1
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McCabe GA, McHugh JW, Goodwin T, Johnson DF, Fok A, Campbell TG. Ophthalmic manifestations of Cryptococcus gattii species complex: a case series and review of the literature. Int J Ophthalmol 2022; 15:119-127. [PMID: 35047366 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2022.01.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To report 4 cases of Cryptococcus gattii (C. gattii) species complex infection with diverse ophthalmic manifestations, and to review the literature to examine pathobiology of disease, classical ophthalmic presentations and outcomes, and treatment modalities for this emerging pathogen. METHODS Cases of C. gattii meningoencephalitis with ophthalmic manifestations were identified via chart review at two institutions in Australia and one institution in the mid-west region of the United States and are reported as a case series. Additionally, a MEDLINE literature review was conducted to identify all reported cases of C. gattii with ophthalmic manifestations from 1990-2020. Cases were reviewed and tabulated, together with our series of patients, in this report. RESULTS Four cases of C. gattii with ophthalmic manifestations are presented; three from Australia and one from the USA. A literature review identified a total of 331 cases of C. gattii with visual sequelae. The majority of cases occurred in immunocompetent individuals. Blurred vision and diplopia were the most common presenting symptoms, with papilloedema the most common sign, reported in 10%-50% of cases. Visual loss was reported in 10%-53% of cases, as compared to rates of visual loss of 1%-9% in C. neoformans infection. Elevated intracranial pressure, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fungal burden, and abnormal neurological exam at presentation correlated with poor visual outcomes. The mainstays of treatment are anti-fungal agents and aggressive management of intracranial hypertension with serial lumbar punctures. CSF diversion procedures should be considered for refractory cases. Acetazolamide and mannitol are associated with high complication rates, and adjuvant corticosteroids have demonstrated higher mortality rates; these treatments should be avoided. CONCLUSION Permanent visual loss represents a devastating yet potentially preventable sequelae of C. gattii infection. Intracranial hypertension needs to be recognised early and aggressively managed. Referral to an ophthalmologist/neuro-ophthalmologist in all cases of cryptococcal infection independent of visual symptoms at time of diagnosis is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A McCabe
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Jack W McHugh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA
| | - Todd Goodwin
- James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.,NQ Eye Foundation, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Douglas F Johnson
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Anthony Fok
- Department of Neurology, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Thomas G Campbell
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia.,NQ Eye Foundation, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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2
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Silva C, Juan-Sallés C, Mendes J, Mendes A, Ruivo M, Abad JL, Hagen F, Colom MF. Cryptococcus bacillisporus causing cryptococcoma of the beak of an African grey parrot ( Psittacus erithacus), Portugal. Med Mycol Case Rep 2021; 34:8-12. [PMID: 34522600 PMCID: PMC8427220 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a severe case of rhinothecal cryptococcoma in a 13-year-old female African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). The bird was born and bred in captivity in Portugal. The beak was deformed and showed several round soft masses, and microscopic examination revealed the presence of cells suggestive for Cryptococcus. Phenotypic and molecular analyses identified the obtained yeast culture as C. bacillisporus (AFLP5/VGIII). By phylogenetic analysis the parrot strain clustered with clinical C. bacillisporus strains from Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carles Juan-Sallés
- Noah's Path. Veterinary Pathology Laboratory Specialising in Wildlife and Exotic Species, Elche, Spain
| | - Joana Mendes
- VetExóticos, Clínica Veterinaria, Almada, Portugal
| | - Ana Mendes
- VetExóticos, Clínica Veterinaria, Almada, Portugal
| | | | - Juan L Abad
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, University Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D'Alacant, Spain
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria F Colom
- Medical Mycology Laboratory, University Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D'Alacant, Spain.,Institute for Healthcare and Biomedical Research of Alicante, ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
