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Ge R, Huang GM. Targeting transforming growth factor beta signaling in metastatic osteosarcoma. J Bone Oncol 2023; 43:100513. [PMID: 38021074 PMCID: PMC10666000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2023.100513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a rare type of bone cancer, and half of the cases affect children and adolescents younger than 20 years of age. Despite intensive efforts to improve both chemotherapeutics and surgical management, the clinical outcome for metastatic osteosarcoma remains poor. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is one of the most abundant growth factors in bones. The TGF-β signaling pathway has complex and contradictory roles in the pathogenesis of human cancers. TGF-β is primarily a tumor suppressor that inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of premalignant epithelial cells. In the later stages of cancer progression, however, TGF-β functions as a metastasis promoter by promoting tumor growth, inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), blocking antitumor immune responses, increasing tumor-associated fibrosis, and enhancing angiogenesis. In contrast with the dual effects of TGF-β on carcinoma (epithelial origin) progression, TGF-β seems to mainly have a pro-tumoral effect on sarcomas including osteosarcoma (mesenchymal origin). Many drugs that target TGF-β signaling have been developed: neutralizing antibodies that prevent TGF-β binding to receptor complexes; ligand trap employing recombinant Fc-fusion proteins containing the soluble ectodomain of either type II (TβRII) or the type III receptor ((TβRIII), preventing TGF-β from binding to its receptors; antisense nucleotides that reduce TGF-β expression at the transcriptional/translational level; small molecule inhibitors of serine/threonine kinases of the type I receptor (TβRI) preventing downstream signaling; and vaccines that contain cell lines transfected with TβRII antisense genes, or target furin convertase, resulting in reduced TGF-β signaling. TGF-β antagonists have been shown to have effects on osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. One of the small molecule TβRI inhibitors, Vactosertib, is currently undergoing a phase 1/2 clinical trial to evaluate its effect on osteosarcoma. Several phase 1/2/3 clinical trials have shown TGF-β antagonists are safe and well tolerated. For instance, Luspatercept, a TGF-β ligand trap, has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of anemia associated with myeloid dysplastic syndrome (MDS) with ring sideroblasts/mutated SF3B1 with acceptable safety. Clinical trials evaluating the long-term safety of Luspatercept are in process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Ge
- Hillman Cancer Center at Central Pennsylvania, University of Pittsburg Medical Center, Harrisburg, PA, 17109, USA
| | - Gavin M. Huang
- Harrisburg Academy School, 10 Erford Rd, Wormleysburg, PA, 17043, USA
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2
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Zieba J, Nevarez L, Wachtell D, Martin JH, Kot A, Wong S, Cohn DH, Krakow D. Altered Sox9 and FGF signaling gene expression in Aga2 OI mice negatively affects linear growth. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e171984. [PMID: 37796615 PMCID: PMC10721276 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.171984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), or brittle bone disease, is a disorder characterized by bone fragility and increased fracture incidence. All forms of OI also feature short stature, implying an effect on endochondral ossification. Using the Aga2+/- mouse, which has a mutation in type I collagen, we show an affected growth plate primarily due to a shortened proliferative zone. We used single-cell RNA-Seq analysis of tibial and femoral growth plate tissues to understand transcriptional consequences on growth plate cell types. We show that perichondrial cells, which express abundant type I procollagen, and growth plate chondrocytes, which were found to express low amounts of type I procollagen, had ER stress and dysregulation of the same unfolded protein response pathway as previously demonstrated in osteoblasts. Aga2+/- proliferating chondrocytes showed increased FGF and MAPK signaling, findings consistent with accelerated differentiation. There was also increased Sox9 expression throughout the growth plate, which is expected to accelerate early chondrocyte differentiation but reduce late hypertrophic differentiation. These data reveal that mutant type I collagen expression in OI has an impact on the cartilage growth plate. These effects on endochondral ossification indicate that OI is a biologically complex phenotype going beyond its known impacts on bone to negatively affect linear growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zieba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisette Nevarez
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Davis Wachtell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge H. Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander Kot
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sereen Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel H. Cohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Amoushahi M, Lykke-Hartmann K. Distinct Signaling Pathways Distinguish in vivo From in vitro Growth in Murine Ovarian Follicle Activation and Maturation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:708076. [PMID: 34368158 PMCID: PMC8346253 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.708076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with cancer and low ovarian reserves face serious challenges in infertility treatment. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is currently used for such patients to preserve fertility. One major challenge is the activation of dormant ovarian follicles, which is hampered by our limited biological understanding of molecular determinants that activate dormant follicles and help maintain healthy follicles during growth. Here, we investigated the transcriptomes of oocytes isolated from dormant (primordial) and activated (primary) follicles under in vivo and in vitro conditions. We compared the biological relevance of the initial molecular markers of mature metaphase II (MII) oocytes developed in vivo or in vitro. The expression levels of genes involved in the cell cycle, signal transduction, and Wnt signaling were highly enriched in oocytes from primary follicles and MII oocytes. Interestingly, we detected strong downregulation of the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in oocytes from primordial follicles, in contrast to oocytes from primary follicles and MII oocytes. Our results showed a dynamic pattern in mitochondrial and ROS production-related genes, emphasizing their important role(s) in primordial follicle activation and oocyte maturation. The transcriptome of MII oocytes showed a major divergence from that of oocytes of primordial and primary follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Lopes FM, Roberts NA, Zeef LAH, Gardiner NJ, Woolf AS. Overactivity or blockade of transforming growth factor-β each generate a specific ureter malformation. J Pathol 2019; 249:472-484. [PMID: 31400222 PMCID: PMC6900140 DOI: 10.1002/path.5335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) has been reported to be dysregulated in malformed ureters. There exists, however, little information on whether altered TGFβ levels actually perturb ureter development. We therefore hypothesised that TGFβ has functional effects on ureter morphogenesis. Tgfb1, Tgfb2 and Tgfb3 transcripts coding for TGFβ ligands, as well as Tgfbr1 and Tgfbr2 coding for TGFβ receptors, were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in embryonic mouse ureters collected