that has been extensively investigated for central nervous system (CNS), reproductive, and genetic toxicity. However, AA effects on the liver, a major organ of drug metabolism, have not been adequately explored. In addition, the role of mitochondria in AA-mediated toxicity is still unclear. Changes in expression levels of genes associated with hepatic mitochondrial function of male transgenic Big Blue (BB) mice administered 500 mg/L AA or an equimolar concentration (600 mg/L) of its reactive metabolite glycidamide (GA) in drinking water for 3 and 4 wk, respectively, were examined. Transcriptional profiling of 542 mitochondria-related genes indicated a significant downregulation of genes associated with the 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family in AA- and GA-treated mice, suggesting a possible role of both chemicals in altering hepatic steroid metabolism in BB mice. In addition, genes associated with lipid metabolism were altered by both treatments. Interestingly, only the parental compound (AA) significantly induced expression levels of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, in particular ATP synthase, which correlated with elevated ATP levels, indicating an increased energy demand in liver during AA exposure. Acrylamide-treated mice also showed significantly higher activity of glutathione S-transferase in association with decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), which may imply an enhanced rate of conjugation of AA with GSH in liver. These results suggest different hepatic mechanisms of action of AA and GA and provide important insights into the involvement of mitochondria during their exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taewon Lee
- Department of Information and Mathematics, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu Q, Beland FA, Chang CW, Fang JL. XPC is essential for nucleotide excision repair of zidovudine-induced DNA damage in human hepatoma cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 251:155-62. [PMID: 21192964 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-dexoythymidine, AZT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, can be incorporated into DNA and cause DNA damage. The mechanisms underlying the repair of AZT-induced DNA damage are unknown. To investigate the pathways involved in the recognition and repair of AZT-induced DNA damage, human hepatoma HepG2 cells were incubated with AZT for 2 weeks and the expression of DNA damage signaling pathways was determined using a pathway-based real-time PCR array. Compared to control cultures, damaged DNA binding and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways showed significantly increased gene expression. Further analysis indicated that AZT treatment increased the expression of genes associated with NER, including XPC, XPA, RPA1, GTF2H1, and ERCC1. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein levels of XPC and GTF2H1 were also significantly up-regulated. To explore further the function of XPC in the repair of AZT-induced DNA damage, XPC expression was stably knocked down by 71% using short hairpin RNA interference. In the XPC knocked-down cells, 100 μM AZT treatment significantly increased [³H]AZT incorporation into DNA, decreased the total number of viable cells, increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase, induced apoptosis, and caused a more extensive G2/M cell cycle arrest when compared to non-transfected HepG2 cells or HepG2 cells transfected with a scrambled short hairpin RNA sequence. Overall, these data indicate that XPC plays an essential role in the NER repair of AZT-induced DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alcolea Palafox M, Talaya J. Hydration Analysis of Antiviral Agent AZT by Means of DFT and MP2 Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:15199-211. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1048452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Alcolea Palafox
- Departamento de Química-Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid-28040, Spain
| | - Jéssica Talaya
- Departamento de Química-Física I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid-28040, Spain
| |
Collapse
|