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3
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Firacative C, Meyer W, Castañeda E. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Species Complexes in Latin America: A Map of Molecular Types, Genotypic Diversity, and Antifungal Susceptibility as Reported by the Latin American Cryptococcal Study Group. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040282. [PMID: 33918572 PMCID: PMC8069395 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis, a potentially fatal mycosis, is caused by members of the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. In Latin America, cryptococcal meningitis is still an important health threat with a significant clinical burden. Analysis of publicly available molecular data from 5686 clinical, environmental, and veterinary cryptococcal isolates from member countries of the Latin American Cryptococcal Study Group showed that, as worldwide, C. neoformans molecular type VNI is the most common cause of cryptococcosis (76.01%) in HIV-infected people, followed by C. gattii molecular type VGII (12.37%), affecting mostly otherwise healthy hosts. These two molecular types also predominate in the environment (68.60% for VNI and 20.70% for VGII). Among the scarce number of veterinary cases, VGII is the predominant molecular type (73.68%). Multilocus sequence typing analysis showed that, in Latin America, the C. neoformans population is less diverse than the C. gattii population (D of 0.7104 vs. 0.9755). Analysis of antifungal susceptibility data showed the presence of non-wild-type VNI, VGI, VGII, and VGIII isolates in the region. Overall, the data presented herein summarize the progress that has been made towards the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcal isolates in Latin America, contributing to the characterization of the genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of these globally spreading pathogenic yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Firacative
- Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-1-297-0200 (ext. 3404)
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Research and Education Network Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School-Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, Australia;
| | - Elizabeth Castañeda
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota 111321, Colombia;
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4
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Thompson L, Porte L, Díaz V, Díaz MC, Solar S, Valenzuela P, Norley N, Pires Y, Carreño F, Valenzuela S, Shabani R, Rickerts V, Weitzel T. Cryptococcus bacillisporus (VGIII) Meningoencephalitis Acquired in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010055. [PMID: 33467409 PMCID: PMC7830430 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of chronic meningoencephalitis with hydrocephalus caused by Cryptococcus bacillisporus (VGIII) in an immunocompetent patient from Santa Cruz, Bolivia. This first report of a member of the Cryptococcus gattii species complex from Bolivia suggests that C. bacillisporus (VGIII) is present in this tropical region of the country and complements our epidemiological and clinical knowledge of this group of emerging fungal pathogens in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Thompson
- Unidad de Infectología, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile; (L.T.); (S.S.); (P.V.)
| | - Lorena Porte
- Laboratorio Clínico, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile;
| | - Violeta Díaz
- Servicio de Neurología, Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile;
| | - María Cristina Díaz
- Programa de Microbiologia y Micologia, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7650568, Chile;
| | - Sebastián Solar
- Unidad de Infectología, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile; (L.T.); (S.S.); (P.V.)
| | - Pablo Valenzuela
- Unidad de Infectología, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile; (L.T.); (S.S.); (P.V.)
| | - Nicole Norley
- Mycology Section, FG 16, Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (N.N.); (R.S.)
| | - Yumai Pires
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile;
| | - Fernando Carreño
- Departamento de Imágenes, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile;
| | - Sergio Valenzuela
- Servicio de Neurocirugía, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile;
| | - Rukmane Shabani
- Mycology Section, FG 16, Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (N.N.); (R.S.)
| | - Volker Rickerts
- Mycology Section, FG 16, Robert-Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (N.N.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (T.W.)
| | - Thomas Weitzel
- Laboratorio Clínico, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile;
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7550000, Chile
- Correspondence: (V.R.); (T.W.)
