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Li Y, Dong D, Qu Y, Li J, Chen S, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Jiao Y, Fan L, Sun D. A Multidrug Delivery Microrobot for the Synergistic Treatment of Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301889. [PMID: 37423966 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug combination therapy provides an effective strategy for malignant tumor treatment. This paper presents the development of a biodegradable microrobot for on-demand multidrug delivery. By combining magnetic targeting transportation with tumor therapy, it is hypothesized that loading multiple drugs on different regions of a single magnetic microrobot can enhance a synergistic effect for cancer treatment. The synergistic effect of using two drugs together is greater than that of using each drug separately. Here, a 3D-printed microrobot inspired by the fish structure with three hydrogel components: skeleton, head, and body structures is demonstrated. Made of iron oxide (Fe3 O4 ) nanoparticles embedded in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), the skeleton can respond to magnetic fields for microrobot actuation and drug-targeted delivery. The drug storage structures, head, and body, made by biodegradable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) exhibit enzyme-responsive cargo release. The multidrug delivery microrobots carrying acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and doxorubicin (DOX) in drug storage structures, respectively, exhibit the excellent synergistic effects of ASA and DOX by accelerating HeLa cell apoptosis and inhibiting HeLa cell metastasis. In vivo studies indicate that the microrobots improve the efficiency of tumor inhibition and induce a response to anti-angiogenesis. The versatile multidrug delivery microrobot conceptualized here provides a way for developing effective combination therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Dingran Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Junyang Li
- Center for Robotics and Automation, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Shuxun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Center for Robotics and Automation, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Center for Robotics and Automation, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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Lee JG, Thome CP, Cruse ZA, Ganguly A, Gupta A, Shields CW. Magnetically locked Janus particle clusters with orientation-dependent motion in AC electric fields. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16268-16276. [PMID: 37800377 PMCID: PMC10598768 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Active particles, or micromotors, locally dissipate energy to drive locomotion at small length scales. The type of trajectory is generally fixed and dictated by the geometry and composition of the particle, which can be challenging to tune using conventional fabrication procedures. Here, we report a simple, bottom-up method to magnetically assemble gold-coated polystyrene Janus particles into "locked" clusters that display diverse trajectories when stimulated by AC electric fields. The orientation of particles within each cluster gives rise to distinct modes of locomotion, including translational, rotational, trochoidal, helical, and orbital. We model this system using a simplified rigid beads model and demonstrate qualitative agreement between the predicted and experimentally observed cluster trajectories. Overall, this system provides a facile means to scalably create micromotors with a range of well-defined motions from discrete building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Cooper P Thome
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Zoe A Cruse
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Arkava Ganguly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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van Kesteren S, Shen X, Aldeghi M, Isa L. Printing on Particles: Combining Two-Photon Nanolithography and Capillary Assembly to Fabricate Multimaterial Microstructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207101. [PMID: 36601964 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing at the micro- and nanoscale has seen a recent upsurge to suit an increasing demand for more elaborate structures. However, the integration of multiple distinct materials at small scales remains challenging. To this end, capillarity-assisted particle assembly (CAPA) and two-photon polymerization direct laser writing (2PP-DLW) are combined to realize a new class of multimaterial microstructures. 2PP-DLW and CAPA both are used to fabricate 3D templates to guide the CAPA of soft- and hard colloids, and to link well-defined arrangements of functional microparticle arrays produced by CAPA, a process that is termed "printing on particles." The printing process uses automated particle recognition algorithms to connect colloids into 1D, 2D, and 3D tailored structures, via rigid, soft, or responsive polymer links. Once printed and developed, the structures can be easily re-dispersed in water. Particle clusters and lattices of varying symmetry and composition are reported, together with thermoresponsive microactuators, and magnetically driven "micromachines", which can efficiently move, capture, and release DNA-coated particles in solution. The flexibility of this method allows the combination of a wide range of functional materials into complex structures, which will boost the realization of new systems and devices for numerous fields, including microrobotics, micromanipulation, and metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven van Kesteren
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Xueting Shen
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Michele Aldeghi
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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Golvari P, Kuebler SM. Fabrication of Functional Microdevices in SU-8 by Multi-Photon Lithography. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:472. [PMID: 33919437 PMCID: PMC8143355 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys advances in the fabrication of functional microdevices by multi-photon lithography (MPL) using the SU-8 material system. Microdevices created by MPL in SU-8 have been key to progress in the fields of micro-fluidics, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), micro-robotics, and photonics. The review discusses components, properties, and processing of SU-8 within the context of MPL. Emphasis is focused on advances within the last five years, but the discussion also includes relevant developments outside this period in MPL and the processing of SU-8. Novel methods for improving resolution of MPL using SU-8 and discussed, along with methods for functionalizing structures after fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Golvari
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Stephen M. Kuebler
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Faraji Rad Z, Prewett PD, Davies GJ. High-resolution two-photon polymerization: the most versatile technique for the fabrication of microneedle arrays. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:71. [PMID: 34567783 PMCID: PMC8433298 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microneedle patches have received much interest in the last two decades as drug/vaccine delivery or fluid sampling systems for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. Microneedles are manufactured using a variety of additive and subtractive micromanufacturing techniques. In the last decade, much attention has been paid to using additive manufacturing techniques in both research and industry, such as 3D printing, fused deposition modeling, inkjet printing, and two-photon polymerization (2PP), with 2PP being the most flexible method for the fabrication of microneedle arrays. 2PP is one of the most versatile and precise additive manufacturing processes, which enables the fabrication of arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) prototypes directly from computer-aided-design (CAD) models with a resolution down to 100 nm. Due to its unprecedented flexibility and high spatial resolution, the use of this technology has been widespread for the fabrication of bio-microdevices and bio-nanodevices such as microneedles and microfluidic devices. This is a pioneering transformative technology that facilitates the fabrication of complex miniaturized structures that cannot be fabricated with established multistep manufacturing methods such as injection molding, photolithography, and etching. Thus, microstructures are designed according to structural and fluid dynamics considerations rather than the manufacturing constraints imposed by methods such as machining or etching processes. This article presents the fundamentals of 2PP and the recent development of microneedle array fabrication through 2PP as a precise and unique method for the manufacture of microstructures, which may overcome the shortcomings of conventional manufacturing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Faraji Rad
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD 4300 Australia
| | - Philip D. Prewett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- Oxacus Ltd, Dorchester-on-Thames, OX10 7HN UK
| | - Graham J. Davies
- Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Australia, Kensington, NSW 2052 Australia
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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