over a wide range of stages. As assessed by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry, the two receptors were detected in embryonic urothelia. Next, TGFβ1 was added to serum-free cultures of embryonic day 15 mouse ureters. These organs contain immature smooth muscle and urothelial layers and their in vivo potential to grow and acquire peristaltic function can be replicated in serum-free organ culture. Such organs therefore constitute a suitable developmental stage with which to define roles of factors that affect ureter growth and functional differentiation. Exogenous TGFβ1 inhibited growth of the ureter tube and generated cocoon-like dysmorphogenesis. RNA sequencing suggested that altered levels of transcripts encoding certain fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) followed exposure to TGFβ. In serum-free organ culture exogenous FGF10 but not FGF18 abrogated certain dysmorphic effects mediated by exogenous TGFβ1. To assess whether an endogenous TGFβ axis functions in developing ureters, embryonic day 15 explants were exposed to TGFβ receptor chemical blockade; growth of the ureter was enhanced, and aberrant bud-like structures arose from the urothelial tube. The muscle layer was attenuated around these buds, and peristalsis was compromised. To determine whether TGFβ effects were limited to one stage, explants of mouse embryonic day 13 ureters, more primitive organs, were exposed to exogenous TGFβ1, again generating cocoon-like structures, and to TGFβ receptor blockade, again generating ectopic buds. As for the mouse studies, immunostaining of normal embryonic human ureters detected TGFβRI and TGFβRII in urothelia. Collectively, these observations reveal unsuspected regulatory roles for endogenous TGFβ in embryonic ureters, fine-tuning morphogenesis and functional differentiation. Our results also support the hypothesis that the TGFβ up-regulation reported in ureter malformations impacts on pathobiology. Further experiments are needed to unravel the intracellular signalling mechanisms involved in these dysmorphic responses. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa M Lopes
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Neil A Roberts
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Leo AH Zeef
- The Bioinformatics Core FacilityUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Natalie J Gardiner
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Royal Manchester Children's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
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Song R, Wang D, Zeng R, Wang J. Synergistic effects of fibroblast growth factor-2 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 on bone induction. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4483-4492. [PMID: 28791357 PMCID: PMC5647008 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the synergistic effect of co-administering fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on osteoblastic differentiation in C2C12 cells and in rats. C2C12 murine myoblast cells represent a well-accepted in vitro model system to study the ability of BMP-2 to alter cell lineage from the myogenic to the osteogenic phenotype. The osteoblastic differentiation potency was determined by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin red S staining. ALP activity and calcium concentrations were colorimetrically measured. Simultaneous administration of 4 µg/ml recombinant human BMP-2 with 2 ng/ml FGF-2 markedly enhanced ALP activity (an early marker of osteogenesis) of C2C12 cells. This combination also increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 mitogen activated protein kinase signaling that is involved in the promoting effect of FGF-2 on BMP-2-induced osteoblastic differentiation in C2C12 cells. Calcium deposition (a late marker of osteogenesis) and the expression of CD34 (a marker of new vessels) were promoted optimally by simultaneous local sustained administration of FGF-2 and BMP-2 using collagen and chitosan-coated antigen-extracted porcine cancellous implants in a rat ectopic implantation model. The synergistic effects of a combination of BMP-2 and FGF-2 may have potential for bone regenerative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongying Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio‑Engineering Medicine (National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Dingding Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Bio‑Pharmaceutical, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
| | - Ju Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio‑Engineering Medicine (National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
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Odgren PR, Witwicka H, Reyes-Gutierrez P. The cast of clasts: catabolism and vascular invasion during bone growth, repair, and disease by osteoclasts, chondroclasts, and septoclasts. Connect Tissue Res 2016; 57:161-74. [PMID: 26818783 PMCID: PMC4912663 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2016.1140752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Three named cell types degrade and remove skeletal tissues during growth, repair, or disease: osteoclasts, chondroclasts, and septoclasts. A fourth type, unnamed and less understood, removes nonmineralized cartilage during development of secondary ossification centers. "Osteoclasts," best known and studied, are polykaryons formed by fusion of monocyte precursors under the influence of colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF)-1 (M-CSF) and RANKL. They resorb bone during growth, remodeling, repair, and disease. "Chondroclasts," originally described as highly similar in cytological detail to osteoclasts, reside on and degrade mineralized cartilage. They may be identical to osteoclasts since to date there are no distinguishing markers for them. Because osteoclasts also consume cartilage cores along with bone during growth, the term "chondroclast" might best be reserved for cells attached only to cartilage. "Septoclasts" are less studied and appreciated. They are mononuclear perivascular cells rich in cathepsin B. They extend a cytoplasmic projection with a ruffled membrane and degrade the last transverse septum of hypertrophic cartilage in the growth plate, permitting capillaries to bud into it. To do this, antiangiogenic signals in cartilage must give way to vascular trophic factors, mainly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The final cell type excavates cartilage canals for vascular invasion of articular cartilage during development of secondary ossification centers. The "clasts" are considered in the context of fracture repair and diseases such as arthritis and tumor metastasis. Many observations support an essential role for hypertrophic chondrocytes in recruiting septoclasts and osteoclasts/chondroclasts by supplying VEGF and RANKL. The intimate relationship between blood vessels and skeletal turnover and repair is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R. Odgren
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655,Corresponding author: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue, North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA, Phone: 508 856 8609, Fax: 508 856 1033,
| | - Hanna Witwicka
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Pablo Reyes-Gutierrez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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Heilig J, Paulsson M, Zaucke F. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling regulates osterix expression and cartilage matrix mineralization during endochondral ossification. Bone 2016; 83:48-57. [PMID: 26475121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Heilig
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), Cologne, Germany
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), Cologne, Germany.