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5
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Xue X, Deng H, Zhao L, Zang X, Asuquo IP, Meng M, Ma X, Qin C, Meng Y, Wu C, Gao J, Pan L. Cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus gattii: 2 case reports and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23213. [PMID: 33327239 PMCID: PMC7738107 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus gattii, is a life threatening fungal infection with recently increasing prevalence. C. gattii is a species complex comprising multiple independent species. However, many biological characteristics and clinical features of cryptococcosis due to C. gattii are relatively less well defined. In this paper, we identify two cases of C. gattii infection, and laboratory findings of genotype VGI and VGII in two groups of apparently immunocompetent Chinese individuals respectively. Upon detailed review of all 35 cases of C. gattii infections, it was observed that C. gattii can cause debilitating illness in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Cryptococcosis due to C. gattii is a serious systemic fungal infection, with pulmonary central nervous system tropism. Epidemiologically, C. gattii infection is not only restricted in tropical and subtropical regions, but also in other geographical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Hui Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Longting Zhao
- Department of Infectious diseases, Rizhao Central Hospital, Rizhao, China
| | - Xuelei Zang
- Department of Microbiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing
| | | | - Mingming Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xidong Ma
- Department of Respiratory Disease, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong
| | - Chong Qin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Yao Meng
- Department of Chest surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | | | - Jie Gao
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University
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6
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Firacative C, Lizarazo J, Illnait-Zaragozí MT, Castañeda E. The status of cryptococcosis in Latin America. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e170554. [PMID: 29641639 PMCID: PMC5888000 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a life-threatening fungal infection caused by the encapsulated
yeasts Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii,
acquired from the environment. In Latin America, as occurring
worldwide, C. neoformans causes more than 90% of the cases of
cryptococcosis, affecting predominantly patients with HIV, while C.
gattii generally affects otherwise healthy individuals. In this
region, cryptococcal meningitis is the most common presentation, with
amphotericin B and fluconazole being the antifungal drugs of choice. Avian
droppings are the predominant environmental reservoir of C.
neoformans, while C. gattii is associated with
several arboreal species. Importantly, C. gattii has a high
prevalence in Latin America and has been proposed to be the likely origin of
some C. gattii populations in North America. Thus, in the
recent years, significant progress has been made with the study of the basic
biology and laboratory identification of cryptococcal strains, in understanding
their ecology, population genetics, host-pathogen interactions, and the clinical
epidemiology of this important mycosis in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Firacative
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jairo Lizarazo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz, Universidad de Pamplona, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Illnait-Zaragozí
- Diagnosis and Reference Centre, Bacteriology-Mycology Department Research, Tropical Medicine Institute Pedro Kourí, Havana, Cuba
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7
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Differential In Vitro Cytokine Induction by the Species of Cryptococcus gattii Complex. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00958-17. [PMID: 29311248 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00958-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal species vary in capsule and cell size, thermotolerance, geographic distribution, and affected populations. Cryptococcus gattii sensu stricto and C. deuterogattii affect mainly immunocompetent hosts; however, C. bacillisporus, C. decagattii, and C. tetragattii cause infections mainly in immunocompromised hosts. This study aimed to compare the capacities of different species of the C. gattii species complex to induce cytokines and antimicrobial molecules in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Cryptococcus bacillisporus and C. deuterogattii induced the lowest levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 among the five species of the C. gattii complex. Cryptococcus deuterogattii induced higher levels of IL-22 than those induced by C. tetragattii and the environmental species C. flavescens In addition, C. bacillisporus and C. gattii sensu stricto proliferated inside human monocyte-derived macrophages after 24 h of infection. All Cryptococcus species were able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human PBMCs, with C. bacillisporus and C. deuterogattii being more efficient than the other species. In conclusion, C. bacillisporus and C. deuterogattii induce lower levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and higher ROS levels than those induced by the other species. Species of the Cryptococcus gattii complex have different abilities to induce cytokine and ROS production by human PBMCs.
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8
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Ecoepidemiology of Cryptococcus gattii in Developing Countries. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040062. [PMID: 29371578 PMCID: PMC5753164 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a systemic infection caused by species of the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus. The disease may occur in immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts and is acquired by the inhalation of infectious propagules present in the environment. Cryptococcus is distributed in a plethora of ecological niches, such as soil, pigeon droppings, and tree hollows, and each year new reservoirs are discovered, which helps researchers to better understand the epidemiology of the disease. In this review, we describe the ecoepidemiology of the C. gattii species complex focusing on clinical cases and ecological reservoirs in developing countries from different continents. We also discuss some important aspects related to the antifungal susceptibility of different species within the C. gattii species complex and bring new insights on the revised Cryptococcus taxonomy.