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Abstract
Environmental temperature can have a surprising impact on extremity growth in homeotherms, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive for over a century. Limbs of animals raised at warm ambient temperature are significantly and permanently longer than those of littermates housed at cooler temperature. These remarkably consistent lab results closely resemble the ecogeographical tenet described by Allen's "extremity size rule," that appendage length correlates with temperature and latitude. This phenotypic growth plasticity could have adaptive significance for thermal physiology. Shortened extremities help retain body heat in cold environments by decreasing surface area for potential heat loss. Homeotherms have evolved complex mechanisms to maintain tightly regulated internal temperatures in challenging environments, including "facultative extremity heterothermy" in which limb temperatures can parallel ambient. Environmental modulation of tissue temperature can have direct and immediate consequences on cell proliferation, metabolism, matrix production, and mineralization in cartilage. Temperature can also indirectly influence cartilage growth by modulating circulating levels and delivery routes of essential hormones and paracrine regulators. Using an integrated approach, this article synthesizes classic studies with new data that shed light on the basis and significance of this enigmatic growth phenomenon and its relevance for treating human bone elongation disorders. Discussion centers on the vasculature as a gateway to understanding the complex interconnection between direct (local) and indirect (systemic) mechanisms of temperature-enhanced bone lengthening. Recent advances in imaging modalities that enable the dynamic study of cartilage growth plates in vivo will be key to elucidating fundamental physiological mechanisms of long bone growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Serrat
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
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Su N, Jin M, Chen L. Role of FGF/FGFR signaling in skeletal development and homeostasis: learning from mouse models. Bone Res 2014; 2:14003. [PMID: 26273516 PMCID: PMC4472122 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2014.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling plays essential roles in bone development and diseases. Missense mutations in FGFs and FGFRs in humans can cause various congenital bone diseases, including chondrodysplasia syndromes, craniosynostosis syndromes and syndromes with dysregulated phosphate metabolism. FGF/FGFR signaling is also an important pathway involved in the maintenance of adult bone homeostasis. Multiple kinds of mouse models, mimicking human skeleton diseases caused by missense mutations in FGFs and FGFRs, have been established by knock-in/out and transgenic technologies. These genetically modified mice provide good models for studying the role of FGF/FGFR signaling in skeleton development and homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the mouse models of FGF signaling-related skeleton diseases and recent progresses regarding the molecular mechanisms, underlying the role of FGFs/FGFRs in the regulation of bone development and homeostasis. This review also provides a perspective view on future works to explore the roles of FGF signaling in skeletal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Su
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Min Jin
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, 400042, China
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Long-term resveratrol treatment prevents ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in rats without hyperplastic effects on the uterus. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:836-46. [PMID: 24073920 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513003115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (Res), a polyphenol that is abundant in many medicinal plants and is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, exhibits multiple biological activities. In the present study, we determined whether Res prevents oestrogen deficiency-induced osteopenia and whether Res administration decreases pathological changes in the endometrium and lumen of the uterus compared with oestradiol replacement therapy (ERT). A total of sixty 3-4-month-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into a sham-operated group (Sham) and five ovariectomy (OVX) subgroups, i.e. OVX rats as a control group (OVX); OVX rats receiving oestradiol valerate (ERT, 0·8 mg/kg); and OVX rats receiving Res 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg. Daily oral administration was initiated at week 2 after OVX for 12 weeks. A dose-response difference was observed in the effects of Res on bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular microarchitecture. Only at the highest dose, bone loss was almost equivalent to that observed in the ERT group. The dose-response effects of Res on the biochemical parameters (alkaline phosphatase, IL-6, TNF-α and transforming growth factor-β1 concentrations in the serum as well as urinary Ca and P excretion) and the expressions of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and the RANKL:osteoprotegerin protein ratio in the femur were also observed. Furthermore, the thickening of the endometrium and the infiltration of lymphocytes were prevented in all the three Res-treated groups compared with the ERT group. In conclusion, Res treatment not only improves BMD and trabecular microarchitecture but also does not affect the uterus and Res might be a potential remedy for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Agas D, Sabbieti MG, Marchetti L, Xiao L, Hurley MM. FGF-2 enhances Runx-2/Smads nuclear localization in BMP-2 canonical signaling in osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2149-58. [PMID: 23559326 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is one of the most potent regulators of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. R-Smads (Smads 1/5/8) are the major transducers for BMPs receptors and, once activated, they are translocated in the nucleus regulating transcription target genes by interacting with various transcription factors. Runx-2 proteins have been shown to interact through their C-terminal segment with Smads and this interaction is required for in vivo osteogenesis. In particular, recruitment of Smads to intranuclear sites is Runx-2 dependent, and Runx-2 factor may accommodate the dynamic targeting of signal transducer to active transcription sites. Previously, we have shown, by in vitro and in vivo experiments, that BMP-2 up-regulated FGF-2 which is important for the maximal responses of BMP-2 in bone. In this study, we found that endogenous FGF2 is necessary for BMP-2 induced nuclear accumulation and co-localization of Runx-2 and phospho-Smads1/5/8, while Runx/Smads nuclear accumulation and co-localization was reduced in Fgf2-/- osteoblasts. Based on these novel data, we conclude that the impaired nuclear accumulation of Runx-2 in Fgf2-/- osteoblasts reduces R-Smads sub-nuclear targeting with a consequent decreased expression of differentiating markers and impaired bone formation in Fgf2 null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino, Macerata, Italy
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Yin SJ, Tang XB, Li FF, Zhang T, Yuan ZW, Wang WL, Bai YZ. Spatiotemporal Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 in Human Hindgut and Anorectal Development. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:28-34. [DOI: 10.1159/000351472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Yu ZH, Wang DD, Zhou ZY, He SL, Chen AA, Wang J. Mutant soluble ectodomain of fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 IIIc attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:731-6. [PMID: 22687409 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a strong inhibitor (S252W mutant soluble ectodomain of fibroblast growth factor recptor-2 IIIc, msFGFR2) that binds FGFs strongly and blocks the activation of FGFRs. In vitro, msFGFR2 could inhibit the promoting effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 on the proliferation of primary lung fibroblasts. In vivo, msFGFR2 alleviated lung fibrosis through inhibiting the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and collagen deposit. In Western blotting of the right lung tissues and immunohistochemical assay, we found the level of p-FGFRs, p-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p-Smad3 in the mice of bleomycin (BLM) group treated with msFGFR2 was down dramatically compared with the mice of BLM group, which suggested the activations of FGF and TGF-β signals were blocked meanwhile. In summary, msFGFR2 attenuated BLM-induced fibrosis and is an attractive therapeutic candidate for human pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-hong Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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14
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Ju W, Zhihong Y, Zhiyou Z, Qin H, Dingding W, Li S, Baowei Z, Xing W, Ying H, An H. Inhibition of α-SMA by the ectodomain of FGFR2c attenuates lung fibrosis. Mol Med 2012; 18:992-1002. [PMID: 22451267 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble ectodomain of fibroblast growth factor receptor-IIIc (sFGFR2c) is able to bind to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ligands and block the activation of the FGF-signaling pathway. In this study, sFGFR2c inhibited lung fibrosis dramatically in vitro and in vivo. The upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is an important step in the process of lung fibrosis, in which FGF-2, released by TGF-β1, is involved. sFGFR2c inhibited α-SMA induction by TGF-β1 via both the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Smad3 pathways in primary mouse lung fibroblasts and the proliferation of mouse lung fibroblasts. In a mouse model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis, mice were treated with sFGFR2c from d 3 or d 10 to 31 after BLM administration. Then we used hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson staining and immunohistochemical staining to evaluate the inhibitory effects of sFGFR2c on lung fibrosis. The treatment with sFGFR2c resulted in significant attenuation of the lung fibrosis score and collagen deposition. The expression levels of α-SMA, p-FGFRs, p-ERK1/2 and p-Smad3 in the lungs of sFGFR2c-treated mice were markedly lower. sFGFR2c may have potential for the treatment of lung fibrosis as an FGF-2 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ju
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine (National Engineering Research Centre of Genetic Medicine), Guangzhou, Guangdong China.
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Wang Y, Huang YC, Gertzman AA, Xie L, Nizkorodov A, Hyzy SL, Truncale K, Guldberg RE, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Endogenous regeneration of critical-size chondral defects in immunocompromised rat xiphoid cartilage using decellularized human bone matrix scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2332-42. [PMID: 22731693 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical efforts to repair cartilage defects delivering cells or engineered cartilage implants into the lesions have met with limited success. This study used a critical-size chondral defect model in immunocompromised rat xiphoid cartilage to test whether endogenous chondrogenesis could be achieved using human bone matrix scaffolds to deliver human cartilage particles and/or a variant isoform of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2-variant). Seventy-two male athymic RNU rats were enrolled in this study with eight rats per experimental group. Decellularized and demineralized human bone matrix scaffolds loaded with human articular cartilage particles or heat-inactivated cartilage particles were combined with different doses of the FGF2-variant. Scaffolds were implanted into 3-mm-diameter critical-size defects prepared using a biopsy punch through the center of the xiphoid. The samples were evaluated 28 days postsurgery using X-ray, equilibrium partitioning of ionic contrast microcomputed tomography, and safranin O-stained histological sagittal sections. Scaffolds containing cartilage particles plus the FGF2-variant induced dose-dependent increases in the formation of neocartilage (p<0.05), which was distributed homogeneously throughout the defects in comparison to scaffolds containing only the FGF2-variant. These effects were less pronounced when scaffolds with heat-inactivated cartilage particles were used. These results demonstrate that endogenous repair of chondral defects can be achieved in the absence of exogenous cells or bone marrow, suggesting that a similar approach may be successful for treating chondral lesions clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0363, USA
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16
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Mukherjee A, Larson EA, Carlos AS, Belknap JK, Rotwein P, Klein RF. Congenic mice provide in vivo evidence for a genetic locus that modulates intrinsic transforming growth factor β1-mediated signaling and bone acquisition. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1345-56. [PMID: 22407846 PMCID: PMC4729561 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, the most common skeletal disorder, is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fragility fractures. BMD is the best clinical predictor of future osteoporotic fracture risk, but is a complex trait controlled by multiple environmental and genetic determinants with individually modest effects. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is a powerful method for identifying chromosomal regions encompassing genes involved in shaping complex phenotypes, such as BMD. Here we have applied QTL analysis to male and female genetically-heterogeneous F(2) mice derived from a cross between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 strains, and have identified 11 loci contributing to femoral BMD. Further analysis of a QTL on mouse chromosome 7 following the generation of reciprocal congenic strains has allowed us to determine that the high BMD trait, which tracks with the DBA/2 chromosome and exerts equivalent effects on male and female mice, is manifested by enhanced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro and by increased growth of metatarsal bones in short-term primary culture. An insertion/deletion DNA polymorphism in Ltbp4 exon 12 that causes the in-frame removal of 12 codons in the DBA/2-derived gene maps within 0.6 Mb of the marker most tightly linked to the QTL. LTBP4, one of four paralogous mouse proteins that modify the bioavailability of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family of growth factors, is expressed in differentiating MSC-derived osteoblasts and in long bones, and reduced responsiveness to TGF-β1 is observed in MSCs of mice homozygous for the DBA/2 chromosome 7. Taken together, our results identify a potential genetic and biochemical relationship between decreased TGF-β1-mediated signaling and enhanced femoral BMD that may be regulated by a variant LTBP4 molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Emily A. Larson
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Amy S. Carlos
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John K. Belknap
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Peter Rotwein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Robert F. Klein
- Bone and Mineral Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
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17