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9
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Firacative C, Roe CC, Malik R, Ferreira-Paim K, Escandón P, Sykes JE, Castañón-Olivares LR, Contreras-Peres C, Samayoa B, Sorrell TC, Castañeda E, Lockhart SR, Engelthaler DM, Meyer W. MLST and Whole-Genome-Based Population Analysis of Cryptococcus gattii VGIII Links Clinical, Veterinary and Environmental Strains, and Reveals Divergent Serotype Specific Sub-populations and Distant Ancestors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004861. [PMID: 27494185 PMCID: PMC4975453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging pathogen Cryptococcus gattii causes life-threatening disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Of the four major molecular types (VGI-VGIV), the molecular type VGIII has recently emerged as cause of disease in otherwise healthy individuals, prompting a need to investigate its population genetic structure to understand if there are potential genotype-dependent characteristics in its epidemiology, environmental niche(s), host range and clinical features of disease. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 122 clinical, environmental and veterinary C. gattii VGIII isolates from Australia, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, New Zealand, Paraguay, USA and Venezuela, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 60 isolates representing all established MLST types identified four divergent sub-populations. The majority of the isolates belong to two main clades, corresponding either to serotype B or C, indicating an ongoing species evolution. Both major clades included clinical, environmental and veterinary isolates. The C. gattii VGIII population was genetically highly diverse, with minor differences between countries, isolation source, serotype and mating type. Little to no recombination was found between the two major groups, serotype B and C, at the whole and mitochondrial genome level. C. gattii VGIII is widespread in the Americas, with sporadic cases occurring elsewhere, WGS revealed Mexico and USA as a likely origin of the serotype B VGIII population and Colombia as a possible origin of the serotype C VGIII population. Serotype B isolates are more virulent than serotype C isolates in a murine model of infection, causing predominantly pulmonary cryptococcosis. No specific link between genotype and virulence was observed. Antifungal susceptibility testing against six antifungal drugs revealed that serotype B isolates are more susceptible to azoles than serotype C isolates, highlighting the importance of strain typing to guide effective treatment to improve the disease outcome. Cryptococcus gattii, which is classically divided into four major molecular types (VGI-VGIV), and two serotypes B and C, is the second most important cause of cryptococcosis. The rising incidence of human and animal cryptococcosis cases caused by molecular type VGIII highlights the need for increased vigilance. In this study, we characterized a large set of C. gattii VGIII isolates. Genetic analysis revealed four diverging sub-populations, which were primarily associated with serotype B or C, and very likely originated from endemic regions in Colombia, Mexico and the USA. Differences in virulence and antifungal susceptibility between serotypes may result in different disease outcomes since serotype B isolates were more virulent in mice than serotype C isolates, but serotype C isolates were less susceptible to azoles, the primary treatment for uncomplicated cryptococcosis. Identification of cryptococcal serotype and molecular type in clinical practice has the potential to guide treatment regimens and hence reduce morbidity and mortality in both sporadic cases and those associated with outbreaks. Our study significantly contributes to the understanding of the epidemiology, genetics and pathogenesis of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Firacative
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Chandler C. Roe
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kennio Ferreira-Paim
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Infectious Disease Department, Triangulo Mineiro Federal University, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patricia Escandón
- Grupo de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jane E. Sykes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Rocío Castañón-Olivares
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad National Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Tania C. Sorrell
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Shawn R. Lockhart
- Mycotic Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David M. Engelthaler
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School - Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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10
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Hagen F, Hare Jensen R, Meis JF, Arendrup MC. Molecular epidemiology andin vitroantifungal susceptibility testing of 108 clinicalCryptococcus neoformans sensu latoandCryptococcus gattii sensu latoisolates from Denmark. Mycoses 2016; 59:576-84. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Rasmus Hare Jensen
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research; Unit of Mycology; Statens Serum Institut; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Radboudumc; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Maiken Cavling Arendrup