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Chen G, Deng C, Li YP. TGF-β and BMP signaling in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:272-88. [PMID: 22298955 PMCID: PMC3269610 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1222] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling is involved in a vast majority of cellular processes and is fundamentally important throughout life. TGF-β/BMPs have widely recognized roles in bone formation during mammalian development and exhibit versatile regulatory functions in the body. Signaling transduction by TGF-β/BMPs is specifically through both canonical Smad-dependent pathways (TGF-β/BMP ligands, receptors and Smads) and non-canonical Smad-independent signaling pathway (e.g. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, MAPK). Following TGF-β/BMP induction, both the Smad and p38 MAPK pathways converge at the Runx2 gene to control mesenchymal precursor cell differentiation. The coordinated activity of Runx2 and TGF-β/BMP-activated Smads is critical for formation of the skeleton. Recent advances in molecular and genetic studies using gene targeting in mice enable a better understanding of TGF-β/BMP signaling in bone and in the signaling networks underlying osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of TGF-β/BMP signaling in bone from studies of genetic mouse models and human diseases caused by the disruption of TGF-β/BMP signaling. This review also highlights the different modes of cross-talk between TGF-β/BMP signaling and the signaling pathways of MAPK, Wnt, Hedgehog, Notch, and FGF in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqian Chen
- Institute of Genetics, Life Science College, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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18
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Ikegami D, Iwai T, Ryo S, Gu N, Sugiyama T, Oh I, Yoshikawa H, Tsumaki N. Identification of small molecular compounds and fabrication of its aqueous solution by laser-ablation, expanding primordial cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:233-41. [PMID: 21094690 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The discovery of small molecular compounds that expand cartilage is needed. We searched for small molecular compounds that expand cartilage or enhance the actions of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) on cartilage. DESIGN Metatarsal primordial cartilage explants prepared from 14.5 days postcoitum (d.p.c.) mouse embryos were organ-cultured in the presence or absence of BMPs and/or 4-(5-Benzol[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-4-pyrldin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-benzamide hydrate (BPIB) and its related molecules. The perichondrium was removed from some of the cartilage explants by partial digestion with collagenase. BPIB aqueous solution was prepared by fragmenting BPIB crystals in water with laser irradiation and then added to cartilage explants in organ culture. RESULTS We found that small molecular compounds, BPIB, available as SB431542 from Sigma and its related molecules, expand primordial cartilage explants in organ culture. These molecules are transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) inhibitors, and the addition of excess TGF-β reduced cartilage expansion induced by these molecules. The co-administration of BPIB and BMPs synergistically expanded cartilage explants. Removal of the perichondrium abolished BIPB-induced cartilage expansion but not BMP-induced cartilage-expansion, suggesting that BPIB, but not BMPs, expands cartilage through the perichondrium. Furthermore, we used the laser-ablation technique to generate BPIB aqueous solution in the presence of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) without the use of hazardous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The laser-ablation-generated BPIB aqueous solution was more stable, expanded cartilage explants more effectively than BPIB colloidal solution prepared with DMSO, and synergistically enhanced BMP-induced cartilage expansion. CONCLUSIONS A small molecular compound, BPIB, expands primordial cartilage explants. A BPIB aqueous solution was created by laser-ablation without using DMSO and proved to be biologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ikegami
- Department of Bone and Cartilage Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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19
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Degnin CR, Laederich MB, Horton WA. FGFs in endochondral skeletal development. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:1046-57. [PMID: 20564212 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian skeleton developments and grows through two complementary pathways: membranous ossification, which gives rise to the calvarial bones and distal clavicle, and endochondral ossification, which is responsible for the bones of the limbs, girdles, vertebrae, face and base of the skull and the medial clavicle. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their cognate FGF receptors (FGFRs) play important roles in regulating both pathways. However, the details of how FGF signals are initiated, propagated and modulated within the developing skeleton are only slowly emerging. This prospect will focus on the current understanding of these events during endochondral skeletal development with special attention given to concepts that have emerged in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Degnin
- Shriners Hospital and Molecular & Medical Genetics and Cell & Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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20
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Lee KM, Santos-Ruiz L, Ferretti P. A single-point mutation in FGFR2 affects cell cycle and Tgfβ signalling in osteoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Wang Q, McAvoy JW, Lovicu FJ. Growth factor signaling in vitreous humor-induced lens fiber differentiation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:3599-610. [PMID: 20130274 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE. Although some of the factors and signaling pathways that are involved in induction of fiber differentiation have been defined, such as FGF-mediated MAPK/ERK and PI3-K/Akt signaling, the factors in the vitreous that regulate this differentiation process in vivo have yet to be identified. The purpose of this study was to better understand the role of growth factors in vitreous that regulate this process by further characterizing the signaling pathways involved in lens fiber differentiation. METHODS. Rat lens epithelial explants were used to compare the ability of vitreous, IGF-1, PDGF-A, EGF, and FGF-2 to stimulate the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt leading to fiber differentiation, in the presence or absence of selective receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors. RESULTS. Similar to vitreous, FGF induced a sustained ERK1/2 signaling profile, unlike IGF, PDGF, and EGF, which induced a more transient (shorter) activation of ERK1/2. For Akt activation, IGF was the only factor that induced a profile similar to vitreous. IGF, PDGF, and EGF potentiated the effects of a low dose of FGF on lens fiber differentiation by extending the duration of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In the presence of selective RTK inhibitors, although the sustained vitreous-induced ERK1/2 signaling profile and subsequent fiber differentiation was perturbed, the results also showed that, although prolonged ERK1/2 phosphorylation was necessary, it was not sufficient for fiber differentiation to proceed. CONCLUSIONS. These results are consistent with FGF's being the key growth factor involved in vitreous-induced signaling leading to lens fiber differentiation; however, they also indicate that other vitreal growth factors such as IGF may be involved in fine-tuning ERK1/2- and Akt-phosphorylation to the level that is necessary for initiation and/or maintenance of lens fiber differentiation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Yamaoka H, Nishizawa S, Asawa Y, Fujihara Y, Ogasawara T, Yamaoka K, Nagata S, Takato T, Hoshi K. Involvement of fibroblast growth factor 18 in dedifferentiation of cultured human chondrocytes. Cell Prolif 2010; 43:67-76. [PMID: 19909293 PMCID: PMC6496437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chondrocytes inevitably decrease production of cartilaginous matrices during long-term cultures with repeated passaging; this is termed dedifferentiation. To learn more concerning prevention of dedifferentiation, we have focused here on the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family that influences chondrocyte proliferation or differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have compared gene expression between differentiated cells in passage 3 (P3) and dedifferentiated ones in P8 of human cultured chondrocytes. We also performed ligand administration of the responsive factor or its gene silencing, using small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS FGFs 1, 5, 10, 13 and 18 were higher at P8 compared to P3, while FGFs 9 and 14 were lower. Especially, FGF18 showed a 10-fold increase by P8. Ligand administration of FGF18 in the P3 cells, or its gene silencing using siRNA in the P8 cells, revealed dose-dependent increase and decrease respectively in type II collagen/type I collagen ratio. Exogenous FGF18 also upregulated expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), the anabolic factor of chondrocytes, in P3 chondrocytes, but P8 cells maintained a low level of TGF-beta expression, suggesting a decrease in responsiveness of TGF-beta to FGF18 stimulation in the dedifferentiated chondrocytes. CONCLUSION FGF18 seems to play a role in maintenance of chondrocyte properties, although its expression was rather high in dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Upregulation of FGF18 in dedifferentiated chondrocytes implied that it may be a marker of dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Yamaoka
- Departments of Cartilage & Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Plastic, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Nishizawa
- Departments of Cartilage & Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Teikyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Asawa
- Departments of Cartilage & Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Fujihara
- Departments of Cartilage & Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T. Ogasawara
- Departments of Cartilage & Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Yamaoka
- Department of Pharmacy, Teikyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Nagata
- Nagata Microtia and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Clinic, Saitama, Japan
| | - T. Takato
- Departments of Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K. Hoshi
- Departments of Cartilage & Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Horton WA, Degnin CR. FGFs in endochondral skeletal development. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009; 20:341-8. [PMID: 19716710 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian skeleton forms and grows through two developmental pathways: membranous ossification, which gives rise to calvarial bones and the distal clavicle, and endochondral ossification, which is responsible for the bones of the limbs, girdles, vertebrae, face, base of the skull and the medial clavicle. The regulation of both pathways is extremely complex, and the rules that govern it are still emerging. However, it has become clear that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their cognate receptors (FGFRs) play essential roles. This review focuses on the roles of FGFs and FGFRs in endochondral skeletal development, with special attention given to concepts that have emerged in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Horton
- Research Center, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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24
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Pryce BA, Watson SS, Murchison ND, Staverosky JA, Dünker N, Schweitzer R. Recruitment and maintenance of tendon progenitors by TGFbeta signaling are essential for tendon formation. Development 2009; 136:1351-61. [PMID: 19304887 DOI: 10.1242/dev.027342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments mediate the attachment of muscle to bone and of bone to bone to provide connectivity and structural integrity in the musculoskeletal system. We show that TGFbeta signaling plays a major role in the formation of these tissues. TGFbeta signaling is a potent inducer of the tendon progenitor (TNP) marker scleraxis both in organ culture and in cultured cells, and disruption of TGFbeta signaling in Tgfb2(-/-);Tgfb3(-/-) double mutant embryos or through inactivation of the type II TGFbeta receptor (TGFBR2; also known as TbetaRII) results in the loss of most tendons and ligaments in the limbs, trunk, tail and head. The induction of scleraxis-expressing TNPs is not affected in mutant embryos and the tendon phenotype is first manifested at E12.5, a developmental stage in which TNPs are positioned between the differentiating muscles and cartilage, and in which Tgfb2 or Tgfb3 is expressed both in TNPs and in the differentiating muscles and cartilage. TGFbeta signaling is thus essential for maintenance of TNPs, and we propose that it also mediates the recruitment of new tendon cells by differentiating muscles and cartilage to establish the connections between tendon primordia and their respective musculoskeletal counterparts, leading to the formation of an interconnected and functionally integrated musculoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Pryce
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Research Division, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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25
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Mukherjee A, Rotwein P. Akt promotes BMP2-mediated osteoblast differentiation and bone development. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:716-26. [PMID: 19208758 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.042770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the IGF-I receptor by locally synthesized IGF-I or IGF-II is crucial for normal skeletal development and for bone remodeling. Osteogenesis is primarily regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which activate gene expression programs driven by bone-specific transcription factors. In a mesenchymal stem cell model of osteoblast commitment and differentiation controlled by BMP2, we show that an inhibitor of PI3-kinase or a dominant-negative Akt were as potent in preventing osteoblast differentiation as the IGF binding protein IGFBP5, whereas a Mek inhibitor was ineffective. Conversely, an adenovirus encoding an inducible-active Akt was able to overcome the blockade of differentiation caused by IGFBP5 or the PI3-kinase inhibitor, and could restore normal osteogenesis. Inhibition of PI3-kinase or Akt did not block BMP2-mediated signaling, because the Smad-responsive genes Sox9 and JunB were induced normally under all experimental conditions. When activated during different stages of osteoblast maturation, dominant-negative Akt prevented accumulation of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and reduced mineralization, and more significantly inhibited the longitudinal growth of metatarsal bones in primary culture by interfering with both chondrocyte and osteoblast development and function. We conclude that an intact IGF-induced PI3-kinase-Akt signaling cascade is essential for BMP2-activated osteoblast differentiation and maturation, bone development and growth, and suggest that manipulation of this pathway could facilitate bone remodeling and fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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26
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Abstract