- Department of Microbiological Surveillance and Research; Unit of Mycology; Statens Serum Institut; Copenhagen Denmark
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11
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Cryptococcus gattii genotype AFLP6/VGII meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent Filipino male in Kuwait: activation of a dormant infection. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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12
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Illnait-Zaragozi MT, Martínez-Machín GF, Fernández-Andreu CM, Perurena-Lancha MR, Hagen F, Meis JF. Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis in Cuba. A minireview. Mycoses 2014; 57:707-17. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ferry Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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13
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Lizarazo J, Escandón P, Agudelo CI, Firacative C, Meyer W, Castañeda E. Retrospective study of the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Cryptococcus gattii infections in Colombia from 1997-2011. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3272. [PMID: 25411779 PMCID: PMC4238989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus gattii is endemic in various parts of the world, affecting mostly immunocompetent patients. A national surveillance study of cryptococcosis, including demographical, clinical and microbiological data, has been ongoing since 1997 in Colombia, to provide insights into the epidemiology of this mycosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS From 1,209 surveys analyzed between 1997-2011, 45 cases caused by C. gattii were reported (prevalence 3.7%; annual incidence 0.07 cases/million inhabitants/year). Norte de Santander had the highest incidence (0.81 cases/million/year), representing 33.3% of all cases. The male: female ratio was 3.3∶1. Mean age at diagnosis was 41±16 years. No specific risk factors were identified in 91.1% of patients. HIV infection was reported in 6.7% of patients, autoimmune disease and steroids use in 2.2%. Clinical features included headache (80.5%), nausea/vomiting (56.1%) and neurological derangements (48.8%). Chest radiographs were taken in 21 (46.7%) cases, with abnormal findings in 7 (33.3%). Cranial CT scans were obtained in 15 (33.3%) cases, with abnormalities detected in 10 (66.7%). Treatment was well documented in 30 cases, with most receiving amphotericin B. Direct sample examination was positive in 97.7% cases. Antigen detection was positive for all CSF specimens and for 75% of serum samples. C. gattii was recovered from CSF (93.3%) and respiratory specimens (6.6%). Serotype was determined in 42 isolates; 36 isolates were serotype B (85.7%), while 6 were C (14.3%). The breakdowns of molecular types were VGII (55.6%), VGIII (31.1%) and VGI (13.3%). Among 44 strains, 16 MLST sequence types (ST) were identified, 11 of them newly reported. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results of this passive surveillance study demonstrate that cryptococcosis caused by C. gattii has a low prevalence in Colombia, with the exception of Norte de Santander. The predominance of molecular type VGII is of concern considering its association with high virulence and the potential to evolve into outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Lizarazo
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz, Cúcuta, Norte de Santander, Colombia
| | | | | | - Carolina Firacative
- Microbiology Group, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School – Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Sydney Medical School – Westmead Hospital, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Molecular characterization of Cryptococcus gattii genotype AFLP6/VGII isolated from woody debris of divi-divi (Caesalpinia coriaria), Bonaire, Dutch Caribbean. Rev Iberoam Micol 2014; 31:193-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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15
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Favalessa OC, Lázera MDS, Wanke B, Trilles L, Takahara DT, Tadano T, Dias LB, Vieira AC, Novack GV, Hahn RC. FatalCryptococcus gattiigenotype AFLP6/VGII infection in a HIV-negative patient: case report and a literature review. Mycoses 2014; 57:639-43. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Cometti Favalessa
- Laboratório de Micologia; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
| | | | - Bodo Wanke
- IPEC - Laboratório de Micologia; FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Luciana Trilles
- IPEC - Laboratório de Micologia; FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Doracilde Terumi Takahara
- Laboratório de Micologia; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
| | - Tomoko Tadano
- Hospital Universitário Júlio Müller; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
| | - Luciana Basili Dias
- Laboratório de Micologia; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
| | - Ananda Castro Vieira
- Hospital Universitário Júlio Müller; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
| | - Glaúcia Vanessa Novack
- Hospital Universitário Júlio Müller; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
| | - Rosane Christine Hahn
- Laboratório de Micologia; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
- Hospital Universitário Júlio Müller; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; Cuiabá MT Brazil
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