Synovium is considered a candidate source of cells for cartilage tissue engineering. Compared with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from other sources, synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs) have a higher capacity for chondrogenic differentiation. Our objective was to define cocktails of growth factors that support the growth and chondrogenic differentiation of SDSCs in chemically defined medium. We established a fast and highly selective technique of negative isolation of SDSC populations. The individual and combined effects of three growth factors-transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)-were evaluated in serum-free pellet cultures of SDSCs for the chondrogenesis of SDSCs using histology, biochemical analysis, and real-time RT-PCR. In vitro studies identified TGF-beta1 as the key factor for both the growth and chondrogenesis of SDSCs. The highest rates of SDSC growth were observed with the synergistic interaction of all three factors. With respect to chondrogenic differentiation of SDSCs, the interaction of TGF-beta1 and IGF-I applied simultaneously was superior to the sequential application of these two factors or any other combination of growth factors studied. Based on these findings, we propose a two-step protocol for the derivation of chondrogenic SDSCs: a cocktail of TGF-beta1, IGF-I, and FGF-2 is applied first to induce cell growth followed by a cocktail of TGF-beta1 and IGF-I applied to induce chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Pei
- Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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27
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Brown AJ, Alicknavitch M, D’Souza S, Daikoku T, Kirn-Safran C, Marchetti D, Carson DD, Farach-Carson M. Heparanase expression and activity influences chondrogenic and osteogenic processes during endochondral bone formation. Bone 2008; 43:689-99. [PMID: 18589009 PMCID: PMC2621444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation is a highly orchestrated process involving coordination among cell-cell, cell-matrix and growth factor signaling that eventually results in the production of mineralized bone from a cartilage template. Chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation occur in sequence during this process, and the temporospatial patterning clearly requires the activities of heparin binding growth factors and their receptors. Heparanase (HPSE) plays a role in osteogenesis, but the mechanism by which it does so is incompletely understood. We used a combination of ex vivo and in vitro approaches and a well described HPSE inhibitor, PI-88 to study HPSE in endochondral bone formation. In situ hybridization and immunolocalization with HPSE antibodies revealed that HPSE is expressed in the peri-chondrium, peri-osteum, and at the chondro-osseous junction, all sites of key signaling events and tissue morphogenesis. Transcripts encoding Hpse also were observed in the pre-hypertrophic zone. Addition of PI-88 to metatarsals in organ culture reduced growth and suggested that HPSE activity aids the transition from chondrogenic to osteogenic processes in growth of long bones. To study this, we used high density cultures of ATDC5 pre-chondrogenic cells grown under conditions favoring chondrogenesis or osteogenesis. Under chondrogenic conditions, HPSE/Hpse was expressed at high levels during the mid-culture period, at the onset of terminal chondrogenesis. PI-88 addition reduced chondrogenesis and accelerated osteogenesis, including a dramatic up-regulation of osteocalcin levels. In normal growth medium, addition of PI-88 reduced migration of ATDC-5 cells, suggesting that HPSE facilitates cartilage replacement by bone at the chondro-osseous junction by removing the HS component of proteoglycans, such as perlecan/HSPG2, that otherwise prevent osteogenic cells from remodeling hypertrophic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | | | - S.S. D’Souza
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - T. Daikoku
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - C.B. Kirn-Safran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - D. Marchetti
- Department of Pathology and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - D. D. Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - M.C. Farach-Carson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Department of Material Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
- Corresponding Author: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 326 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716 Tel. 302 831-4296; FAX 302 831-2281; E-Mail:
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28
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Anthwal N, Chai Y, Tucker AS. The role of transforming growth factor-beta signalling in the patterning of the proximal processes of the murine dentary. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:1604-13. [PMID: 18498113 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the novel mammalian jaw articulation has resulted in an increased complexity of the dentary bone, reflecting the multiple roles it now fulfils as the primary bone of the mandible. Signalling through the Tgf-beta type II receptor is important in the development and patterning of the proximal dentary processes, especially the angular process, and secondary cartilages. We show that expression of Tgf-beta2 is associated with the developing angular process, and that the connective tissue marker Scleraxis is co-expressed with Tgf-beta2. Scleraxis expression is lost around the angular process of Tgfbr2 conditional knockouts and Tgf-beta signalling can induce Scleraxis expression in explant culture. Induction of secondary cartilages in explant culture can be prevented by inhibition of Tgf-beta signalling. This study suggests that the proper development of the processes and their secondary cartilages relies on both Tgf-beta signalling and mechanical forces working in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Anthwal
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
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29
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Bandyopadhyay A, Kubilus JK, Crochiere ML, Linsenmayer TF, Tabin CJ. Identification of unique molecular subdomains in the perichondrium and periosteum and their role in regulating gene expression in the underlying chondrocytes. Dev Biol 2008; 321:162-74. [PMID: 18602913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Developing cartilaginous and ossified skeletal anlagen is encapsulated within a membranous sheath of flattened, elongated cells called, respectively, the perichondrium and the periosteum. These periskeletal tissues are organized in distinct morphological layers that have been proposed to support distinct functions. Classical experiments, particularly those using an in vitro organ culture system, demonstrated that these tissues play important roles in regulating the differentiation of the subjacent skeletal elements. However, there has been a lack of molecular markers that would allow analysis of these interactions. To understand the molecular bases for the roles played by the periskeletal tissues, we generated microarrays from perichondrium and periosteum cDNA libraries and used them to compare the gene expression profiles of these two tissues. In situ hybridization analysis of genes identified on the microarrays revealed many unique markers for these tissues and demonstrated that the histologically distinct layers of the perichondrium and periosteum are associated with distinct molecular expression domains. Moreover our marker analysis identified new domains that had not been previously recognized as distinct within these tissues as well as a previously uncharacterized molecular domain along the lateral edges of the adjacent developing cartilage that experimental analysis showed to be dependent upon the perichondrium.
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Mukherjee A, Rotwein P. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 inhibits osteoblast differentiation and skeletal growth by blocking insulin-like growth factor actions. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:1238-50. [PMID: 18292241 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling through the IGF-I receptor by locally synthesized IGF-I or IGF-II is critical for normal skeletal development and for bone remodeling and repair throughout the lifespan. In most tissues, IGF actions are modulated by IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). IGFBP-5 is the most abundant IGFBP in bone, and previous studies have suggested that it may either enhance or inhibit osteoblast differentiation in culture and may facilitate or block bone growth in vivo. To resolve these contradictory observations and discern the mechanisms of action of IGFBP-5 in bone, we studied its effects in differentiating osteoblasts and in primary bone cultures. Purified wild-type (WT) mouse IGFBP-5 or a recombinant adenovirus expressing IGFBP-5WT each prevented osteogenic differentiation induced by the cytokine bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 at its earliest stages without interfering with BMP-mediated signaling, whereas an analog with reduced IGF binding (N domain mutant) was ineffective. When added at later phases of bone cell maturation, IGFBP-5WT but not IGFBP-5N blocked mineralization, prevented longitudinal growth of mouse metatarsal bones in short-term primary culture, and inhibited their endochondral ossification. Because an IGF-I variant (R3IGF-I) with diminished affinity for IGFBPs promoted full osteogenic differentiation in the presence of IGFBP-5WT, our results show that IGFBP-5 interferes with IGF action in osteoblasts and provides a framework for discerning mechanisms of collaboration between signal transduction pathways activated by BMPs and IGFs in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Ahmed S, Nawshad A. Complexity in interpretation of embryonic epithelial-mesenchymal transition in response to transforming growth factor-beta signaling. Cells Tissues Organs 2007; 185:131-45. [PMID: 17587819 PMCID: PMC2043381 DOI: 10.1159/000101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly conserved and fundamental process that governs morphogenesis in development and may also contribute to cancer metastasis. Transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) is a potent inducer of EMT in various developmental and tumor systems. The analysis of TGF-beta signal transduction pathways is now considered a critically important area of biology, since many defects occur in these pathways in embryonic development. The complexity of TGF-beta signal transduction networks is overwhelming due to the large numbers of interacting constituents, complicated feedforward, feedback and crosstalk circuitry mechanisms that they involve in addition to the cellular kinetics and enzymatics that contribute to cell signaling. As a result of this complexity, apparently simple but highly important questions remain unanswered, that is, how do epithelial cells respond to such TGF-beta signals? System biology and cellular kinetics play a crucial role in cellular function; omissions of such a critical contributor may lead to inaccurate understanding of embryonic EMT. In this review, we identify and explain why certain conditions need to be considered for a true representation of TGF-beta signaling in vivo to better understand the controlled, yet delicate mechanism of embryonic EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Ahmed
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, Nebr. 68583, USA
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Oka K, Oka S, Sasaki T, Ito Y, Bringas P, Nonaka K, Chai Y. The role of TGF-beta signaling in regulating chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during mandibular development. Dev Biol 2006; 303:391-404. [PMID: 17204263 PMCID: PMC2074881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, Meckel's cartilage and the mandible bone derive from the first branchial arch, and their development depends upon the contribution of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells. We previously demonstrated that conditional inactivation of Tgfbr2 in the neural crest of mice (Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre) results in severe defects in mandibular development, although the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms by which TGF-beta signaling regulates the fate of CNC cells during mandibular development remain unknown. We show here that loss of Tgfbr2 does not affect the migration of CNC cells during mandibular development. TGF-beta signaling is specifically required for cell proliferation in Meckel's cartilage and the mandibular anlagen and for the formation of the coronoid, condyle and angular processes. TGF-beta-mediated connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) signaling is critical for CNC cell proliferation. Exogenous CTGF rescues the cell proliferation defect in Meckel's cartilage of Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre mutants, demonstrating the biological significance of this signaling cascade in chondrogenesis during mandibular development. Furthermore, TGF-beta signaling controls Msx1 expression to regulate mandibular osteogenesis as Msx1 expression is significantly reduced in Tgfbr2(fl/fl);Wnt1-Cre mutants. Collectively, our data suggest that there are differential signal cascades in response to TGF-beta to control chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during mandibular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Oka
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology School of Dentistry University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Shoji Oka
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology School of Dentistry University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Tomoyo Sasaki
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology School of Dentistry University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology School of Dentistry University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Pablo Bringas
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology School of Dentistry University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
| | - Kazuaki Nonaka
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology School of Dentistry University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, U.S.A
- (*) Corresponding Author: Dr. Yang Chai, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, California 90033, Tel (323)442-3480, Fax (323)442-2981,
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